Место β-адреноблокаторов в лечении сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний с позиции современных рекомендаций: в фокусе метопролола сукцинат CR/XL

1. Plosker GL, Clissold SP. Controlled release metoprolol formulations: a review of their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in hypertension and ischaemic heart disease. Drugs. 1992;43:382-414. DOI:10.2165/00003495-199243030-00006
2. Белоусов Ю.Б., Леонова М.В., Машенина О.А., и др. Метопролола сукцинат и тартрат: влияет ли соль на эффективность препарата. Фарматека. 2006;19:14-9 [Belousov YuB, Leonova MV, Mashenina OA, et al. Metoprolol succinate and tartratе: does salt affect on the effectiveness of the drug. Farmateca. 2006;19:14-9 (in Russian)]. 
3. Prakash A, Markham A. Metoprolol. A Review of its Use in Chronic Heart Failure. Drugs. 2000;60(3):647-78. DOI:10.2165/00003495-200060030-00011
4. Sandberg A, Blomqvist I, Jonsson UE, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a new controlled-release formulation of metoprolol: a comparison with conventional tablets. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;33(Suppl.):S9-14. DOI:10.1007/BF00578406
5. Oоsterhuis B, Jonkman JHG, Kerkhof FA. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of a new controlled-release formulation of metoprolol with a traditional slow-release formulation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;33(Suppl.):S15-8. DOI:10.1007/BF00578407
6. Blomqvist I, Westergren G, Sandberg A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of controlled-release metoprolol: a comparison with atenolol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;33 (Suppl.):S19-24. DOI:10.1007/BF00578408
7. Deroubaix X, Lins RL, Lens S, et al. Comparative bioavailability of a metoprolol controlled release formulation and a bisoprolol tablet after single oral dose administration in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996;34(2):61-70.
8. Jansson SO, Malm AE, Lundström T. In Silico Comparison Between Metoprolol Succinate and Bisoprolol on 24-Hour Systolic Blood Pressures. Drugs R D. 2014;14:325-32. DOI:10.1007/s40268-014-0073-5
9. Кобалава Ж.Д., Гудков К.М. Метопролол СR/XL: усовершенствованная форма эталонного β-блокатора. Кардиология. 2003;43(9):101-10 [Kobalava ZHD, Gudkov KM. Metoprolol Succinate (CR/XL): Advanced formulation of classical b-blocker. Kardiologiia. 2003;43(9):101-10 (in Russian)]. 
10. Артериальная гипертензия у взрослых. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(3):3786 [Arterial hypertension in adults. Clinical guidelines 2020. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(3):3786 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3-3786 
11. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3021-104. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
12. Morales-Salinas A, Kones R. Concerning the degradation of b-blocker use in the 2018 ESC/ESH hypertension guidelines. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:2091. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz125
13. Okin PM, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, et al. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality in relation to changing heart rate during treatment of hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(18):2271-9. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq2255
14. Westergren G, Olofsson B, Parlevliet K. Effective once-daily treatment of hypertension with low-dose, controled-release metoprolol. Pooled results from three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Cur Ther Res. 1994;55(2):142-8. DOI:10.1016/S0011-39X(05)80686-1
15. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:407‑77. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425
16. Стабильная ишемическая болезнь сердца. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(11):4076 [2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Stable coronary artery disease. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):4076 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4076
17. Seccareccia F, Pannozzo F, Dima F, et al. Heart rate as predictor of mortality: the MATISS project. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1258-63. DOI:10.2105/ajph.91.8.1258
18. Okamura T, Hayakawa T, Kadowaki T, et al. NIPPONDATA80 Research Group. Resting heart rate and cause-specific death in a 16,5-year cohort study of Japanese general population. Am Heart J. 2004;147:1024-32. DOI:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.020
19. Headland UE, Strauer BE, Left ventricular muscle mass end elevated heart rate are associated with coronary plaque disruption. Circulation. 2001;104(13):1477-82. DOI:10.1161/hc3801.096325
20. Бубнова М.Г., Аронов Д.М., Оганов Р.Г., и др. (от имени участников исследования). Клиническая характеристика и общие подходы к лечению пациентов со стабильной стенокардией в реальной практике. Российское исследование «ПЕРСПЕКТИВА» (часть I). Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2010;9(6):41-56 [Bubnova MD, Aronov DM, Oganov RG, et al. (on behalf of the Study Group). Clinical characteristics of stable angina patients and their treatment strategies in real-world clinical practice. A Russian PERSPECTIVE Study (Part I). Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2010;9(6):41-56 (in Russian)].
