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Скрытые (добавленные) сахара и явные риски для сердечно-сосудистой системы: обзор литературы
Сергеева В.А. Скрытые (добавленные) сахара и явные риски для сердечно-сосудистой системы: обзор литературы // CardioСоматика. 2023. Т. 14, № 2. С. 105–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/CS399808
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Sergeeva VA. Hidden (added) sugar and clear cardiovascular risk: literature review. Cardiosomatics. 2023;14(2):105–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/CS399808
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Аннотация
Проблема избыточного потребления сахара уже давно вызывает интерес исследователей, и на то существует множество причин. В первую очередь, это захватившая весь мир «эпидемия» неинфекционных социально значимых заболеваний — ожирения и сахарного диабета, последствия которых колоссальны для систем здравоохранения. С другой стороны, это пандемия COVID-19, которая оказалась не только наиболее смертоносной для лиц с избытком массы тела, сахарным диабетом и сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, но и повлекла за собой последствия в виде постковидного синдрома, который сам по себе может рассматриваться в качестве манифеста для развития новых заболеваний. Далеко не каждый современный человек, даже если он следит за своим питанием, всегда учитывает добавленные или скрытые сахара, содержащиеся в привычных продуктах на его столе. При этом информированность об этой проблеме остаётся на низком уровне не только со стороны пациентов, но и врачей. В связи с этим был проведён обзор и анализ актуальных данных международной и отечественной научной периодики о воздействии избыточного потребления сахаров на сердечно-сосудистую систему. Представлен краткий экскурс в историю вопроса и освещено его современное состояние. Аккумулированы последние данные по метаанализам, обзорам литературы, наблюдательным исследованиям относительно изменений в организме человека и животных, происходящих на фоне потребления избыточного количества сахаров. Подробно изложены основные патогенетические механизмы воздействия на организм чрезмерного потребления моно- и дисахаридов, среди которых ведущее значение отводится системному воспалению, эндотелиальной дисфункции, прогрессированию атеросклероза, а также конкретным сердечно-сосудистым заболеваниям как возможному результату этих влияний.
Ключевые слова: добавленные сахара; сердечно-сосудистая система; ожирение; атеросклероз; эндотелиальная дисфункция; воспаление
Ключевые слова: добавленные сахара; сердечно-сосудистая система; ожирение; атеросклероз; эндотелиальная дисфункция; воспаление
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Excessive sugar consumption has long been of interest to researchers, and this has various causes, First, the "epidemic" of noninfectious socially significant diseases globally, i.e., obesity and diabetes mellitus, has huge effects on the healthcare systems. Second, the COVID-19 pandemic turned out to be not only the most deadly for people with an overweight status, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases but also entailed consequences in the form of post-COVID syndrome, which can be considered a manifesto of new diseases. Not every modern person, even if he/she watches his/her diet, always takes into account the added or hidden sugars contained in usual products on the table. Moreover, awareness of this problem remains at a low level not only among patients but also doctors. A review and analysis of current data from international scientific journals on the effect of excessive sugar consumption on the cardiovascular system was conducted. A brief excursion into the history of the issue and its current state was given. The review also presents data from recent meta-analyses, narrative reviews, and observational studies on the changes in humans and animals that occur against the background of excessive consumption of sugars. The main pathogenic mechanisms of the effect of excessive consumption of mono- and disaccharides on the body are described in detail, which mainly included systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, progression of atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases, as a possible result of these influences.
Keywords: added sugars; cardiovascular system; obesity; atherosclerosis; endothelial dysfunction; inflammation
Полный текст
Список литературы
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doi: 10.1038/s41574-021-00627-6
22. Tran L.T., Yuen V.G., McNeill J.H. The fructose-fed rat: a review on the mechanisms of fructose-induced insulin resistance and hypertension // Mol Cell Biochem. 2009. Vol. 332, N 1–2. P. 145–159. doi: 10.1007/s11010-009-0184-4
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24. Liu Q., Ayoub-Charette S., Khan T.A., et al. Important Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars and Incident Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies // J Am Heart Assoc. 2019. Vol. 8, N 24. e010977. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010977
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26. Nguyen S., Choi H.K., Lustig R.H., Hsu C.Y. Sugar-sweetened beverages, serum uric acid, and blood pressure in adolescents // J Pediatr. 2009. Vol. 154, N 6. P. 807–813.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.015
27. Aeberli I., Gerber P.A., Hochuli M., et al. Low to moderate sugar-sweetened beverage consumption impairs glucose and lipid metabolism and promotes inflammation in healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial // Am J Clin Nutr. 2011. Vol. 94, N 2. P. 479–485. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013540
28. Qi X., Chiavaroli L., Lee D., et al. Effect of Important Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars on Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Feeding Trials // Nutrients. 2022. Vol. 14, N 19. P. 3986. doi: 10.3390/nu14193986
29. Sørensen L.B., Raben A., Stender S., Astrup A. Effect of sucrose on inflammatory markers in overweight humans // Am J Clin Nutr. 2005. Vol. 82, N 2. P. 421–427.
doi: 10.1093/ajcn.82.2.421
30. Valencia A.P., Nagaraj N., Osman D.H., et al. Are fat and sugar just as detrimental in old age? // Geroscience. 2021. Vol. 43, N 4. P. 1615–1625. doi: 10.1007/s11357-021-00390-6
31. Zhou X., Zhang X., Niu D., et al. Gut microbiota induces hepatic steatosis by modulating the T cells balance in high fructose diet mice // Sci Rep. 2023. Vol. 13, N 1. P. 6701.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33806-8
32. Sen T., Cawthon C.R., Ihde B.T., et al. Diet-driven microbiota dysbiosis is associated with vagal remodeling and obesity // Physiol Behav. 2017. N 173. P. 305–317.
doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.027
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Авторы
В.А. Сергеева
Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В.И. Разумовского, Саратов, Российская Федерация
Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В.И. Разумовского, Саратов, Российская Федерация
________________________________________________
Victoria A. Sergeeva
Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russian Federation
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.