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Механизмы патогенеза эндометриальных полипов у женщин репродуктивного возраста. Обзор литературы
Механизмы патогенеза эндометриальных полипов у женщин репродуктивного возраста. Обзор литературы
Оразов М.Р., Михалева Л.М., Пойманова О.Ф., Муллина И.А. Механизмы патогенеза эндометриальных полипов у женщин репродуктивного возраста. Обзор литературы. Гинекология. 2022;24(4):246–250.
DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2022.4.201807
DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2022.4.201807
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Аннотация
Эндометриальный полип (ЭП) – частая случайная находка при гистероскопии у бессимптомных пациенток. К настоящему времени патогенез ЭП до конца не раскрыт, что затрудняет первичную и вторичную профилактику ЭП, их таргетную терапию. Это обстоятельство определило направленность нашей работы. Нами выполнен поиск научных публикаций в базах данных Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, PubMed (MEDLINE), eLIBRARY по ключевым словам «polyps»/«полипы», «endometrial polyps»/«полипы эндометрия», «pathogenesis»/«патогенез», «reproductive age»/«репродуктивный возраст», «recidive»/«рецидив» за 2012–2022 гг. Анализ данных литературы позволил сделать вывод, что в патогенезе ЭП, вероятнее всего, задействован не один, а несколько механизмов, как эстроген-опосредованных (гиперэстрогения, в том числе на фоне нарушенной рецепции и дефицита прогестерона), так и негормональных (воспалительных, иммунных, генетических факторов, неоангиогенеза). По-видимому, гормональные и негормональные факторы приводят к нарушению нормальных циклических изменений эндометрия в течение менструального цикла, нарушают баланс и динамику процессов пролиферации и апоптоза, инициируют неоангиогенез, что служит разрешающим механизмом полипообразования, персистенции ЭП и их рецидивирования после оперативного удаления. Целью нашей работы было проанализировать и обобщить накопленные к настоящему времени научные данные о механизмах патогенеза ЭП у женщин репродуктивного возраста.
Ключевые слова: полипы, эндометрий, патогенез, репродуктивный возраст, рецидивы, гиперэстрогения, иммунные нарушения, обзор
Keywords: polyps, endometrium, pathogenesis, reproductive age, recurrence, hyperestrogenism, immune disorders, review
Ключевые слова: полипы, эндометрий, патогенез, репродуктивный возраст, рецидивы, гиперэстрогения, иммунные нарушения, обзор
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Keywords: polyps, endometrium, pathogenesis, reproductive age, recurrence, hyperestrogenism, immune disorders, review
Полный текст
Список литературы
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DOI:10.17816/rmmar43357
18. Lopes RG, Baracat EC, de Albuquerque Neto LC, et al. Analysis of estrogen- and progesterone-receptor expression in endometrial polyps. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2007;14(3):300-3. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2006.10.022
19. Mittal K, Schwartz L, Goswami S, Demopoulos R. Estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in endometrial polyps. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1996;15(4):345-8. DOI:10.1097/00004347-199610000-00007
20. Taylor LJ, Jackson TL, Reid JG, Duffy SR. The differential expression of oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, Bcl-2 and Ki67 in endometrial polyps. BJOG. 2003;110(9):794-8.
21. Mourits MJE, Hollema H, De Vries EG, et al. Apoptosis and apoptosis-associated parameters in relation to tamoxifen exposure in postmenopausal endometrium. Hum Pathol. 2002;33(3):341-6. DOI:10.1053/hupa.2002.32226
22. Altaner S, Gucer F, Tokatli F, et al. Expression of Bcl-2 and Ki-67 in tamoxifen-associated endometrial polyps: comparison with postmenopausal polyps. Onkologie. 2006;29(8-9):376-80. DOI:10.1159/000094443
23. Antunes A Jr, Andrade LA, Pinto GA, et al. Is the immunohistochemical expression of proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (Bcl-2) markers and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) related to carcinogenesis in postmenopausal endometrial polyps? Anal Quant Cytopathol Histpathol. 2012;34(5):264-72.
