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Изучение влияния уровней трийодтиронина, тироксина и тиреотропного гормона на электрическую нестабильность миокарда предсердий при экспериментальном гипотиреозе
Изучение влияния уровней трийодтиронина, тироксина и тиреотропного гормона на электрическую нестабильность миокарда предсердий при экспериментальном гипотиреозе
Рахматуллов Р.Ф., Дементьева Р.Е., Шеина А.Е., Кондратьева К.П., Рахматуллов Ф.К., Мельникова Л.В. Изучение влияния уровней трийодтиронина, тироксина и тиреотропного гормона на электрическую нестабильность миокарда предсердий при экспериментальном гипотиреозе // CardioСоматика. 2025. Т. 16, № 2. С. 106–114. DOI: 10.17816/CS676542 EDN: GCWVYC
2025;16(2):106–114. DOI: 10.17816/CS676542 EDN: GCWVYC
________________________________________________
2025;16(2):106–114. DOI: 10.17816/CS676542 EDN: GCWVYC
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Аннотация
Обоснование. Выявление взаимосвязи дисфункции щитовидной железы и возникновения неклапанной фибрилляции предсердий (ФП) — один из сложных и актуальных вопросов современной кардиологии. На сегодняшний день в литературе отражено небольшое количество исследований, где проводилось изучение взаимосвязи ФП с гипоталамо-гипофизарно-тиреоидной системой (ГГТС), а полученные результаты носят противоречивый характер. Имеется немного работ, посвящённых изучению связи ФП с ГГТС в экспериментальных условиях.
Цель. Выявить связь ФП с ГГТС при экспериментальном гипотиреозе, эутиреозе и тиреотоксикозе у крыс.
Методы. В исследование включены 146 беспородных крыс. В 1-ю группу включены 42 крысы с эутиреозом. Во 2-ю группу объединены 15 крыс с манифестным тиреотоксикозом. В 3-ю группу вошли 22 крысы с субклиническим тиреотоксикозом. В 4-ю группу включены 67 крыс с синдромом эутиреоидной патологии. Методы исследования включали регистрацию электрокардиографии, определение концентрации тиреоидных гормонов.
Результаты. Установлено, что частота пароксизмов ФП зависит при эутиреозе от уровня тиреотропного гормона (β=−0,250; p <0,001) и тироксина (β=0,838; p=0,012), при манифестном тиреотоксикозе — тироксина (β=0,732; p=0,00008) и трийодтиронина (β=0,352; p=0,043), а при субклиническом тиреотоксикозе — тироксина (β=2,1; p=0,0002) и трийодтиронина (β=−0,970; p=0,019). Определены пороговые значения тиреоидных гормонов при эутиреозе, субклиническом и манифестном тиреотоксикозе.
Заключение. Установлена связь ФП с функциональным состоянием щитовидной железы.
Ключевые слова: фибрилляция предсердий, функциональные показатели щитовидной железы, дисфункция щитовидной железы, экспериментальная модель
AIM: The work aimed to evaluate the association between AF and the HPT axis in experimental models of hypothyroidism, euthyroidism, and thyrotoxicosis in rats.
METHODS: The study included 146 outbred rats. Group 1 comprised 42 rats with euthyroidism. Group 2 included 15 rats with overt thyrotoxicosis. Group 3 included 22 rats with subclinical thyrotoxicosis. Group 4 comprised 67 rats with euthyroid sick syndrome. The methods included electrocardiographic monitoring and measurement of thyroid hormone concentrations.
RESULTS: The frequency of AF paroxysms was found to depend on thyroid hormone levels: under euthyroid conditions, on thyroid-stimulating hormone (β = −0.250; p < 0.001) and thyroxine (β = 0.838; p = 0.012); in overt thyrotoxicosis, on thyroxine (β = 0.732; p = 0.00008) and triiodothyronine (β = 0.352; p = 0.043); and in subclinical thyrotoxicosis, on thyroxine (β = 2.1; p = 0.0002) and triiodothyronine (β = −0.970; p = 0.019). Threshold values of thyroid hormones were determined for euthyroid, subclinical, and overt thyrotoxic states.
