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Трансплантация печени и основные соматические заболевания у пациентов в отдаленном послеоперационном периоде
Трансплантация печени и основные соматические заболевания у пациентов в отдаленном послеоперационном периоде
Космачева Е.Д., Бабич А.Э. Трансплантация печени и основные соматические заболевания у пациентов в отдаленном послеоперационном периоде. Consilum Medicum. Гастроэнтерология. (Прил.). 2015; 1: 18–23.
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Аннотация
В статье представлен обзор литературы, посвященный формулированию показаний и противопоказаний к трансплантации печени и развитию основных заболеваний, связанных преимущественно с отдаленным посттрансплантационным периодом. Анализ осложнений после трансплантации печени показал, что вместе со значительными достижениями в улучшении продолжительности и качества жизни пациентов в результате проведенного вмешательства актуализируются вопросы, связанные с возникновением или прогрессированием сопутствующей патологии. Наиболее распространенными заболеваниями после трансплантации являются: злокачественные новообразования, артериальная гипертензия, дислипидемия, сахарный диабет, инфекции. Обобщая данные литературы, можно констатировать факт ятрогенного медикаментозного инициирования этих состояний. Индивидуализация схем иммуносупрессии, поддержка концентрации иммуносупрессоров на минимально необходимых значениях, своевременная коррекция факторов риска и адекватная коррекция нежелательных побочных эффектов лекарственных средств позволят обеспечить увеличение продолжительности жизни пациентов после трансплантации печени.
Ключевые слова: трансплантация печени, злокачественные новообразования, инфекции, артериальная гипертензия, дислипидемия, сахарный диабет, хроническая болезнь почек.
Key words: liver transplantation, malignancies, infections, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, chronic kidney disease.
Ключевые слова: трансплантация печени, злокачественные новообразования, инфекции, артериальная гипертензия, дислипидемия, сахарный диабет, хроническая болезнь почек.
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Key words: liver transplantation, malignancies, infections, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, chronic kidney disease.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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29. Oufroukhi L, Kamar N, Muscari F. Predictive factors for posttransplant diabetes mellitus within one-year of liver transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 85 (10): 1436–42.
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39. Clark W. Tacrolimus: immunosuppression following liver and kidney transplant. J Clin Pharm Ther 1996; 21: 135–41.
40. Rabkin JM, Corless CL, Rosen HR, Olyaei AJ. Immunosuppression impact on long-term cardiovascular complications after liver transplantation. Am J Surg 2002; 183: 595–9.
41. Stegall MD, Wachs ME, Everson G et al. Prednisone withdrawal 14 days after liver transplantation with mycophenolate: a prospective trial of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Transplantation 1997; 64: 1755–60.
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2. Shumakov V.I., Moisiuk Ia.G., Kozlov I.A. Opyt transplantatsii pecheni v odnom tsentre: sovremennye tekhnologii i problemy uluchsheniia rezul'tatov. Vestn. transplantologii i iskusstvennykh organov. 2008; 1 (39). [in Russian]
3. Laleman W et al. Review article: non-biological liver support in liver failure. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23 (3): 351–63.
4. Jalan R, Williams R. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: pathophysiological basis of therapeutic options. Blood Purif 2002; 20 (3): 252–61.
5. Desmet VJ, Roskams T. Cirrhosis reversal: a duel between dogma and myth. J Hepatol 2004; 40 (5): 860–7.
6. Rosen HR, Shackleton CR, Martin P. Indications for and timing of liver transplantation. Med Clin North Am 1996; 80: 1069–102.
7. Malinchoc M, Kamath РS, Gordon FD et al. A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosys-temic shunts. Hepatology 2000; 31: 864.
8. Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malmchoc M et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 2001; 33: 464.
9. Transplantatsiia pecheni. Natsional'nye klinicheskie rekomendatsii, 2013. http://transpl.ru/images/cms/data/pdf/nacional_nye_klinicheskie_rekomendacii_po_transplantacii_peche... [in Russian]
10. Desaj NM, Mange KC, Crawford MD et al. Predicting outcome after liver transplantation of newly derived transplantation: utility of the model for end-stage liver disease and a discrimination function. Transplantation 2004; 77: 99–106.
11. Khubutiia M.Sh., Chzhao A.V., Dzhagraev K.R. Transplantatsiia pecheni kak radikal'nyi metod lecheniia konechnykh stadii zabolevanii pecheni. Prakt. Meditsina. Khirurgiia. 2010; s. 13–9. [in Russian]
12. Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK et al. Evolution of causes and risk factors for mortality post-liver transplant: results of the NIDDK long-term follow-up study. Am J Transplant 2010; 10 (6): 1420–7.
13. Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK et al. Long-term probability of and mortality from de novo malignancy after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2009; 137 (6): 2010–7.
14. Fung JJ, Jain A, Kwak EJ et al. De novo malignancies after liver transplantation: a major cause of late death. Liver Transpl 2001; 7 (11 Suppl. 1): s109–18.
15. Aberg F, Pukkala E, Höckerstedt K et al. Risk of malignant neoplasms after liver transplantation: a population-based study. Liver Transpl 2008; 14 (10): 1428–36.
16. Chak E, Saab S. Risk factors and incidence of de novo malignancy in liver transplant recipients: a systematic review. Liver Int 2010; 30 (9): 1247–58.
17. Jiménez-Romero C, Manrique Municio A, Marqués Medina E. Incidence of de novo nonmelanoma skin tumors after liver transplantation for alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver diseases. Transplant Proc 2006; 38 (8): 2505–7.
18. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A. Skin cancers after organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (17): 1681–91.
19. Aucejo F, Rofaiel G, Miller C. Who is at risk for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) after liver transplantation? J Hepatol 2006; 44 (1): 19–23.
20. Kamdar KY, Rooney CM, Heslop HE. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease following liver transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2011; 16 (3): 274–80.
21. Varma V, Webb K, Mirza DF. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16 (35): 4377–93.
22. Finkenstedt A, Graziadei IW, Oberaigner W. Extensive surveillance promotes early diagnosis and improved survival of de novo malignancies in liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (10): 2355–61.
23. Laish I, Braun M, Mor E et al. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplant recipients: prevalence, risk factors, and association with cardiovascular events. Liver Transpl 2011; 17 (1): 15–22.
24. Laryea M, Watt KD, Molinari M. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplant recipients: prevalence and association with major vascular events. Liver Transpl 2007; 13 (8): 1109–14.
25. Bianchi G, Marchesini G, Marzocchi R et al. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplantation: relation to etiology and immunosuppression. Liver Transpl 2008; 14 (11): 1648–54.
26. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults; findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287 (3): 356–9.
27. Tietge UJ, Selberg O, Kreter A et al. Alterations in glucose metabolism associated with liver cirrhosis persist in the clinically stable long-term course after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10 (8): 1030–40.
28. Ruiz-Rebollo ML, Sánchez-Antolín G, García-Pajares F et al. Risk of development of the metabolic syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42 (2): 663–5.
29. Oufroukhi L, Kamar N, Muscari F. Predictive factors for posttransplant diabetes mellitus within one-year of liver transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 85 (10): 1436–42.
30. Moon JI, Barbeito R, Faradji RN et al. Negative impact of new-onset diabetes mellitus on patient and graft survival after liver transplantation: long-term follow up. Transplantation 2006; 82 (12): 1625–8.
31. Kuo HT, Sampaio MS, Ye X et al. Risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus in adult liver transplant recipients, an analysis of the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network for Organ Sharing database. Transplantation 2010; 89 (9): 1134–40.
32. Navasa M, Bustamante J, Marroni C. Diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation: prevalence and predictive factors. J Hepatol 1996; 25 (1): 64–71.
33. Vodenik B, Rovira J, Campistol JM. Mammalian target of rapamycin and diabetes: what does the current evidence tell us? Transplant Proc 2009; 41 (6 Suppl.): 31–8.
34. Marchetti P. New-onset diabetes after liver transplantation: from pathogenesis to management. Liver Transpl 2005; 11 (6): 612–20.
35. Markell M. New-onset diabetes mellitus in transplant patients: pathogenesis, complications, and management. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43 (6): 953–65.
36. Johnston SD, Morris JK, Cramb R et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 73 (6): 901–6.
37. Ciccarelli O, Kaczmarek B, Roggen F. Long-term medical complications and quality of life in adult recipients surviving 10 years or more after liver transplantation. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2005; 68 (3): 323–30.
38. Neal DA, Gimson AE, Gibbs P, Alexander GJ. Beneficial effects of converting liver transplant recipients from cyclosporine to tacrolimus on blood pressure, serum lipids, and weight. Liver Transpl 2001; 7 (6): 533–9.
39. Clark W. Tacrolimus: immunosuppression following liver and kidney transplant. J Clin Pharm Ther 1996; 21: 135–41.
40. Rabkin JM, Corless CL, Rosen HR, Olyaei AJ. Immunosuppression impact on long-term cardiovascular complications after liver transplantation. Am J Surg 2002; 183: 595–9.
41. Stegall MD, Wachs ME, Everson G et al. Prednisone withdrawal 14 days after liver transplantation with mycophenolate: a prospective trial of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Transplantation 1997; 64: 1755–60.