24. Atak Z, Turhan EI, Rahimli Ocakoglu S, Uyaniklar OO. Symptom-related Ki-67 expression in endometrial polyps. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2022;272:139-43. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.03.022
25. Moskalewicz A, Di Tomaso A, Kachura JJ, et al. Gynecologic Symptoms among Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Patients on Oral Endocrine Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Curr Oncol. 2022;29(3):1813-27. DOI:10.3390/curroncol29030149
26. Drizi A, Djokovic D, Laganà AS, van Herendael B. Impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium: a multifaceted approach to endometrial inflammation. Current insights and future directions. Prz Menopauzalny. 2020;19(2):90-100. DOI:10.5114/pm.2020.97863
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28. Li L, Zhong L, Tang C, et al. CD105: tumor diagnosis, prognostic marker and future tumor therapeutic target. Clin Transl Oncol. 2022;24(8):1447-58. DOI:10.1007/s12094-022-02792-0
29. Yao T, Chen H, Wang R, et al. Thiol-ene conjugation of VEGF peptide to electrospun scaffolds as potential application for angiogenesis. Bioact Mater. 2022;20:306-17. DOI:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.029
30. Son JA, Lee SK, Park J, et al. Platycodin D Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Angiogenesis by Blocking the Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and the Production of Interleukin-8. Am J Chin Med. 2022:1-17. DOI:10.1142/S0192415X22500690
31. Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2017;9(6):7204-18. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.23208
32. Nijkang NP, Anderson L, Markham R, Manconi F. Endometrial polyps: Pathogenesis, sequelae and treatment. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:2050312119848247. DOI:10.1177/2050312119848247
33. Zakrzewski PK. Canonical TGFβ Signaling and Its Contribution to Endometrial Cancer Development and Progression-Underestimated Target of Anticancer Strategies. J Clin Med. 2021;10(17):3900. DOI:10.3390/jcm10173900
34. Vitagliano A, Cialdella M, Cicinelli R, et al. Association between Endometrial Polyps and Chronic Endometritis: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift in the Pathophysiology of Endometrial Polyps in Pre-Menopausal Women? Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(12):2182. DOI:10.3390/diagnostics11122182
35. Carvalho FM, Aguiar FN, Tomioka R, et al. Functional endometrial polyps in infertile asymptomatic patients: a possible evolution of vascular changes secondary to endometritis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;170(1):152-6. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.012
36. Schatz F, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Arlier S, et al. The role of decidual cells in uterine hemostasis, menstruation, inflammation, adverse pregnancy outcomes and abnormal uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22(4):497-515. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmw004
37. Vallvé-Juanico J, Houshdaran S, Giudice LC. The endometrial immune environment of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update. 2019;25(5):564-91. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmz018
38. Wu J, Feng X, Du Y, et al. β-catenin/LIN28B promotes the proliferation of human choriocarcinoma cells via Let-7a repression. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2019;51(5):455-62. DOI:10.1093/abbs/gmz027
39. Li XH, Lu MY, Li YJ, et al. Circulating PD1+Vδ1+γδ T Cell Predicts Fertility in Endometrial Polyp Patients of Reproductive-Age. Front Immunol. 2021;12:639221. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2021.639221
40. Zhu Y, Liu Z, Du M, et al. Macrophages in patients with recurrent endometrial polyps could exacerbate Th17 responses. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2018;45(11):1128-34. DOI:10.1111/1440-1681.12994
41. Cicinelli E, Bettocchi S, de Ziegler D, et al. Chronic Endometritis, a Common Disease Hidden Behind Endometrial Polyps in Premenopausal Women: First Evidence From a Case-Control Study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2019;26(7):1346-50. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2019.01.012
42. Lu MY, Li XH, Niu JL, Liu B. LIN28B Polymorphisms Confer a Higher Postoperative Recurrence Risk in Reproductive-Age Women with Endometrial Polyps. Dis Markers. 2022;2022:4824357. DOI:10.1155/2022/4824357
43. Nomiyama M, Yamasaki F, Tokunaga M, et al. Endometrial polyps with increased plasma cells are associated with chronic endometritis in infertility patients: Hysteroscopic findings and post-polypectomy pregnancy rates. Reprod Med Biol. 2021;20(4):494-504. DOI:10.1002/rmb2.12394
2. de Azevedo JM, de Azevedo LM, Freitas F, Wender MC. Endometrial polyps: when to resect? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293(3):639-43. DOI:10.1007/s00404-015-3854-3
3. Yuksel S, Tuna G, Celik HG, Salman S. Endometrial polyps: Is the prediction of spontaneous regression possible? Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2021;64(1):114-21. DOI:10.5468/ogs.20242
4. Sheng KK, Lyons SD. To treat or not to treat? An evidence-based practice guide for the management of endometrial polyps. Climacteric. 2020;23(4):336-42. DOI:10.1080/13697137.2020.1742107
5. American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. AAGL practice report: practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of endometrial polyps. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2012;19(1):3-10. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2011.09.003
6. Unal B, Doğan S, Karaveli FŞ, et al. Giant Endometrial Polyp in a Postmenopausal Woman without Hormone/Drug Use and Vaginal Bleeding. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2014;2014:518398. DOI:10.1155/2014/518398
7. Zhang H, He X, Tian W, et al. Hysteroscopic Resection of Endometrial Polyps and Assisted Reproductive Technology Pregnancy Outcomes Compared with No Treatment: A Systematic Review. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2019;26(4):618-27. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2018.10.024
8. Haque M, Mneimneh W. Endometrial polyp. PathologyOutlines.com, 2018. Available at: http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/uterusendopolyp.html. Accessed: 12.08.2022.