CONCLUSION: A relationship between atrial fibrillation and thyroid functional status was established.
Keywords: atrial fibrillation, thyroid function tests, thyroid dysfunction, experimental model
Цель. Выявить связь ФП с ГГТС при экспериментальном гипотиреозе, эутиреозе и тиреотоксикозе у крыс.
Методы. В исследование включены 146 беспородных крыс. В 1-ю группу включены 42 крысы с эутиреозом. Во 2-ю группу объединены 15 крыс с манифестным тиреотоксикозом. В 3-ю группу вошли 22 крысы с субклиническим тиреотоксикозом. В 4-ю группу включены 67 крыс с синдромом эутиреоидной патологии. Методы исследования включали регистрацию электрокардиографии, определение концентрации тиреоидных гормонов.
Результаты. Установлено, что частота пароксизмов ФП зависит при эутиреозе от уровня тиреотропного гормона (β=−0,250; p <0,001) и тироксина (β=0,838; p=0,012), при манифестном тиреотоксикозе — тироксина (β=0,732; p=0,00008) и трийодтиронина (β=0,352; p=0,043), а при субклиническом тиреотоксикозе — тироксина (β=2,1; p=0,0002) и трийодтиронина (β=−0,970; p=0,019). Определены пороговые значения тиреоидных гормонов при эутиреозе, субклиническом и манифестном тиреотоксикозе.
Заключение. Установлена связь ФП с функциональным состоянием щитовидной железы.
Ключевые слова: фибрилляция предсердий, функциональные показатели щитовидной железы, дисфункция щитовидной железы, экспериментальная модель
________________________________________________
AIM: The work aimed to evaluate the association between AF and the HPT axis in experimental models of hypothyroidism, euthyroidism, and thyrotoxicosis in rats.
METHODS: The study included 146 outbred rats. Group 1 comprised 42 rats with euthyroidism. Group 2 included 15 rats with overt thyrotoxicosis. Group 3 included 22 rats with subclinical thyrotoxicosis. Group 4 comprised 67 rats with euthyroid sick syndrome. The methods included electrocardiographic monitoring and measurement of thyroid hormone concentrations.
RESULTS: The frequency of AF paroxysms was found to depend on thyroid hormone levels: under euthyroid conditions, on thyroid-stimulating hormone (β = −0.250; p < 0.001) and thyroxine (β = 0.838; p = 0.012); in overt thyrotoxicosis, on thyroxine (β = 0.732; p = 0.00008) and triiodothyronine (β = 0.352; p = 0.043); and in subclinical thyrotoxicosis, on thyroxine (β = 2.1; p = 0.0002) and triiodothyronine (β = −0.970; p = 0.019). Threshold values of thyroid hormones were determined for euthyroid, subclinical, and overt thyrotoxic states.
CONCLUSION: A relationship between atrial fibrillation and thyroid functional status was established.