42. Manzarbeitia C, Reich DJ, Rothstein KD et al. Tacrolimus conversion improves hyperlipidemic states in stable liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 93–9.
43. Morard I, Dumortier J, Spahr L. Conversion to sirolimus-based immunosuppression in maintenance liver transplantation patients. Liver Transpl 2007; 13 (5): 658–64.
44. Stegall MD, Everson GT, Schroter G et al. Prednisone withdrawal late after adult liver transplantation reduces diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia without causing graft loss. Hepatology 1997; 25: 173–7.
45. Boillot O, Mayer DA, Boudjema K et al. Corticosteroid-free immunosuppression with tacrolimus following induction with daclizumab: a large randomized clinical study. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 61–7.
46. Segev DL, Sozio SM, Shin EJ et al. Steroid avoidance in liver transplantation: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized trials. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 512–25.
47. Moench C, Barreiros AP, Schuchmann M et al. Tacrolimus monotherapy without steroids after liver transplantation – a prospective randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 1616–23.
48. Martin JE, Cavanaugh TM, Trumbull L. Incidence of adverse events with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in liver transplant patients. Clin Transplant 2008; 22 (1): 113–9.
49. Asberg A. Interactions between cyclosporine and lipid-lowering drugs: implications for organ transplant recipients. Drugs 2003; 63 (4): 367–78.
50. Almutairi F, Peterson TC, Molinari M. Safety and effectiveness of ezetimibe in liver transplant recipients with hypercholesterolemia. Liver Transpl 2009; 15 (5): 504–8.
51. McKenney JM, Sica D. Prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007; 64 (6): 595–605.
52. Ojo AO, Held PJ, Port FK. Chronic renal failure after transplantation of a nonrenal organ. N Engl J Med 2003; 349 (10): 931–40.
53. Bloom RD, Reese PP. Chronic kidney disease after nonrenal solid-organ transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18 (12): 3031–41.
54. Campbell MS, Kotlyar DS, Brensinger CM. Renal function after orthotopic liver transplantation is predicted by duration of pretransplantation creatinine elevation. Liver Transpl 2005; 11 (9): 1048–55.
55. Davis CL. Impact of pretransplant renal failure: when is listing for kidney-liver indicated? Liver Transpl 2005; 11 (Suppl. 2): 35–44.
56. Nankivell BJ, Borrows RJ, Fung CL et al. The natural history of chronic allograft nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2003; 349 (24): 2326–33.
57. Artz MA, Hilbrands LB, Borm G et al. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system increases graft survival in patients with chronic allograft nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19 (11): 2852–7.
58. Lubel JS, Herath CB, Burrell LM, Angus PW. Liver disease and the renin-angiotensin system: recent discoveries and clinical implications. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23 (9): 1327–38.
59. Orlando G, Baiocchi L, Cardillo A. Switch to 1,5 grams MMF monotherapy for CNI-related toxicity in liver transplantation is safe and improves renal function, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Liver Transpl 2007; 13 (1): 46–54.
60. Schlitt HJ, Barkmann A, Böker KH. Replacement of calcineurin inhibitors with mycophenolate mofetil in liver-transplant patients with renal dysfunction: a randomised controlled study. Lancet 2001; 357 (9256): 587–91.
61. Canzanello VJ, Schwartz L, Taler SJ. Evolution of cardiovascular risk after liver transplantation: a comparison of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus (FK506). Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3 (1): 1–9.
62. Carlson SH, Osborn JW, Wyss JM. Hepatic denervation chronically elevates arterial pressure in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Hypertension 1998; 32 (1): 46–51.
63. Raducu RN, Gitman M, Ganier D et al. Adverse cardiacevents after orthotopic liver transplantation: Across sectional study in 389 consecutive patients. Liver Transplantation 2015.
64. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289 (19): 2560–72.
65. Mells G, Neuberger J. Reducing the risks of cardiovascular disease in liver allograft recipients. Transplantation 2007; 83 (9): 1141–50.
66. Kosmacheva E.D., Babich A.E. Percularity of medical treatment of patients with arterial hypertension. System Hypertension. 2014; 4: 55–7. [in Russian]
67. Singh S, Watt K. Long-term medical management of the liver transplant recipient: what the primary care physician needs to know. Mayo Clinic Rev 2012; 87 (8): 779–90.
68. Lucey MR, Terrault N, Ojo L et al. Long-Term Management of the Successful Adult Liver Transplant: 2012 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation. Liver Transpl 2013; 19: 3–26.