9. Szeszko Ł, Oszukowski P, Kisiel A, et al. Histopathological results analysis in women undergoing hysteroscopic procedures due to endometrial polyps. Health Problems of Civilization. 2019;13(2):99-103. DOI:10.5114/hpc.2019.81340
10. Uglietti A, Buggio L, Farella M, et al. The risk of malignancy in uterine polyps: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;237:48-56. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.04.009
11. Vitale SG, Haimovich S, Laganà AS, et al. Endometrial polyps. An evidence-based diagnosis and management guide. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021;260:70-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.03.017
12. Bagdasaryan LYu, Ponomarev VV, Karakhalis LYu, et al. Factors influencing the development of endometrial polyps. Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin. 2018;25(2):25-8 (in Russian). DOI:10.25207/1608-6228-2018-25-2-25-28
13. Lieng M, Istre O, Sandvik L, Qvigstad E. Prevalence, 1-year regression rate, and clinical significance of asymptomatic endometrial polyps: cross-sectional study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2009;16(4):465-71. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2009.04.005
14. Wong M, Crnobrnja B, Liberale V, et al. The natural history of endometrial polyps. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(2):340-5. DOI:10.1093/humrep/dew307
15. Kuligin AV, Astafieva EV, Samsonova AI, Kochedaeva TD. Pathophysiologycal basics of abnormal uterine bleeding. Clinical Pathophysiology. 2021;27(4):27-34 (in Russian).
16. Indraccolo U, Di Iorio R, Matteo M, et al. The pathogenesis of endometrial polyps: a systematic semi-quantitative review. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2013;34(1):5-22.
17. Ivanov AS, Grebneva VV. Endometrial polyps. Questions of etiology and pathogenesis. Russian Military Medical Academy Reports. 2020;2(S1):75-7 (in Russian).
DOI:10.17816/rmmar43357
18. Lopes RG, Baracat EC, de Albuquerque Neto LC, et al. Analysis of estrogen- and progesterone-receptor expression in endometrial polyps. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2007;14(3):300-3. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2006.10.022
19. Mittal K, Schwartz L, Goswami S, Demopoulos R. Estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in endometrial polyps. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1996;15(4):345-8. DOI:10.1097/00004347-199610000-00007
20. Taylor LJ, Jackson TL, Reid JG, Duffy SR. The differential expression of oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, Bcl-2 and Ki67 in endometrial polyps. BJOG. 2003;110(9):794-8.
21. Mourits MJE, Hollema H, De Vries EG, et al. Apoptosis and apoptosis-associated parameters in relation to tamoxifen exposure in postmenopausal endometrium. Hum Pathol. 2002;33(3):341-6. DOI:10.1053/hupa.2002.32226
22. Altaner S, Gucer F, Tokatli F, et al. Expression of Bcl-2 and Ki-67 in tamoxifen-associated endometrial polyps: comparison with postmenopausal polyps. Onkologie. 2006;29(8-9):376-80. DOI:10.1159/000094443
23. Antunes A Jr, Andrade LA, Pinto GA, et al. Is the immunohistochemical expression of proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (Bcl-2) markers and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) related to carcinogenesis in postmenopausal endometrial polyps? Anal Quant Cytopathol Histpathol. 2012;34(5):264-72.