21. Egstrup K, Gundersen T, Harkönen R. The antianginal efficacy and tolerability of controlled-rease metoprolol once daily: a comparison with conventional metoprolol tablets twice daily. J Clin Pharmacol. 1988:33:45‑9. DOI:10.1007/BF00578412
22. Тепляков А.Т., Дьякова М.Л., Кузнецова А.В., и др. Антиишемические и гемодинамические эффекты, безопасность применения β-адреноблокатора беталок зок у больных с постинфарктной дисфункцией сердца. Бюллетень СО РАМН. 2006;119(1):8-12 [Teplyakov AT, Dyakova ML, Kuznetsova AV, et al. Anti-ischemic and hemodynamic effects, application safety beta-bloker betaloc zok in patients with postinfarction heart dysfunction. Biulleten' SO RAMN. 2006;119(1):8-12 (in Russian)].
23. Толпыгина С.Н., Марцевич С.Ю. Эффективность и безопасность высоких доз метопролола пролонгированного действия при лечении пациентов со стабильным течением ишемической болезни сердца. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2008;5:46-52 [Tolpygina SN, Martsevich SY. Efficacy and safety of metoprolol succinate in high doses in patients with stable course of ischemic heart disease. Ratsional'naia farmakoterapiia v kardiologii. 2008;5:46-52 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.20996/1819-6446
24. Острый инфаркт миокарда с подъемом сегмента ST электрокардиограммы. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российское кардиологическое общество, Ассоциация сердечно-сосудистых хирургов России. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(11):4103 [2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):4103 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4103
25. Lopez-Sendon J, Swedberg K, McMurray J, et al. Expert consensus document on β-adrenergic receptor blockers. The Task Force on Beta-Blockers of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1341‑62. DOI:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.002
26. Барбараш О.Л., Дупляков Д.В., Затейщиков Д.А., и др. Острый коронарный синдром без подъема сегмента ST электрокардиограммы. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021;26(4):4449 [Barbarash OL, Duplyakov DV, Zateischikov DA, et al. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(4):4449 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4449
27. Dondo TB, Hall M, West RM, et al. Beta-blockers and mortality after acute myocardial infarction in patients without heart failure or ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2710-20. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.578
28. Goldberger JJ, Bonow RO, Cuffe M, et al. Effect of beta-blocker dose on survival after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:1431‑41. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.047
29. Sorbets E, Steg PG, Young R, et al. B-blockers, calcium antagonists, and mortality in stable coronary artery disease: an international cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:1399-407. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy811
30. Herlitz J, Dellborg М, Каrlsоn BW, el al. Similar risk reduction of death оf ехtепdеd-геlеаsе metoprolol once daily and imnrediate-release mеtоргоlоl twice daily during 5 years after myocardial iпfаrсtiоп. Сагdiоvаsс Drugs Тhеr. l999;13(2):127-35. DOI:10.1023/a:1007736226093
31. Лебедев Д.С., Михайлов Е.Н., Неминущий Н.М., и др. Желудочковые нарушения ритма. Желудочковые тахикардии и внезапная сердечная смерть. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021;26(7):4600 [Lebedev DS, Mikhailov EN, Neminuschiy NM, et al. 2020 Clinical guidelines. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(7):4600 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4600
32. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Adams MR, et al. The effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents on atherosclerosis and its complications. Eur Heart J. 1987;8:928-44. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a062370
33. Kaplan JR, Pettersson K, Manuck SB, et al. Role of sympathoadrenal medullary activation in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1991;84(Suppl. VI):VI23-32. 
34. Östlund-Lindqvist AM, Lindqvist P, Brautigam J, et al. Effect of metoprolol on diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Arteriosclerosis. 1988;8:40-5. DOI:10.1161/01.atv.8.1.40
35. Hedblad B, Wikstrand J, Janzon L, et al. Low-Dose Metoprolol CR/XL and Fluvastatin Slow Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Main Results From the b-Blocker Cholesterol-Lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS). Circulation. 2001;103:1721-6. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.103.13.1721
36. Wiklund O, Hulthe J, Wikstrand J, et al. Effect of Controlled Release/Extended Release Metoprolol on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia A 3-Year Randomized Study. Stroke. 2002;33:572-7. DOI:10.1161/hs0202.102332
37. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(11):4083 [Clinical practice guidelines for Chronic heart failure. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):4083 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4083
38. The MERIT-HF investigators. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353:2001-7. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04440-2
39. Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, et al. Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure. JAMA. 2000;283:1295-302. DOI:10.1001/jama.283.10.1295
40. Gullestad L, Wikstrand J, Deedwania P, et al. What Resting Heart Rate Should One Aim For When Treating Patients With Heart Failure With a Beta-Blocker? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:252-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.032
41. Wikstrand J, Hjalmarson A, Waagstein F, et al. Dose of metoprolol CR/XL and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:491-8.
DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01970-8
42. Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, Hjalmarson A, et al. Metoprolol controlled release/extended release in patients with severe heart failure: analysis of the experience in the MERIT-HF study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:932-8. DOI:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01516-9
43. Jánosi A, Ghali JK, Herlitz J, et al. Metoprolol CR/XL in postmyocardial infarction patients with chronic heart failure: Experiences from MERIT-HF. Am Heart J. 2003;146:721-8. DOI:10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00163-7
44. Caro JJ, Migliaccio-Walle K, O΄Brien LA, et al. Economic implications of extended-release metoprolol succinaate for heart failure in the MERIT-HF trial: a US perspective of the MERIT-HF trial. J Card Fail. 2005;11(9):647-56. DOI:10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.06.43
45. Zhang Q, Shu Q, Wu L, et al. Dose-independent influence of metoprolol on cardiac and motor functions, QoL, and mental status in Chinese patients with CHF. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2019;15:23-31. DOI:10.2147/TCRM.S188123
46. Prins KW, Neill JM, Tyler JO, et al. Effects of Beta-Blocker Withdrawal in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3(8):647-53. DOI:10.1016/j.jchf.2015.03.008
47. Бокерия Л.А., Голухова Е.З., Попов С.В., и др. Российское кардиологическое общество. Наджелудочковые тахикардии у взрослых. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021;26(5):4484 [Bokeria LA, Golukhova EZ, Popov SV, et al. Russian Society of Cardiology. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Supraventricular tachycardia in adults. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(5):4484 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4
48. Аракелян М.Г., Бокерия Л.А., Васильева Е.Ю., и др. Фибрилляция и трепетание предсердий. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021;26(7):4594 [Arakelyan MG, Bockeria LA, Vasilieva EYu, et al. 2020 Clinical guidelines for Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(7):4594 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4594
49. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2020;42:373-498. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612
50. Sousa-Uva M, Head SJ, Milojevic M, et al. 2017 EACTS Guidelines on perioperative medication in adult cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;53(1):5-33. DOI:10.1093/ejcts/ezx314
51. Kühlkamp V, Schirdewan A, Stangl K, et al. Use of Metoprolol CR/XL to Maintain Sinus Rhythm After Conversion from Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(1):139-46. DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00693-8
52. Nergårdh AK, Rosenqvist M, Nordlander R, Frick M. Maintenance of sinus rhythm with metoprolol CR initiated before cardioversion and repeated cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(11):1351-57. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl544
53. van Veldahuisen DJ, Aass H, El Allaf D, et al. Presence and development of atrial fibrillation in chronic heart failure. Experiences from the MERIT-HF Study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2006;8(5):539-46. DOI:10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.01.015
54. Falkner B, Kushner H. Treatment With Metoprolol Succinate, a Selective Beta Adrenergic Blocker, Lowers Blood Pressure Without Altering Insulin Sensitivity in Diabetic Patients. J Clin Hypertens. 2008;10:51-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2007.07458.x
55. Deedwania PC, Giles TD, Klibaner M, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of metoprolol CR/XL in patients with diabetes and chronic heart failure: experiences from MERIT-HF. Am Heart J. 2005;149:159-67. DOI:10.1016/j.ahj. 2004.05.056

________________________________________________

1. Plosker GL, Clissold SP. Controlled release metoprolol formulations: a review of their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in hypertension and ischaemic heart disease. Drugs. 1992;43:382-414. DOI:10.2165/00003495-199243030-00006
2. Belousov YuB, Leonova MV, Mashenina OA, et al. Metoprolol succinate and tartratе: does salt affect on the effectiveness of the drug. Farmateca. 2006;19:14-9 (in Russian). 
3. Prakash A, Markham A. Metoprolol. A Review of its Use in Chronic Heart Failure. Drugs. 2000;60(3):647-78. DOI:10.2165/00003495-200060030-00011
4. Sandberg A, Blomqvist I, Jonsson UE, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a new controlled-release formulation of metoprolol: a comparison with conventional tablets. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;33(Suppl.):S9-14. DOI:10.1007/BF00578406
5. Oоsterhuis B, Jonkman JHG, Kerkhof FA. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of a new controlled-release formulation of metoprolol with a traditional slow-release formulation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;33(Suppl.):S15-8. DOI:10.1007/BF00578407
6. Blomqvist I, Westergren G, Sandberg A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of controlled-release metoprolol: a comparison with atenolol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;33 (Suppl.):S19-24. DOI:10.1007/BF00578408
7. Deroubaix X, Lins RL, Lens S, et al. Comparative bioavailability of a metoprolol controlled release formulation and a bisoprolol tablet after single oral dose administration in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996;34(2):61-70.