69. Aparicio LS, Alfie J, Barochiner J et al. Hypertension: The Neglected Complication of Transplantation. Hypertension 2013. ID 165937; http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/165937
70. Guliaev V.A., Novruzbekov M.S., Chugunov A.O. i dr. Faktory riska infektsionnykh oslozhnenii posle transplantatsii pecheni. Transplantologiia. 2013; 4: 6–9. [in Russian]
71. Polukhina O.V., Granov D.A., Suborovaiu T.N. Chastota razvitiia infektsionnykh oslozhnenii i svoistva vozbuditelei u patsientov, perenesshikh ortotopicheskuiu transplantatsiiu pecheni. Vestn. transplantologii i iskusstvennykh organov. 2012; 4: 27–32. [in Russian]
72. Khubutiia M.Sh., Zhuravel' S.V., Kuznetsova N.K. i dr. Uspeshnaia transplantatsiia pecheni patsientu v kriticheskom sostoianii. Transplantologiia. 2013; 1: 25–7. [in Russian]
73. Segovia R, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Rimola A et al. Evidence of serious graft damage induced by de novo hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2001; 7 (2): 106–12.
74. Guckelberger O, Bechstein WO, Neuhaus R et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in long-term follow-up after orthotopic liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 1997; 11: 60–5.
2. Шумаков В.И., Мойсюк Я.Г., Козлов И.А. Опыт трансплантации печени в одном центре: современные технологии и проблемы улучшения результатов. Вестн. трансплантологии и искусственных органов. 2008; 1 (39). / Shumakov V.I., Moisiuk Ia.G., Kozlov I.A. Opyt transplantatsii pecheni v odnom tsentre: sovremennye tekhnologii i problemy uluchsheniia rezul'tatov. Vestn. transplantologii i iskusstvennykh organov. 2008; 1 (39). [in Russian]
3. Laleman W et al. Review article: non-biological liver support in liver failure. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23 (3): 351–63.
4. Jalan R, Williams R. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: pathophysiological basis of therapeutic options. Blood Purif 2002; 20 (3): 252–61.
5. Desmet VJ, Roskams T. Cirrhosis reversal: a duel between dogma and myth. J Hepatol 2004; 40 (5): 860–7.
6. Rosen HR, Shackleton CR, Martin P. Indications for and timing of liver transplantation. Med Clin North Am 1996; 80: 1069–102.
7. Malinchoc M, Kamath РS, Gordon FD et al. A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosys-temic shunts. Hepatology 2000; 31: 864.
8. Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malmchoc M et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 2001; 33: 464.
9. Трансплантация печени. Национальные клинические рекомендации, 2013. http://transpl.ru/images/cms/data/pdf/nacional_nye_klinicheskie_rekomendacii_po_transplantacii_peche... / Transplantatsiia pecheni. Natsional'nye klinicheskie rekomendatsii, 2013. http://transpl.ru/images/cms/data/pdf/nacional_nye_klinicheskie_rekomendacii_po_transplantacii_peche... [in Russian]
10. Desaj NM, Mange KC, Crawford MD et al. Predicting outcome after liver transplantation of newly derived transplantation: utility of the model for end-stage liver disease and a discrimination function. Transplantation 2004; 77: 99–106.
11. Хубутия М.Ш., Чжао А.В., Джаграев К.Р. Трансплантация печени как радикальный метод лечения конечных стадий заболеваний печени. Практ. медицина. Хирургия. 2010; с. 13–9. / Khubutiia M.Sh., Chzhao A.V., Dzhagraev K.R. Transplantatsiia pecheni kak radikal'nyi metod lecheniia konechnykh stadii zabolevanii pecheni. Prakt. Meditsina. Khirurgiia. 2010; s. 13–9. [in Russian]
12. Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK et al. Evolution of causes and risk factors for mortality post-liver transplant: results of the NIDDK long-term follow-up study. Am J Transplant 2010; 10 (6): 1420–7.
13. Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK et al. Long-term probability of and mortality from de novo malignancy after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2009; 137 (6): 2010–7.
14. Fung JJ, Jain A, Kwak EJ et al. De novo malignancies after liver transplantation: a major cause of late death. Liver Transpl 2001; 7 (11 Suppl. 1): s109–18.
15. Aberg F, Pukkala E, Höckerstedt K et al. Risk of malignant neoplasms after liver transplantation: a population-based study. Liver Transpl 2008; 14 (10): 1428–36.
16. Chak E, Saab S. Risk factors and incidence of de novo malignancy in liver transplant recipients: a systematic review. Liver Int 2010; 30 (9): 1247–58.
17. Jiménez-Romero C, Manrique Municio A, Marqués Medina E. Incidence of de novo nonmelanoma skin tumors after liver transplantation for alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver diseases. Transplant Proc 2006; 38 (8): 2505–7.
18. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A. Skin cancers after organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (17): 1681–91.
19. Aucejo F, Rofaiel G, Miller C. Who is at risk for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) after liver transplantation? J Hepatol 2006; 44 (1): 19–23.
20. Kamdar KY, Rooney CM, Heslop HE. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease following liver transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2011; 16 (3): 274–80.
21. Varma V, Webb K, Mirza DF. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16 (35): 4377–93.
22. Finkenstedt A, Graziadei IW, Oberaigner W. Extensive surveillance promotes early diagnosis and improved survival of de novo malignancies in liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (10): 2355–61.
23. Laish I, Braun M, Mor E et al. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplant recipients: prevalence, risk factors, and association with cardiovascular events. Liver Transpl 2011; 17 (1): 15–22.
24. Laryea M, Watt KD, Molinari M. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplant recipients: prevalence and association with major vascular events. Liver Transpl 2007; 13 (8): 1109–14.
25. Bianchi G, Marchesini G, Marzocchi R et al. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplantation: relation to etiology and immunosuppression. Liver Transpl 2008; 14 (11): 1648–54.
26. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults; findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287 (3): 356–9.
27. Tietge UJ, Selberg O, Kreter A et al. Alterations in glucose metabolism associated with liver cirrhosis persist in the clinically stable long-term course after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10 (8): 1030–40.
28. Ruiz-Rebollo ML, Sánchez-Antolín G, García-Pajares F et al. Risk of development of the metabolic syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42 (2): 663–5.
29. Oufroukhi L, Kamar N, Muscari F. Predictive factors for posttransplant diabetes mellitus within one-year of liver transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 85 (10): 1436–42.
30. Moon JI, Barbeito R, Faradji RN et al. Negative impact of new-onset diabetes mellitus on patient and graft survival after liver transplantation: long-term follow up. Transplantation 2006; 82 (12): 1625–8.
31. Kuo HT, Sampaio MS, Ye X et al. Risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus in adult liver transplant recipients, an analysis of the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network for Organ Sharing database. Transplantation 2010; 89 (9): 1134–40.
32. Navasa M, Bustamante J, Marroni C. Diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation: prevalence and predictive factors. J Hepatol 1996; 25 (1): 64–71.
33. Vodenik B, Rovira J, Campistol JM. Mammalian target of rapamycin and diabetes: what does the current evidence tell us? Transplant Proc 2009; 41 (6 Suppl.): 31–8.
34. Marchetti P. New-onset diabetes after liver transplantation: from pathogenesis to management. Liver Transpl 2005; 11 (6): 612–20.
35. Markell M. New-onset diabetes mellitus in transplant patients: pathogenesis, complications, and management. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43 (6): 953–65.
36. Johnston SD, Morris JK, Cramb R et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 73 (6): 901–6.
37. Ciccarelli O, Kaczmarek B, Roggen F. Long-term medical complications and quality of life in adult recipients surviving 10 years or more after liver transplantation. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2005; 68 (3): 323–30.
38. Neal DA, Gimson AE, Gibbs P, Alexander GJ. Beneficial effects of converting liver transplant recipients from cyclosporine to tacrolimus on blood pressure, serum lipids, and weight. Liver Transpl 2001; 7 (6): 533–9.
39. Clark W. Tacrolimus: immunosuppression following liver and kidney transplant. J Clin Pharm Ther 1996; 21: 135–41.
40. Rabkin JM, Corless CL, Rosen HR, Olyaei AJ. Immunosuppression impact on long-term cardiovascular complications after liver transplantation. Am J Surg 2002; 183: 595–9.
41. Stegall MD, Wachs ME, Everson G et al. Prednisone withdrawal 14 days after liver transplantation with mycophenolate: a prospective trial of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Transplantation 1997; 64: 1755–60.
42. Manzarbeitia C, Reich DJ, Rothstein KD et al. Tacrolimus conversion improves hyperlipidemic states in stable liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 93–9.
43. Morard I, Dumortier J, Spahr L. Conversion to sirolimus-based immunosuppression in maintenance liver transplantation patients. Liver Transpl 2007; 13 (5): 658–64.
44. Stegall MD, Everson GT, Schroter G et al. Prednisone withdrawal late after adult liver transplantation reduces diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia without causing graft loss. Hepatology 1997; 25: 173–7.
45. Boillot O, Mayer DA, Boudjema K et al. Corticosteroid-free immunosuppression with tacrolimus following induction with daclizumab: a large randomized clinical study. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 61–7.
46. Segev DL, Sozio SM, Shin EJ et al. Steroid avoidance in liver transplantation: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized trials. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 512–25.