24. Atak Z, Turhan EI, Rahimli Ocakoglu S, Uyaniklar OO. Symptom-related Ki-67 expression in endometrial polyps. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2022;272:139-43. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.03.022
25. Moskalewicz A, Di Tomaso A, Kachura JJ, et al. Gynecologic Symptoms among Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Patients on Oral Endocrine Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Curr Oncol. 2022;29(3):1813-27. DOI:10.3390/curroncol29030149
26. Drizi A, Djokovic D, Laganà AS, van Herendael B. Impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium: a multifaceted approach to endometrial inflammation. Current insights and future directions. Prz Menopauzalny. 2020;19(2):90-100. DOI:10.5114/pm.2020.97863
27. Ivanov IA, Asaturova AV, Chernukha GE, et al. The role of pathological angiogenesis in endometrial polyp pathogenesis and abnormal uterine bleeding. Clin exp morphology. 2019;8(2):28-34 (in Russian). DOI:10.31088/2226-5988-2019-30-2-28-34
28. Li L, Zhong L, Tang C, et al. CD105: tumor diagnosis, prognostic marker and future tumor therapeutic target. Clin Transl Oncol. 2022;24(8):1447-58. DOI:10.1007/s12094-022-02792-0
29. Yao T, Chen H, Wang R, et al. Thiol-ene conjugation of VEGF peptide to electrospun scaffolds as potential application for angiogenesis. Bioact Mater. 2022;20:306-17. DOI:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.029
30. Son JA, Lee SK, Park J, et al. Platycodin D Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Angiogenesis by Blocking the Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and the Production of Interleukin-8. Am J Chin Med. 2022:1-17. DOI:10.1142/S0192415X22500690
31. Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2017;9(6):7204-18. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.23208
32. Nijkang NP, Anderson L, Markham R, Manconi F. Endometrial polyps: Pathogenesis, sequelae and treatment. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:2050312119848247. DOI:10.1177/2050312119848247
33. Zakrzewski PK. Canonical TGFβ Signaling and Its Contribution to Endometrial Cancer Development and Progression-Underestimated Target of Anticancer Strategies. J Clin Med. 2021;10(17):3900. DOI:10.3390/jcm10173900
34. Vitagliano A, Cialdella M, Cicinelli R, et al. Association between Endometrial Polyps and Chronic Endometritis: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift in the Pathophysiology of Endometrial Polyps in Pre-Menopausal Women? Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(12):2182. DOI:10.3390/diagnostics11122182
35. Carvalho FM, Aguiar FN, Tomioka R, et al. Functional endometrial polyps in infertile asymptomatic patients: a possible evolution of vascular changes secondary to endometritis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;170(1):152-6. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.012
36. Schatz F, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Arlier S, et al. The role of decidual cells in uterine hemostasis, menstruation, inflammation, adverse pregnancy outcomes and abnormal uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22(4):497-515. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmw004
37. Vallvé-Juanico J, Houshdaran S, Giudice LC. The endometrial immune environment of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update. 2019;25(5):564-91. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmz018
38. Wu J, Feng X, Du Y, et al. β-catenin/LIN28B promotes the proliferation of human choriocarcinoma cells via Let-7a repression. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2019;51(5):455-62. DOI:10.1093/abbs/gmz027
39. Li XH, Lu MY, Li YJ, et al. Circulating PD1+Vδ1+γδ T Cell Predicts Fertility in Endometrial Polyp Patients of Reproductive-Age. Front Immunol. 2021;12:639221. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2021.639221
40. Zhu Y, Liu Z, Du M, et al. Macrophages in patients with recurrent endometrial polyps could exacerbate Th17 responses. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2018;45(11):1128-34. DOI:10.1111/1440-1681.12994
41. Cicinelli E, Bettocchi S, de Ziegler D, et al. Chronic Endometritis, a Common Disease Hidden Behind Endometrial Polyps in Premenopausal Women: First Evidence From a Case-Control Study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2019;26(7):1346-50. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2019.01.012
42. Lu MY, Li XH, Niu JL, Liu B. LIN28B Polymorphisms Confer a Higher Postoperative Recurrence Risk in Reproductive-Age Women with Endometrial Polyps. Dis Markers. 2022;2022:4824357. DOI:10.1155/2022/4824357
43. Nomiyama M, Yamasaki F, Tokunaga M, et al. Endometrial polyps with increased plasma cells are associated with chronic endometritis in infertility patients: Hysteroscopic findings and post-polypectomy pregnancy rates. Reprod Med Biol. 2021;20(4):494-504. DOI:10.1002/rmb2.12394
2. de Azevedo JM, de Azevedo LM, Freitas F, Wender MC. Endometrial polyps: when to resect? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293(3):639-43. DOI:10.1007/s00404-015-3854-3
3. Yuksel S, Tuna G, Celik HG, Salman S. Endometrial polyps: Is the prediction of spontaneous regression possible? Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2021;64(1):114-21. DOI:10.5468/ogs.20242
4. Sheng KK, Lyons SD. To treat or not to treat? An evidence-based practice guide for the management of endometrial polyps. Climacteric. 2020;23(4):336-42. DOI:10.1080/13697137.2020.1742107
5. American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. AAGL practice report: practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of endometrial polyps. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2012;19(1):3-10. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2011.09.003
6. Unal B, Doğan S, Karaveli FŞ, et al. Giant Endometrial Polyp in a Postmenopausal Woman without Hormone/Drug Use and Vaginal Bleeding. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2014;2014:518398. DOI:10.1155/2014/518398
7. Zhang H, He X, Tian W, et al. Hysteroscopic Resection of Endometrial Polyps and Assisted Reproductive Technology Pregnancy Outcomes Compared with No Treatment: A Systematic Review. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2019;26(4):618-27. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2018.10.024
8. Haque M, Mneimneh W. Endometrial polyp. PathologyOutlines.com, 2018. Available at: http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/uterusendopolyp.html. Accessed: 12.08.2022.