8. Jansson SO, Malm AE, Lundström T. In Silico Comparison Between Metoprolol Succinate and Bisoprolol on 24-Hour Systolic Blood Pressures. Drugs R D. 2014;14:325-32. DOI:10.1007/s40268-014-0073-5
9. Kobalava ZHD, Gudkov KM. Metoprolol Succinate (CR/XL): Advanced formulation of classical b-blocker. Kardiologiia. 2003;43(9):101-10 (in Russian). 
10. Arterial hypertension in adults. Clinical guidelines 2020. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(3):3786 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3-3786 
11. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3021-104. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
12. Morales-Salinas A, Kones R. Concerning the degradation of b-blocker use in the 2018 ESC/ESH hypertension guidelines. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:2091. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz125
13. Okin PM, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, et al. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality in relation to changing heart rate during treatment of hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(18):2271-9. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq2255
14. Westergren G, Olofsson B, Parlevliet K. Effective once-daily treatment of hypertension with low-dose, controled-release metoprolol. Pooled results from three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Cur Ther Res. 1994;55(2):142-8. DOI:10.1016/S0011-39X(05)80686-1
15. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:407‑77. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425
16. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Stable coronary artery disease. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):4076 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4076
17. Seccareccia F, Pannozzo F, Dima F, et al. Heart rate as predictor of mortality: the MATISS project. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1258-63. DOI:10.2105/ajph.91.8.1258
18. Okamura T, Hayakawa T, Kadowaki T, et al. NIPPONDATA80 Research Group. Resting heart rate and cause-specific death in a 16,5-year cohort study of Japanese general population. Am Heart J. 2004;147:1024-32. DOI:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.020
19. Headland UE, Strauer BE, Left ventricular muscle mass end elevated heart rate are associated with coronary plaque disruption. Circulation. 2001;104(13):1477-82. DOI:10.1161/hc3801.096325
20. Bubnova MD, Aronov DM, Oganov RG, et al. (on behalf of the Study Group). Clinical characteristics of stable angina patients and their treatment strategies in real-world clinical practice. A Russian PERSPECTIVE Study (Part I). Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2010;9(6):41-56 (in Russian).
21. Egstrup K, Gundersen T, Harkönen R. The antianginal efficacy and tolerability of controlled-rease metoprolol once daily: a comparison with conventional metoprolol tablets twice daily. J Clin Pharmacol. 1988:33:45‑9. DOI:10.1007/BF00578412
22. Teplyakov AT, Dyakova ML, Kuznetsova AV, et al. Anti-ischemic and hemodynamic effects, application safety beta-bloker betaloc zok in patients with postinfarction heart dysfunction. Biulleten' SO RAMN. 2006;119(1):8-12 (in Russian).
23. Tolpygina SN, Martsevich SY. Efficacy and safety of metoprolol succinate in high doses in patients with stable course of ischemic heart disease. Ratsional'naia farmakoterapiia v kardiologii. 2008;5:46-52 (in Russian). DOI:10.20996/1819-6446
24. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):4103 (in Russian).
DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4103
25. Lopez-Sendon J, Swedberg K, McMurray J, et al. Expert consensus document on β-adrenergic receptor blockers. The Task Force on Beta-Blockers of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1341‑62. DOI:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.002
26. Barbarash OL, Duplyakov DV, Zateischikov DA, et al. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(4):4449 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4449
27. Dondo TB, Hall M, West RM, et al. Beta-blockers and mortality after acute myocardial infarction in patients without heart failure or ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2710-20. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.578
28. Goldberger JJ, Bonow RO, Cuffe M, et al. Effect of beta-blocker dose on survival after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:1431‑41. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.047
29. Sorbets E, Steg PG, Young R, et al. B-blockers, calcium antagonists, and mortality in stable coronary artery disease: an international cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:1399-407. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy811
30. Herlitz J, Dellborg М, Каrlsоn BW, el al. Similar risk reduction of death оf ехtепdеd-геlеаsе metoprolol once daily and imnrediate-release mеtоргоlоl twice daily during 5 years after myocardial iпfаrсtiоп. Сагdiоvаsс Drugs Тhеr. l999;13(2):127-35. DOI:10.1023/a:1007736226093
31. Lebedev DS, Mikhailov EN, Neminuschiy NM, et al. 2020 Clinical guidelines. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(7):4600 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4600
32. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Adams MR, et al. The effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents on atherosclerosis and its complications. Eur Heart J. 1987;8:928-44. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a062370
33. Kaplan JR, Pettersson K, Manuck SB, et al. Role of sympathoadrenal medullary activation in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1991;84(Suppl. VI):VI23-32. 