47. Moench C, Barreiros AP, Schuchmann M et al. Tacrolimus monotherapy without steroids after liver transplantation – a prospective randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 1616–23.
48. Martin JE, Cavanaugh TM, Trumbull L. Incidence of adverse events with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in liver transplant patients. Clin Transplant 2008; 22 (1): 113–9.
49. Asberg A. Interactions between cyclosporine and lipid-lowering drugs: implications for organ transplant recipients. Drugs 2003; 63 (4): 367–78.
50. Almutairi F, Peterson TC, Molinari M. Safety and effectiveness of ezetimibe in liver transplant recipients with hypercholesterolemia. Liver Transpl 2009; 15 (5): 504–8.
51. McKenney JM, Sica D. Prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007; 64 (6): 595–605.
52. Ojo AO, Held PJ, Port FK. Chronic renal failure after transplantation of a nonrenal organ. N Engl J Med 2003; 349 (10): 931–40.
53. Bloom RD, Reese PP. Chronic kidney disease after nonrenal solid-organ transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18 (12): 3031–41.
54. Campbell MS, Kotlyar DS, Brensinger CM. Renal function after orthotopic liver transplantation is predicted by duration of pretransplantation creatinine elevation. Liver Transpl 2005; 11 (9): 1048–55.
55. Davis CL. Impact of pretransplant renal failure: when is listing for kidney-liver indicated? Liver Transpl 2005; 11 (Suppl. 2): 35–44.
56. Nankivell BJ, Borrows RJ, Fung CL et al. The natural history of chronic allograft nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2003; 349 (24): 2326–33.
57. Artz MA, Hilbrands LB, Borm G et al. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system increases graft survival in patients with chronic allograft nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19 (11): 2852–7.
58. Lubel JS, Herath CB, Burrell LM, Angus PW. Liver disease and the renin-angiotensin system: recent discoveries and clinical implications. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23 (9): 1327–38.
59. Orlando G, Baiocchi L, Cardillo A. Switch to 1,5 grams MMF monotherapy for CNI-related toxicity in liver transplantation is safe and improves renal function, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Liver Transpl 2007; 13 (1): 46–54.
60. Schlitt HJ, Barkmann A, Böker KH. Replacement of calcineurin inhibitors with mycophenolate mofetil in liver-transplant patients with renal dysfunction: a randomised controlled study. Lancet 2001; 357 (9256): 587–91.
61. Canzanello VJ, Schwartz L, Taler SJ. Evolution of cardiovascular risk after liver transplantation: a comparison of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus (FK506). Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3 (1): 1–9.
62. Carlson SH, Osborn JW, Wyss JM. Hepatic denervation chronically elevates arterial pressure in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Hypertension 1998; 32 (1): 46–51.
63. Raducu RN, Gitman M, Ganier D et al. Adverse cardiacevents after orthotopic liver transplantation: Across sectional study in 389 consecutive patients. Liver Transplantation 2015.
64. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289 (19): 2560–72.
65. Mells G, Neuberger J. Reducing the risks of cardiovascular disease in liver allograft recipients. Transplantation 2007; 83 (9): 1141–50.
66. Космачева Е.Д., Бабич А.Э. Особенности ведения пациентов с артериальной гипертензией после трансплантации печени. Системные гипертензии. 2014; 4: 55–7. / Kosmacheva E.D., Babich A.E. Percularity of medical treatment of patients with arterial hypertension. System Hypertension. 2014; 4: 55–7. [in Russian]
67. Singh S, Watt K. Long-term medical management of the liver transplant recipient: what the primary care physician needs to know. Mayo Clinic Rev 2012; 87 (8): 779–90.
68. Lucey MR, Terrault N, Ojo L et al. Long-Term Management of the Successful Adult Liver Transplant: 2012 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation. Liver Transpl 2013; 19: 3–26.