9. Szeszko Ł, Oszukowski P, Kisiel A, et al. Histopathological results analysis in women undergoing hysteroscopic procedures due to endometrial polyps. Health Problems of Civilization. 2019;13(2):99-103. DOI:10.5114/hpc.2019.81340
10. Uglietti A, Buggio L, Farella M, et al. The risk of malignancy in uterine polyps: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;237:48-56. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.04.009
11. Vitale SG, Haimovich S, Laganà AS, et al. Endometrial polyps. An evidence-based diagnosis and management guide. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021;260:70-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.03.017
12. Багдасарян Л.Ю., Пономарев В.В., Карахалис Л.Ю., и др. Факторы, влияющие на развитие полипов эндометрия. Кубанский научный медицинский вестник. 2018;25(2):25-8 [Bagdasaryan LYu, Ponomarev VV, Karakhalis LYu, et al. Factors influencing the development of endometrial polyps. Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin. 2018;25(2):25-8 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.25207/1608-6228-2018-25-2-25-28
13. Lieng M, Istre O, Sandvik L, Qvigstad E. Prevalence, 1-year regression rate, and clinical significance of asymptomatic endometrial polyps: cross-sectional study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2009;16(4):465-71. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2009.04.005
14. Wong M, Crnobrnja B, Liberale V, et al. The natural history of endometrial polyps. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(2):340-5. DOI:10.1093/humrep/dew307
15. Кулигин А.В., Астафьева Е.В., Самсонова А.И., Кочедаева Т.Д. Патофизиологические основы аномальных маточных кровотечений. Клиническая патофизиология. 2021;27(4):27-34 [Kuligin AV, Astafieva EV, Samsonova AI, Kochedaeva TD. Pathophysiologycal basics of abnormal uterine bleeding. Clinical Pathophysiology. 2021;27(4):27-34 (in Russian)].
16. Indraccolo U, Di Iorio R, Matteo M, et al. The pathogenesis of endometrial polyps: a systematic semi-quantitative review. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2013;34(1):5-22.
17. Иванов А.С., Гребнева В.В. Эндометриальный полип. Вопросы этиологии и патогенеза. Известия Российской военно-медицинской академии. 2020;2(S1):75-7 [Ivanov AS, Grebneva VV. Endometrial polyps. Questions of etiology and pathogenesis. Russian Military Medical Academy Reports. 2020;2(S1):75-7 (in Russian)].
DOI:10.17816/rmmar43357
18. Lopes RG, Baracat EC, de Albuquerque Neto LC, et al. Analysis of estrogen- and progesterone-receptor expression in endometrial polyps. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2007;14(3):300-3. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2006.10.022
19. Mittal K, Schwartz L, Goswami S, Demopoulos R. Estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in endometrial polyps. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1996;15(4):345-8. DOI:10.1097/00004347-199610000-00007
20. Taylor LJ, Jackson TL, Reid JG, Duffy SR. The differential expression of oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, Bcl-2 and Ki67 in endometrial polyps. BJOG. 2003;110(9):794-8.
21. Mourits MJE, Hollema H, De Vries EG, et al. Apoptosis and apoptosis-associated parameters in relation to tamoxifen exposure in postmenopausal endometrium. Hum Pathol. 2002;33(3):341-6. DOI:10.1053/hupa.2002.32226
22. Altaner S, Gucer F, Tokatli F, et al. Expression of Bcl-2 and Ki-67 in tamoxifen-associated endometrial polyps: comparison with postmenopausal polyps. Onkologie. 2006;29(8-9):376-80. DOI:10.1159/000094443
23. Antunes A Jr, Andrade LA, Pinto GA, et al. Is the immunohistochemical expression of proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (Bcl-2) markers and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) related to carcinogenesis in postmenopausal endometrial polyps? Anal Quant Cytopathol Histpathol. 2012;34(5):264-72.