Keywords: atrial fibrillation, thyroid function tests, thyroid dysfunction, experimental model
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Sagris M, Vardas EP, Theofilis P, et al. Atrial Fibrillation: Pathogenesis, Predisposing Factors, and Genetics. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;23(1):6. doi: 10.3390/ijms23010006 EDN: HLEQZD
2. Ferreira M, V Geraldes, Felix AC, et al. Advancing atrial fibrillation research: the role of animal models, new technologies and challenges for translational medicine. Biomedicine. 2025;13(2):307. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13020307 EDN: SMPMXL
3. Marusenko IM, Petrova EG. Hyperthyroidism and Atrial Fibrillation. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2017;13(3):398–402. doi: 10.20996/1819-6446-2017-13-3-398-402
4. Demidova TY, Drozdova IN. Influence of subclinical hyperthyroidism on the cardiovascular system. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2015;11(2):33–37. doi: 10.14341/ket2015233-37 EDN: UHMYYH
5. Kostopoulos G, Effraimidis G. Epidemiology, prognosis, and challenges in the management of hyperthyroidism-related atrial fibrillation. Eur Thyroid J. 2024;13(2):e230254. doi: 10.1530/ETJ-23-0254
6. Kryzhanovskii SA, Tsorin IB, Ionova EO, et al. “Holiday heart” syndrome in rats: Features of microcirculation, functional state and anatomy of the heart. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 2024;(2):26–33. doi: 10.37489/2587-7836-2024-2-26-33 EDN: EYQMSH
7. Abrashova TV, Sokolova AP, Selezneva AI, et al. Variability of biochemical and hematological parameters in laboratory rats depending on the line and age. International Bulletin of Veterinary Medicine. 2010(2):55–60. EDN: MTWSDP
8. Abisheva ZS, Zhurunova MS, Dautova MB, et al. Influence of young individuals blood to the adult rats blood indicators under experimental conditions. International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. 2017;1(2):228–231. EDN: XXDXLB
9. Rakhmatullov RF, Melnikova LV, Moiseeva IYa, Rakhmatullov FK. A pharmacotherapy of atrial fibrillation in subclinical thyrotoxicosis. University proceedings. Volga region. Medical sciences. 2021;(2):35–48. doi: 10.21685/2072-3032-2021-2-4 EDN: BDHKBR
10. Ramirez RJ, Bergman SJ, Masri JA. Experimental and Computational Models of Atrial Fibrillation. From Supraventricular Tachycardia to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy; 2024. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.113726
11. Vaikhanskaya TG, Kaptiukh TM, Kozlov ID, Frolov AV. Interatrial block and abnormal p-wave electrocardiographic parameters as non-invasive predictors of atrial fibrillation. Journal of Arrhythmology. 2024;31(2):24–34. doi: 10.35336/VA-1329
12. Giovanella L, Petranović Ovčariček P. Functional and molecular thyroid imaging. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;66(2):86–92. doi: 10.23736/S1824-4785.22.03428-8 EDN: UZWMON
13. Dementieva RE, Rakhmatullov FK, Sheina AE, et al. Morphological and electrocardiographic criteria for myocardial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Povolzhskiy region. Meditsinskiye nauki. 2024(2):73–84. doi: 10.21685/2072-3032-2024-2-7 EDN: OLPLLN
14. Cappola AR, Fried LP, Arnold AM, et al. Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults. JAMA. 2006;295;(9):1033-1041. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.9.1033
15. Voloshan OA, Gorshkov DA, Petrova OV, et al. Determination of blood parameters of laboratory rats with the formation of a regional protocol for experimental studies. Astrakhan Medical Journal. 2023;1(2):47–54. doi: 10.29039/1992-6499-2023-2-47-54 EDN: HQBSJE
16. Tribulova N, Kurahara LH, Hlivak P, et al. Pro-Arrhythmic Signaling of Thyroid Hormones and Its Relevance in Subclinical Hyperthyroidism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):2844. doi: 10.3390/ijms21082844 EDN: CDEUGG
17. Rakhmatullov RF, Kondratieva KP, Sheina AE. Changes of the Heart Rhythm in Imbalance of Thyroid Gland Hormones and its Morphology in Outbred Rats. Kardiologiia. 2024;64(10):24–31. doi: 10.18087/cardio.2024.10.n2675 EDN: AOARDJ
18. Collet TH, Gussekloo J, Bauer DC, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2012;172(10):799–809. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.402