69. Aparicio LS, Alfie J, Barochiner J et al. Hypertension: The Neglected Complication of Transplantation. Hypertension 2013. ID 165937; http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/165937
70. Гуляев В.А., Новрузбеков М.С., Чугунов А.О. и др. Факторы риска инфекционных осложнений после трансплантации печени. Трансплантология. 2013; 4: 6–9. / Guliaev V.A., Novruzbekov M.S., Chugunov A.O. i dr. Faktory riska infektsionnykh oslozhnenii posle transplantatsii pecheni. Transplantologiia. 2013; 4: 6–9. [in Russian]
71. Полухина О.В., Гранов Д.А., Субороваю Т.Н. Частота развития инфекционных осложнений и свойства возбудителей у пациентов, перенесших ортотопическую трансплантацию печени. Вестн. трансплантологии и искусственных органов. 2012; 4: 27–32. / Polukhina O.V., Granov D.A., Suborovaiu T.N. Chastota razvitiia infektsionnykh oslozhnenii i svoistva vozbuditelei u patsientov, perenesshikh ortotopicheskuiu transplantatsiiu pecheni. Vestn. transplantologii i iskusstvennykh organov. 2012; 4: 27–32. [in Russian]
72. Хубутия М.Ш., Журавель С.В., Кузнецова Н.К. и др. Успешная трансплантация печени пациенту в критическом состоянии. Трансплантология. 2013; 1: 25–7. / Khubutiia M.Sh., Zhuravel' S.V., Kuznetsova N.K. i dr. Uspeshnaia transplantatsiia pecheni patsientu v kriticheskom sostoianii. Transplantologiia. 2013; 1: 25–7. [in Russian]
73. Segovia R, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Rimola A et al. Evidence of serious graft damage induced by de novo hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2001; 7 (2): 106–12.
74. Guckelberger O, Bechstein WO, Neuhaus R et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in long-term follow-up after orthotopic liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 1997; 11: 60–5.
________________________________________________
2. Shumakov V.I., Moisiuk Ia.G., Kozlov I.A. Opyt transplantatsii pecheni v odnom tsentre: sovremennye tekhnologii i problemy uluchsheniia rezul'tatov. Vestn. transplantologii i iskusstvennykh organov. 2008; 1 (39). [in Russian]
3. Laleman W et al. Review article: non-biological liver support in liver failure. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23 (3): 351–63.
4. Jalan R, Williams R. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: pathophysiological basis of therapeutic options. Blood Purif 2002; 20 (3): 252–61.
5. Desmet VJ, Roskams T. Cirrhosis reversal: a duel between dogma and myth. J Hepatol 2004; 40 (5): 860–7.
6. Rosen HR, Shackleton CR, Martin P. Indications for and timing of liver transplantation. Med Clin North Am 1996; 80: 1069–102.
7. Malinchoc M, Kamath РS, Gordon FD et al. A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosys-temic shunts. Hepatology 2000; 31: 864.
8. Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malmchoc M et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 2001; 33: 464.
9. Transplantatsiia pecheni. Natsional'nye klinicheskie rekomendatsii, 2013. http://transpl.ru/images/cms/data/pdf/nacional_nye_klinicheskie_rekomendacii_po_transplantacii_peche... [in Russian]
10. Desaj NM, Mange KC, Crawford MD et al. Predicting outcome after liver transplantation of newly derived transplantation: utility of the model for end-stage liver disease and a discrimination function. Transplantation 2004; 77: 99–106.
11. Khubutiia M.Sh., Chzhao A.V., Dzhagraev K.R. Transplantatsiia pecheni kak radikal'nyi metod lecheniia konechnykh stadii zabolevanii pecheni. Prakt. Meditsina. Khirurgiia. 2010; s. 13–9. [in Russian]
12. Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK et al. Evolution of causes and risk factors for mortality post-liver transplant: results of the NIDDK long-term follow-up study. Am J Transplant 2010; 10 (6): 1420–7.
13. Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK et al. Long-term probability of and mortality from de novo malignancy after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2009; 137 (6): 2010–7.
14. Fung JJ, Jain A, Kwak EJ et al. De novo malignancies after liver transplantation: a major cause of late death. Liver Transpl 2001; 7 (11 Suppl. 1): s109–18.
15. Aberg F, Pukkala E, Höckerstedt K et al. Risk of malignant neoplasms after liver transplantation: a population-based study. Liver Transpl 2008; 14 (10): 1428–36.
16. Chak E, Saab S. Risk factors and incidence of de novo malignancy in liver transplant recipients: a systematic review. Liver Int 2010; 30 (9): 1247–58.
17. Jiménez-Romero C, Manrique Municio A, Marqués Medina E. Incidence of de novo nonmelanoma skin tumors after liver transplantation for alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver diseases. Transplant Proc 2006; 38 (8): 2505–7.
18. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A. Skin cancers after organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (17): 1681–91.
19. Aucejo F, Rofaiel G, Miller C. Who is at risk for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) after liver transplantation? J Hepatol 2006; 44 (1): 19–23.
20. Kamdar KY, Rooney CM, Heslop HE. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease following liver transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2011; 16 (3): 274–80.
21. Varma V, Webb K, Mirza DF. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16 (35): 4377–93.
22. Finkenstedt A, Graziadei IW, Oberaigner W. Extensive surveillance promotes early diagnosis and improved survival of de novo malignancies in liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (10): 2355–61.
23. Laish I, Braun M, Mor E et al. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplant recipients: prevalence, risk factors, and association with cardiovascular events. Liver Transpl 2011; 17 (1): 15–22.