24. Atak Z, Turhan EI, Rahimli Ocakoglu S, Uyaniklar OO. Symptom-related Ki-67 expression in endometrial polyps. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2022;272:139-43. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.03.022
25. Moskalewicz A, Di Tomaso A, Kachura JJ, et al. Gynecologic Symptoms among Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Patients on Oral Endocrine Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Curr Oncol. 2022;29(3):1813-27. DOI:10.3390/curroncol29030149
26. Drizi A, Djokovic D, Laganà AS, van Herendael B. Impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium: a multifaceted approach to endometrial inflammation. Current insights and future directions. Prz Menopauzalny. 2020;19(2):90-100. DOI:10.5114/pm.2020.97863
27. Иванов И.А., Асатурова А.В., Чернуха Г.Е., и др. Роль патологического неоангиогенеза в формировании полипов эндометрия и механизмы возникновения аномальных маточных кровотечений. Клиническая и экспериментальная морфология. 2019;8(2):28-34 [Ivanov IA, Asaturova AV, Chernukha GE, et al. The role of pathological angiogenesis in endometrial polyp pathogenesis and abnormal uterine bleeding. Clin exp morphology. 2019;8(2):28-34 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.31088/2226-5988-2019-30-2-28-34
28. Li L, Zhong L, Tang C, et al. CD105: tumor diagnosis, prognostic marker and future tumor therapeutic target. Clin Transl Oncol. 2022;24(8):1447-58. DOI:10.1007/s12094-022-02792-0
29. Yao T, Chen H, Wang R, et al. Thiol-ene conjugation of VEGF peptide to electrospun scaffolds as potential application for angiogenesis. Bioact Mater. 2022;20:306-17. DOI:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.029
30. Son JA, Lee SK, Park J, et al. Platycodin D Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Angiogenesis by Blocking the Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and the Production of Interleukin-8. Am J Chin Med. 2022:1-17. DOI:10.1142/S0192415X22500690
31. Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2017;9(6):7204-18. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.23208
32. Nijkang NP, Anderson L, Markham R, Manconi F. Endometrial polyps: Pathogenesis, sequelae and treatment. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:2050312119848247. DOI:10.1177/2050312119848247
33. Zakrzewski PK. Canonical TGFβ Signaling and Its Contribution to Endometrial Cancer Development and Progression-Underestimated Target of Anticancer Strategies. J Clin Med. 2021;10(17):3900. DOI:10.3390/jcm10173900
34. Vitagliano A, Cialdella M, Cicinelli R, et al. Association between Endometrial Polyps and Chronic Endometritis: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift in the Pathophysiology of Endometrial Polyps in Pre-Menopausal Women? Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(12):2182. DOI:10.3390/diagnostics11122182
35. Carvalho FM, Aguiar FN, Tomioka R, et al. Functional endometrial polyps in infertile asymptomatic patients: a possible evolution of vascular changes secondary to endometritis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;170(1):152-6. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.012
36. Schatz F, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Arlier S, et al. The role of decidual cells in uterine hemostasis, menstruation, inflammation, adverse pregnancy outcomes and abnormal uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22(4):497-515. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmw004
37. Vallvé-Juanico J, Houshdaran S, Giudice LC. The endometrial immune environment of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update. 2019;25(5):564-91. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmz018
38. Wu J, Feng X, Du Y, et al. β-catenin/LIN28B promotes the proliferation of human choriocarcinoma cells via Let-7a repression. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2019;51(5):455-62. DOI:10.1093/abbs/gmz027
39. Li XH, Lu MY, Li YJ, et al. Circulating PD1+Vδ1+γδ T Cell Predicts Fertility in Endometrial Polyp Patients of Reproductive-Age. Front Immunol. 2021;12:639221. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2021.639221
40. Zhu Y, Liu Z, Du M, et al. Macrophages in patients with recurrent endometrial polyps could exacerbate Th17 responses. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2018;45(11):1128-34. DOI:10.1111/1440-1681.12994
41. Cicinelli E, Bettocchi S, de Ziegler D, et al. Chronic Endometritis, a Common Disease Hidden Behind Endometrial Polyps in Premenopausal Women: First Evidence From a Case-Control Study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2019;26(7):1346-50. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2019.01.012
42. Lu MY, Li XH, Niu JL, Liu B. LIN28B Polymorphisms Confer a Higher Postoperative Recurrence Risk in Reproductive-Age Women with Endometrial Polyps. Dis Markers. 2022;2022:4824357. DOI:10.1155/2022/4824357
43. Nomiyama M, Yamasaki F, Tokunaga M, et al. Endometrial polyps with increased plasma cells are associated with chronic endometritis in infertility patients: Hysteroscopic findings and post-polypectomy pregnancy rates. Reprod Med Biol. 2021;20(4):494-504. DOI:10.1002/rmb2.12394
________________________________________________
2. de Azevedo JM, de Azevedo LM, Freitas F, Wender MC. Endometrial polyps: when to resect? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293(3):639-43. DOI:10.1007/s00404-015-3854-3
3. Yuksel S, Tuna G, Celik HG, Salman S. Endometrial polyps: Is the prediction of spontaneous regression possible? Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2021;64(1):114-21. DOI:10.5468/ogs.20242
4. Sheng KK, Lyons SD. To treat or not to treat? An evidence-based practice guide for the management of endometrial polyps. Climacteric. 2020;23(4):336-42. DOI:10.1080/13697137.2020.1742107
5. American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. AAGL practice report: practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of endometrial polyps. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2012;19(1):3-10. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2011.09.003
6. Unal B, Doğan S, Karaveli FŞ, et al. Giant Endometrial Polyp in a Postmenopausal Woman without Hormone/Drug Use and Vaginal Bleeding. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2014;2014:518398. DOI:10.1155/2014/518398
7. Zhang H, He X, Tian W, et al. Hysteroscopic Resection of Endometrial Polyps and Assisted Reproductive Technology Pregnancy Outcomes Compared with No Treatment: A Systematic Review. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2019;26(4):618-27. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2018.10.024
8. Haque M, Mneimneh W. Endometrial polyp. PathologyOutlines.com, 2018. Available at: http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/uterusendopolyp.html. Accessed: 12.08.2022.