2. Ferreira M, V Geraldes, Felix AC, et al. Advancing atrial fibrillation research: the role of animal models, new technologies and challenges for translational medicine. Biomedicine. 2025;13(2):307. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13020307 EDN: SMPMXL
3. Marusenko IM, Petrova EG. Hyperthyroidism and Atrial Fibrillation. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2017;13(3):398–402. doi: 10.20996/1819-6446-2017-13-3-398-402
4. Demidova TY, Drozdova IN. Influence of subclinical hyperthyroidism on the cardiovascular system. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2015;11(2):33–37. doi: 10.14341/ket2015233-37 EDN: UHMYYH
5. Kostopoulos G, Effraimidis G. Epidemiology, prognosis, and challenges in the management of hyperthyroidism-related atrial fibrillation. Eur Thyroid J. 2024;13(2):e230254. doi: 10.1530/ETJ-23-0254
6. Kryzhanovskii SA, Tsorin IB, Ionova EO, et al. “Holiday heart” syndrome in rats: Features of microcirculation, functional state and anatomy of the heart. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 2024;(2):26–33. doi: 10.37489/2587-7836-2024-2-26-33 EDN: EYQMSH
7. Abrashova TV, Sokolova AP, Selezneva AI, et al. Variability of biochemical and hematological parameters in laboratory rats depending on the line and age. International Bulletin of Veterinary Medicine. 2010(2):55–60. EDN: MTWSDP
8. Abisheva ZS, Zhurunova MS, Dautova MB, et al. Influence of young individuals blood to the adult rats blood indicators under experimental conditions. International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. 2017;1(2):228–231. EDN: XXDXLB
9. Rakhmatullov RF, Melnikova LV, Moiseeva IYa, Rakhmatullov FK. A pharmacotherapy of atrial fibrillation in subclinical thyrotoxicosis. University proceedings. Volga region. Medical sciences. 2021;(2):35–48. doi: 10.21685/2072-3032-2021-2-4 EDN: BDHKBR
10. Ramirez RJ, Bergman SJ, Masri JA. Experimental and Computational Models of Atrial Fibrillation. From Supraventricular Tachycardia to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy; 2024. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.113726
11. Vaikhanskaya TG, Kaptiukh TM, Kozlov ID, Frolov AV. Interatrial block and abnormal p-wave electrocardiographic parameters as non-invasive predictors of atrial fibrillation. Journal of Arrhythmology. 2024;31(2):24–34. doi: 10.35336/VA-1329
12. Giovanella L, Petranović Ovčariček P. Functional and molecular thyroid imaging. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;66(2):86–92. doi: 10.23736/S1824-4785.22.03428-8 EDN: UZWMON
13. Dementieva RE, Rakhmatullov FK, Sheina AE, et al. Morphological and electrocardiographic criteria for myocardial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Povolzhskiy region. Meditsinskiye nauki. 2024(2):73–84. doi: 10.21685/2072-3032-2024-2-7 EDN: OLPLLN
14. Cappola AR, Fried LP, Arnold AM, et al. Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults. JAMA. 2006;295;(9):1033-1041. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.9.1033
15. Voloshan OA, Gorshkov DA, Petrova OV, et al. Determination of blood parameters of laboratory rats with the formation of a regional protocol for experimental studies. Astrakhan Medical Journal. 2023;1(2):47–54. doi: 10.29039/1992-6499-2023-2-47-54 EDN: HQBSJE
16. Tribulova N, Kurahara LH, Hlivak P, et al. Pro-Arrhythmic Signaling of Thyroid Hormones and Its Relevance in Subclinical Hyperthyroidism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):2844. doi: 10.3390/ijms21082844 EDN: CDEUGG
17. Rakhmatullov RF, Kondratieva KP, Sheina AE. Changes of the Heart Rhythm in Imbalance of Thyroid Gland Hormones and its Morphology in Outbred Rats. Kardiologiia. 2024;64(10):24–31. doi: 10.18087/cardio.2024.10.n2675 EDN: AOARDJ
18. Collet TH, Gussekloo J, Bauer DC, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2012;172(10):799–809. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.402
2. Ferreira M, V Geraldes, Felix AC, et al. Advancing atrial fibrillation research: the role of animal models, new technologies and challenges for translational medicine. Biomedicine. 2025;13(2):307. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13020307 EDN: SMPMXL