34. Östlund-Lindqvist AM, Lindqvist P, Brautigam J, et al. Effect of metoprolol on diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Arteriosclerosis. 1988;8:40-5. DOI:10.1161/01.atv.8.1.40
35. Hedblad B, Wikstrand J, Janzon L, et al. Low-Dose Metoprolol CR/XL and Fluvastatin Slow Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Main Results From the b-Blocker Cholesterol-Lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS). Circulation. 2001;103:1721-6. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.103.13.1721
36. Wiklund O, Hulthe J, Wikstrand J, et al. Effect of Controlled Release/Extended Release Metoprolol on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia A 3-Year Randomized Study. Stroke. 2002;33:572-7. DOI:10.1161/hs0202.102332
37. Clinical practice guidelines for Chronic heart failure. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):4083 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4083
38. The MERIT-HF investigators. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353:2001-7. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04440-2
39. Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, et al. Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure. JAMA. 2000;283:1295-302. DOI:10.1001/jama.283.10.1295
40. Gullestad L, Wikstrand J, Deedwania P, et al. What Resting Heart Rate Should One Aim For When Treating Patients With Heart Failure With a Beta-Blocker? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:252-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.032
41. Wikstrand J, Hjalmarson A, Waagstein F, et al. Dose of metoprolol CR/XL and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:491-8.
DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01970-8
42. Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, Hjalmarson A, et al. Metoprolol controlled release/extended release in patients with severe heart failure: analysis of the experience in the MERIT-HF study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:932-8. DOI:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01516-9
43. Jánosi A, Ghali JK, Herlitz J, et al. Metoprolol CR/XL in postmyocardial infarction patients with chronic heart failure: Experiences from MERIT-HF. Am Heart J. 2003;146:721-8. DOI:10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00163-7
44. Caro JJ, Migliaccio-Walle K, O΄Brien LA, et al. Economic implications of extended-release metoprolol succinaate for heart failure in the MERIT-HF trial: a US perspective of the MERIT-HF trial. J Card Fail. 2005;11(9):647-56. DOI:10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.06.43
45. Zhang Q, Shu Q, Wu L, et al. Dose-independent influence of metoprolol on cardiac and motor functions, QoL, and mental status in Chinese patients with CHF. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2019;15:23-31. DOI:10.2147/TCRM.S188123
46. Prins KW, Neill JM, Tyler JO, et al. Effects of Beta-Blocker Withdrawal in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3(8):647-53. DOI:10.1016/j.jchf.2015.03.008
47. Bokeria LA, Golukhova EZ, Popov SV, et al. Russian Society of Cardiology. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Supraventricular tachycardia in adults. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(5):4484 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4
48. Arakelyan MG, Bockeria LA, Vasilieva EYu, et al. 2020 Clinical guidelines for Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(7):4594 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4594
49. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2020;42:373-498. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612
50. Sousa-Uva M, Head SJ, Milojevic M, et al. 2017 EACTS Guidelines on perioperative medication in adult cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;53(1):5-33. DOI:10.1093/ejcts/ezx314
51. Kühlkamp V, Schirdewan A, Stangl K, et al. Use of Metoprolol CR/XL to Maintain Sinus Rhythm After Conversion from Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(1):139-46. DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00693-8
52. Nergårdh AK, Rosenqvist M, Nordlander R, Frick M. Maintenance of sinus rhythm with metoprolol CR initiated before cardioversion and repeated cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(11):1351-57. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl544
53. van Veldahuisen DJ, Aass H, El Allaf D, et al. Presence and development of atrial fibrillation in chronic heart failure. Experiences from the MERIT-HF Study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2006;8(5):539-46. DOI:10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.01.015
54. Falkner B, Kushner H. Treatment With Metoprolol Succinate, a Selective Beta Adrenergic Blocker, Lowers Blood Pressure Without Altering Insulin Sensitivity in Diabetic Patients. J Clin Hypertens. 2008;10:51-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2007.07458.x
55. Deedwania PC, Giles TD, Klibaner M, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of metoprolol CR/XL in patients with diabetes and chronic heart failure: experiences from MERIT-HF. Am Heart J. 2005;149:159-67. DOI:10.1016/j.ahj. 2004.05.056

М.Г. Бубнова*

ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр терапии и профилактической медицины» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*mbubnova@gnicpm.ru

________________________________________________

Marina G. Bubnova*

National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia
*mbubnova@gnicpm.ru