9. Szeszko Ł, Oszukowski P, Kisiel A, et al. Histopathological results analysis in women undergoing hysteroscopic procedures due to endometrial polyps. Health Problems of Civilization. 2019;13(2):99-103. DOI:10.5114/hpc.2019.81340
10. Uglietti A, Buggio L, Farella M, et al. The risk of malignancy in uterine polyps: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;237:48-56. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.04.009
11. Vitale SG, Haimovich S, Laganà AS, et al. Endometrial polyps. An evidence-based diagnosis and management guide. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021;260:70-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.03.017
12. Bagdasaryan LYu, Ponomarev VV, Karakhalis LYu, et al. Factors influencing the development of endometrial polyps. Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin. 2018;25(2):25-8 (in Russian). DOI:10.25207/1608-6228-2018-25-2-25-28
13. Lieng M, Istre O, Sandvik L, Qvigstad E. Prevalence, 1-year regression rate, and clinical significance of asymptomatic endometrial polyps: cross-sectional study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2009;16(4):465-71. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2009.04.005
14. Wong M, Crnobrnja B, Liberale V, et al. The natural history of endometrial polyps. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(2):340-5. DOI:10.1093/humrep/dew307
15. Kuligin AV, Astafieva EV, Samsonova AI, Kochedaeva TD. Pathophysiologycal basics of abnormal uterine bleeding. Clinical Pathophysiology. 2021;27(4):27-34 (in Russian).
16. Indraccolo U, Di Iorio R, Matteo M, et al. The pathogenesis of endometrial polyps: a systematic semi-quantitative review. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2013;34(1):5-22.
17. Ivanov AS, Grebneva VV. Endometrial polyps. Questions of etiology and pathogenesis. Russian Military Medical Academy Reports. 2020;2(S1):75-7 (in Russian).
DOI:10.17816/rmmar43357
18. Lopes RG, Baracat EC, de Albuquerque Neto LC, et al. Analysis of estrogen- and progesterone-receptor expression in endometrial polyps. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2007;14(3):300-3. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2006.10.022
19. Mittal K, Schwartz L, Goswami S, Demopoulos R. Estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in endometrial polyps. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1996;15(4):345-8. DOI:10.1097/00004347-199610000-00007
20. Taylor LJ, Jackson TL, Reid JG, Duffy SR. The differential expression of oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, Bcl-2 and Ki67 in endometrial polyps. BJOG. 2003;110(9):794-8.
21. Mourits MJE, Hollema H, De Vries EG, et al. Apoptosis and apoptosis-associated parameters in relation to tamoxifen exposure in postmenopausal endometrium. Hum Pathol. 2002;33(3):341-6. DOI:10.1053/hupa.2002.32226
22. Altaner S, Gucer F, Tokatli F, et al. Expression of Bcl-2 and Ki-67 in tamoxifen-associated endometrial polyps: comparison with postmenopausal polyps. Onkologie. 2006;29(8-9):376-80. DOI:10.1159/000094443
23. Antunes A Jr, Andrade LA, Pinto GA, et al. Is the immunohistochemical expression of proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (Bcl-2) markers and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) related to carcinogenesis in postmenopausal endometrial polyps? Anal Quant Cytopathol Histpathol. 2012;34(5):264-72.