3. Marusenko IM, Petrova EG. Hyperthyroidism and Atrial Fibrillation. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2017;13(3):398–402. doi: 10.20996/1819-6446-2017-13-3-398-402
4. Demidova TY, Drozdova IN. Influence of subclinical hyperthyroidism on the cardiovascular system. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2015;11(2):33–37. doi: 10.14341/ket2015233-37 EDN: UHMYYH
5. Kostopoulos G, Effraimidis G. Epidemiology, prognosis, and challenges in the management of hyperthyroidism-related atrial fibrillation. Eur Thyroid J. 2024;13(2):e230254. doi: 10.1530/ETJ-23-0254
6. Kryzhanovskii SA, Tsorin IB, Ionova EO, et al. “Holiday heart” syndrome in rats: Features of microcirculation, functional state and anatomy of the heart. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 2024;(2):26–33. doi: 10.37489/2587-7836-2024-2-26-33 EDN: EYQMSH
7. Abrashova TV, Sokolova AP, Selezneva AI, et al. Variability of biochemical and hematological parameters in laboratory rats depending on the line and age. International Bulletin of Veterinary Medicine. 2010(2):55–60. EDN: MTWSDP
8. Abisheva ZS, Zhurunova MS, Dautova MB, et al. Influence of young individuals blood to the adult rats blood indicators under experimental conditions. International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. 2017;1(2):228–231. EDN: XXDXLB
9. Rakhmatullov RF, Melnikova LV, Moiseeva IYa, Rakhmatullov FK. A pharmacotherapy of atrial fibrillation in subclinical thyrotoxicosis. University proceedings. Volga region. Medical sciences. 2021;(2):35–48. doi: 10.21685/2072-3032-2021-2-4 EDN: BDHKBR
10. Ramirez RJ, Bergman SJ, Masri JA. Experimental and Computational Models of Atrial Fibrillation. From Supraventricular Tachycardia to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy; 2024. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.113726
11. Vaikhanskaya TG, Kaptiukh TM, Kozlov ID, Frolov AV. Interatrial block and abnormal p-wave electrocardiographic parameters as non-invasive predictors of atrial fibrillation. Journal of Arrhythmology. 2024;31(2):24–34. doi: 10.35336/VA-1329
12. Giovanella L, Petranović Ovčariček P. Functional and molecular thyroid imaging. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;66(2):86–92. doi: 10.23736/S1824-4785.22.03428-8 EDN: UZWMON
13. Dementieva RE, Rakhmatullov FK, Sheina AE, et al. Morphological and electrocardiographic criteria for myocardial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Povolzhskiy region. Meditsinskiye nauki. 2024(2):73–84. doi: 10.21685/2072-3032-2024-2-7 EDN: OLPLLN
14. Cappola AR, Fried LP, Arnold AM, et al. Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults. JAMA. 2006;295;(9):1033-1041. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.9.1033
15. Voloshan OA, Gorshkov DA, Petrova OV, et al. Determination of blood parameters of laboratory rats with the formation of a regional protocol for experimental studies. Astrakhan Medical Journal. 2023;1(2):47–54. doi: 10.29039/1992-6499-2023-2-47-54 EDN: HQBSJE
16. Tribulova N, Kurahara LH, Hlivak P, et al. Pro-Arrhythmic Signaling of Thyroid Hormones and Its Relevance in Subclinical Hyperthyroidism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):2844. doi: 10.3390/ijms21082844 EDN: CDEUGG
17. Rakhmatullov RF, Kondratieva KP, Sheina AE. Changes of the Heart Rhythm in Imbalance of Thyroid Gland Hormones and its Morphology in Outbred Rats. Kardiologiia. 2024;64(10):24–31. doi: 10.18087/cardio.2024.10.n2675 EDN: AOARDJ
18. Collet TH, Gussekloo J, Bauer DC, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2012;172(10):799–809. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.402
________________________________________________
2. Ferreira M, V Geraldes, Felix AC, et al. Advancing atrial fibrillation research: the role of animal models, new technologies and challenges for translational medicine. Biomedicine. 2025;13(2):307. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13020307 EDN: SMPMXL
3. Marusenko IM, Petrova EG. Hyperthyroidism and Atrial Fibrillation. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2017;13(3):398–402. doi: 10.20996/1819-6446-2017-13-3-398-402