24. Laryea M, Watt KD, Molinari M. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplant recipients: prevalence and association with major vascular events. Liver Transpl 2007; 13 (8): 1109–14.
25. Bianchi G, Marchesini G, Marzocchi R et al. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplantation: relation to etiology and immunosuppression. Liver Transpl 2008; 14 (11): 1648–54.
26. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults; findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287 (3): 356–9.
27. Tietge UJ, Selberg O, Kreter A et al. Alterations in glucose metabolism associated with liver cirrhosis persist in the clinically stable long-term course after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10 (8): 1030–40.
28. Ruiz-Rebollo ML, Sánchez-Antolín G, García-Pajares F et al. Risk of development of the metabolic syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42 (2): 663–5.
29. Oufroukhi L, Kamar N, Muscari F. Predictive factors for posttransplant diabetes mellitus within one-year of liver transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 85 (10): 1436–42.
30. Moon JI, Barbeito R, Faradji RN et al. Negative impact of new-onset diabetes mellitus on patient and graft survival after liver transplantation: long-term follow up. Transplantation 2006; 82 (12): 1625–8.
31. Kuo HT, Sampaio MS, Ye X et al. Risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus in adult liver transplant recipients, an analysis of the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network for Organ Sharing database. Transplantation 2010; 89 (9): 1134–40.
32. Navasa M, Bustamante J, Marroni C. Diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation: prevalence and predictive factors. J Hepatol 1996; 25 (1): 64–71.
33. Vodenik B, Rovira J, Campistol JM. Mammalian target of rapamycin and diabetes: what does the current evidence tell us? Transplant Proc 2009; 41 (6 Suppl.): 31–8.
34. Marchetti P. New-onset diabetes after liver transplantation: from pathogenesis to management. Liver Transpl 2005; 11 (6): 612–20.
35. Markell M. New-onset diabetes mellitus in transplant patients: pathogenesis, complications, and management. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43 (6): 953–65.
36. Johnston SD, Morris JK, Cramb R et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 73 (6): 901–6.
37. Ciccarelli O, Kaczmarek B, Roggen F. Long-term medical complications and quality of life in adult recipients surviving 10 years or more after liver transplantation. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2005; 68 (3): 323–30.
38. Neal DA, Gimson AE, Gibbs P, Alexander GJ. Beneficial effects of converting liver transplant recipients from cyclosporine to tacrolimus on blood pressure, serum lipids, and weight. Liver Transpl 2001; 7 (6): 533–9.
39. Clark W. Tacrolimus: immunosuppression following liver and kidney transplant. J Clin Pharm Ther 1996; 21: 135–41.
40. Rabkin JM, Corless CL, Rosen HR, Olyaei AJ. Immunosuppression impact on long-term cardiovascular complications after liver transplantation. Am J Surg 2002; 183: 595–9.
41. Stegall MD, Wachs ME, Everson G et al. Prednisone withdrawal 14 days after liver transplantation with mycophenolate: a prospective trial of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Transplantation 1997; 64: 1755–60.
42. Manzarbeitia C, Reich DJ, Rothstein KD et al. Tacrolimus conversion improves hyperlipidemic states in stable liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 93–9.
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Авторы
Е.Д.Космачева1, 2, А.Э.Бабич*2
1 ГБОУ ВПО Кубанский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России. 350063, Россия, Краснодар, ул. Седина, д. 4;
2 ГБУЗ НИИ-Краевая клиническая больница №1 им. проф. С.В.Очаповского Минздрава Краснодарского края. 350029, Россия, Краснодар, ул. 1 Мая, д. 16
*Anna-babich1@yandex.ru
1 Kuban State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 350063, Russian Federation, Krasnodar, ul. Sedina, d. 4;
2 Prof. S.V.Ochapovsky Clinical Hospital №1 of the Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Region. 350029, Russian Federation, Krasnodar, ul. 1 Maia, d. 16
*Anna-babich1@yandex.ru
1 ГБОУ ВПО Кубанский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России. 350063, Россия, Краснодар, ул. Седина, д. 4;
2 ГБУЗ НИИ-Краевая клиническая больница №1 им. проф. С.В.Очаповского Минздрава Краснодарского края. 350029, Россия, Краснодар, ул. 1 Мая, д. 16
*Anna-babich1@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
1 Kuban State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 350063, Russian Federation, Krasnodar, ul. Sedina, d. 4;
2 Prof. S.V.Ochapovsky Clinical Hospital №1 of the Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Region. 350029, Russian Federation, Krasnodar, ul. 1 Maia, d. 16
*Anna-babich1@yandex.ru
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