24. Atak Z, Turhan EI, Rahimli Ocakoglu S, Uyaniklar OO. Symptom-related Ki-67 expression in endometrial polyps. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2022;272:139-43. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.03.022
25. Moskalewicz A, Di Tomaso A, Kachura JJ, et al. Gynecologic Symptoms among Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Patients on Oral Endocrine Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Curr Oncol. 2022;29(3):1813-27. DOI:10.3390/curroncol29030149
26. Drizi A, Djokovic D, Laganà AS, van Herendael B. Impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium: a multifaceted approach to endometrial inflammation. Current insights and future directions. Prz Menopauzalny. 2020;19(2):90-100. DOI:10.5114/pm.2020.97863
27. Ivanov IA, Asaturova AV, Chernukha GE, et al. The role of pathological angiogenesis in endometrial polyp pathogenesis and abnormal uterine bleeding. Clin exp morphology. 2019;8(2):28-34 (in Russian). DOI:10.31088/2226-5988-2019-30-2-28-34
28. Li L, Zhong L, Tang C, et al. CD105: tumor diagnosis, prognostic marker and future tumor therapeutic target. Clin Transl Oncol. 2022;24(8):1447-58. DOI:10.1007/s12094-022-02792-0
29. Yao T, Chen H, Wang R, et al. Thiol-ene conjugation of VEGF peptide to electrospun scaffolds as potential application for angiogenesis. Bioact Mater. 2022;20:306-17. DOI:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.029
30. Son JA, Lee SK, Park J, et al. Platycodin D Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Angiogenesis by Blocking the Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and the Production of Interleukin-8. Am J Chin Med. 2022:1-17. DOI:10.1142/S0192415X22500690
31. Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2017;9(6):7204-18. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.23208
32. Nijkang NP, Anderson L, Markham R, Manconi F. Endometrial polyps: Pathogenesis, sequelae and treatment. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:2050312119848247. DOI:10.1177/2050312119848247
33. Zakrzewski PK. Canonical TGFβ Signaling and Its Contribution to Endometrial Cancer Development and Progression-Underestimated Target of Anticancer Strategies. J Clin Med. 2021;10(17):3900. DOI:10.3390/jcm10173900
34. Vitagliano A, Cialdella M, Cicinelli R, et al. Association between Endometrial Polyps and Chronic Endometritis: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift in the Pathophysiology of Endometrial Polyps in Pre-Menopausal Women? Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(12):2182. DOI:10.3390/diagnostics11122182
35. Carvalho FM, Aguiar FN, Tomioka R, et al. Functional endometrial polyps in infertile asymptomatic patients: a possible evolution of vascular changes secondary to endometritis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;170(1):152-6. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.012
36. Schatz F, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Arlier S, et al. The role of decidual cells in uterine hemostasis, menstruation, inflammation, adverse pregnancy outcomes and abnormal uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22(4):497-515. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmw004
37. Vallvé-Juanico J, Houshdaran S, Giudice LC. The endometrial immune environment of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update. 2019;25(5):564-91. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmz018
38. Wu J, Feng X, Du Y, et al. β-catenin/LIN28B promotes the proliferation of human choriocarcinoma cells via Let-7a repression. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2019;51(5):455-62. DOI:10.1093/abbs/gmz027
39. Li XH, Lu MY, Li YJ, et al. Circulating PD1+Vδ1+γδ T Cell Predicts Fertility in Endometrial Polyp Patients of Reproductive-Age. Front Immunol. 2021;12:639221. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2021.639221
40. Zhu Y, Liu Z, Du M, et al. Macrophages in patients with recurrent endometrial polyps could exacerbate Th17 responses. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2018;45(11):1128-34. DOI:10.1111/1440-1681.12994
41. Cicinelli E, Bettocchi S, de Ziegler D, et al. Chronic Endometritis, a Common Disease Hidden Behind Endometrial Polyps in Premenopausal Women: First Evidence From a Case-Control Study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2019;26(7):1346-50. DOI:10.1016/j.jmig.2019.01.012
42. Lu MY, Li XH, Niu JL, Liu B. LIN28B Polymorphisms Confer a Higher Postoperative Recurrence Risk in Reproductive-Age Women with Endometrial Polyps. Dis Markers. 2022;2022:4824357. DOI:10.1155/2022/4824357
43. Nomiyama M, Yamasaki F, Tokunaga M, et al. Endometrial polyps with increased plasma cells are associated with chronic endometritis in infertility patients: Hysteroscopic findings and post-polypectomy pregnancy rates. Reprod Med Biol. 2021;20(4):494-504. DOI:10.1002/rmb2.12394
Авторы
М.Р. Оразов*1, Л.М. Михалева2, О.Ф. Пойманова1, И.А. Муллина1
1 ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов», Москва, Россия;
2 ФГБНУ «Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б.В. Петровского», Москва, Россия
*omekan@mail.ru
1 People’s Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia;
2 Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
*omekan@mail.ru
1 ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов», Москва, Россия;
2 ФГБНУ «Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б.В. Петровского», Москва, Россия
*omekan@mail.ru
________________________________________________
1 People’s Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia;
2 Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
*omekan@mail.ru
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