4. Demidova TY, Drozdova IN. Influence of subclinical hyperthyroidism on the cardiovascular system. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2015;11(2):33–37. doi: 10.14341/ket2015233-37 EDN: UHMYYH
5. Kostopoulos G, Effraimidis G. Epidemiology, prognosis, and challenges in the management of hyperthyroidism-related atrial fibrillation. Eur Thyroid J. 2024;13(2):e230254. doi: 10.1530/ETJ-23-0254
6. Kryzhanovskii SA, Tsorin IB, Ionova EO, et al. “Holiday heart” syndrome in rats: Features of microcirculation, functional state and anatomy of the heart. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 2024;(2):26–33. doi: 10.37489/2587-7836-2024-2-26-33 EDN: EYQMSH
7. Abrashova TV, Sokolova AP, Selezneva AI, et al. Variability of biochemical and hematological parameters in laboratory rats depending on the line and age. International Bulletin of Veterinary Medicine. 2010(2):55–60. EDN: MTWSDP
8. Abisheva ZS, Zhurunova MS, Dautova MB, et al. Influence of young individuals blood to the adult rats blood indicators under experimental conditions. International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. 2017;1(2):228–231. EDN: XXDXLB
9. Rakhmatullov RF, Melnikova LV, Moiseeva IYa, Rakhmatullov FK. A pharmacotherapy of atrial fibrillation in subclinical thyrotoxicosis. University proceedings. Volga region. Medical sciences. 2021;(2):35–48. doi: 10.21685/2072-3032-2021-2-4 EDN: BDHKBR
10. Ramirez RJ, Bergman SJ, Masri JA. Experimental and Computational Models of Atrial Fibrillation. From Supraventricular Tachycardia to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy; 2024. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.113726
11. Vaikhanskaya TG, Kaptiukh TM, Kozlov ID, Frolov AV. Interatrial block and abnormal p-wave electrocardiographic parameters as non-invasive predictors of atrial fibrillation. Journal of Arrhythmology. 2024;31(2):24–34. doi: 10.35336/VA-1329
12. Giovanella L, Petranović Ovčariček P. Functional and molecular thyroid imaging. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;66(2):86–92. doi: 10.23736/S1824-4785.22.03428-8 EDN: UZWMON
13. Dementieva RE, Rakhmatullov FK, Sheina AE, et al. Morphological and electrocardiographic criteria for myocardial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Povolzhskiy region. Meditsinskiye nauki. 2024(2):73–84. doi: 10.21685/2072-3032-2024-2-7 EDN: OLPLLN
14. Cappola AR, Fried LP, Arnold AM, et al. Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults. JAMA. 2006;295;(9):1033-1041. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.9.1033
15. Voloshan OA, Gorshkov DA, Petrova OV, et al. Determination of blood parameters of laboratory rats with the formation of a regional protocol for experimental studies. Astrakhan Medical Journal. 2023;1(2):47–54. doi: 10.29039/1992-6499-2023-2-47-54 EDN: HQBSJE
16. Tribulova N, Kurahara LH, Hlivak P, et al. Pro-Arrhythmic Signaling of Thyroid Hormones and Its Relevance in Subclinical Hyperthyroidism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):2844. doi: 10.3390/ijms21082844 EDN: CDEUGG
17. Rakhmatullov RF, Kondratieva KP, Sheina AE. Changes of the Heart Rhythm in Imbalance of Thyroid Gland Hormones and its Morphology in Outbred Rats. Kardiologiia. 2024;64(10):24–31. doi: 10.18087/cardio.2024.10.n2675 EDN: AOARDJ
18. Collet TH, Gussekloo J, Bauer DC, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2012;172(10):799–809. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.402
Авторы
Р.Ф. Рахматуллов1, Р.Е. Дементьева*1, А.Е. Шеина1, К.П. Кондратьева1, Ф.К. Рахматуллов1, Л.В. Мельникова2
1Пензенский государственный университет, Пенза, Россия;
2Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования, Москва, Россия
*rdementyeva@gmail.com
1Penza State University, Penza, Russia;
2Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
*rdementyeva@gmail.com
1Пензенский государственный университет, Пенза, Россия;
2Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования, Москва, Россия
*rdementyeva@gmail.com
________________________________________________
1Penza State University, Penza, Russia;
2Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
*rdementyeva@gmail.com
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.
