Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения.
Чтобы посмотреть материал полностью
Авторизуйтесь
или зарегистрируйтесь.
Особенности диагностики постнагрузочного недомогания и синдрома хронической усталости в разработке программ медицинской реабилитации «длительного COVID»
Особенности диагностики постнагрузочного недомогания и синдрома хронической усталости в разработке программ медицинской реабилитации «длительного COVID»
Авдеева К.С., Петелина Т.И., Горбачевский А.В., Шароян Ю.А., Бессонова М.И. Особенности диагностики постнагрузочного недомогания и синдрома хронической усталости в разработке программ медицинской реабилитации «длительного COVID» // CardioСоматика. 2025. Т. 16, № 2. С. 156–167. DOI: 10.17816/CS676890 EDN: WQHNUC
________________________________________________
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения.
Чтобы посмотреть материал полностью
Авторизуйтесь
или зарегистрируйтесь.
Аннотация
Одна из важных проблем современной медицинской реабилитации — восстановление пациентов с симптомами «длительного COVID». Наиболее эффективными методами реабилитации считаются различные виды физических упражнений. Однако, согласно данным литературы, существует фенотип «длительного COVID» с синдромом хронической усталости (СХУ), который характеризуется ухудшением состояния после физической активности и непереносимостью физической нагрузки. В целях безопасности медицинской реабилитации необходима ранняя диагностика СХУ и формирование альтернативной программы реабилитации с ограничением физической нагрузки у этой категории пациентов.
Поиск и отбор литературных источников проводили в системе опубликованных исследований в научных базах elibrary.ru, link.springer.com, frontiersin.org, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov и других.
Важность проблемы усугубляется тем, что у «длительного COVID» и СХУ отсутствуют чёткие диагностические критерии и специфические биомаркёры, что делает необходимым тщательный анализ фенотипов данных заболеваний. Результат анализа литературы по этой тематике — детальное описание фенотипа СХУ, а также попытка создания оптимального алгоритма диагностики постнагрузочного недомогания с использованием диагностических тестов, опросников и кардиопульмонального нагрузочного тестирования у пациентов с «длительным COVID».
Ключевые слова: длительный COVID, фенотипы COVID, постковидный синдром, синдром хронической усталости, медицинская реабилитация, кардиореспираторное нагрузочное тестирование, тест шестиминутной ходьбы, опросник Де Поля, шкала Борга, недомогание после физической нагрузки
Sources were identified through searches of electronic databases, including eLIBRARY.RU, SpringerLink, Frontiers, and PubMed.
The clinical importance of this issue is compounded by the absence of clear diagnostic criteria and validated biomarkers for both long COVID and ME/CFS, highlighting the need for thorough phenotyping. The present review provides a detailed description of the ME/CFS phenotype and proposes a diagnostic algorithm for postexertional malaise based on the use of questionnaires, diagnostic testing, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with long COVID.
Keywords: long COVID, COVID-19, post-COVID syndrome, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, rehabilitation, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, six-minute walk test, DePaul symptom questionnaire, Borg rating of perceived exertion scale, post-exertional malaise
Поиск и отбор литературных источников проводили в системе опубликованных исследований в научных базах elibrary.ru, link.springer.com, frontiersin.org, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov и других.
Важность проблемы усугубляется тем, что у «длительного COVID» и СХУ отсутствуют чёткие диагностические критерии и специфические биомаркёры, что делает необходимым тщательный анализ фенотипов данных заболеваний. Результат анализа литературы по этой тематике — детальное описание фенотипа СХУ, а также попытка создания оптимального алгоритма диагностики постнагрузочного недомогания с использованием диагностических тестов, опросников и кардиопульмонального нагрузочного тестирования у пациентов с «длительным COVID».
Ключевые слова: длительный COVID, фенотипы COVID, постковидный синдром, синдром хронической усталости, медицинская реабилитация, кардиореспираторное нагрузочное тестирование, тест шестиминутной ходьбы, опросник Де Поля, шкала Борга, недомогание после физической нагрузки
________________________________________________
Sources were identified through searches of electronic databases, including eLIBRARY.RU, SpringerLink, Frontiers, and PubMed.
The clinical importance of this issue is compounded by the absence of clear diagnostic criteria and validated biomarkers for both long COVID and ME/CFS, highlighting the need for thorough phenotyping. The present review provides a detailed description of the ME/CFS phenotype and proposes a diagnostic algorithm for postexertional malaise based on the use of questionnaires, diagnostic testing, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with long COVID.
Keywords: long COVID, COVID-19, post-COVID syndrome, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, rehabilitation, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, six-minute walk test, DePaul symptom questionnaire, Borg rating of perceived exertion scale, post-exertional malaise
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Wu K, Van Name J, Xi L. Cardiovascular abnormalities of long‑COVID syndrome: Pathogenic basis and potential strategy for treatment and rehabilitation. Sports Med Health Sci. 2024;6(3):221–231. doi: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.03.009 EDN: VQBRKB
2. Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, et al; WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID-19 Condition. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(4):e102–e107. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00703-9 EDN: NHYDEH
3. Peluso MJ, Deeks SG. Mechanisms of long COVID and the path toward therapeutics. Cell. 2024;187(20):5500–5529. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.054
4. Sharma SK, Mohan A, Upadhyay V. Long COVID syndrome: An unfolding enigma. Indian J Med Res. 2024;159(6):585–600. doi: 10.25259/IJMR_1449_23 EDN: XJHGGO
5. Lenz C, Slack MPE, Shea KM, et al. Long-Term effects of COVID-19: a review of current perspectives and mechanistic insights. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2024;50(3):315–328. doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2023.2190405
6. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2024.
7. Sukocheva OA, Maksoud R, Beeraka NM, et al. Analysis of post COVID-19 condition and its overlap with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. J Adv Res. 2022;40:179–196. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.013 EDN: ZAWOUH
8. Annesley SJ, Missailidis D, Heng B, et al. Unravelling shared mechanisms: insights from recent ME/CFS research to illuminate long COVID pathologies. Trends Mol Med. 2024;30(5):443–458. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.02.003 EDN: UISEKH
9. Komaroff AL, Lipkin WI. ME/CFS and Long COVID share similar symptoms and biological abnormalities: road map to the literature. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1187163. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1187163 EDN: OYZQXA
10. Van Campen CLMC, Rowe PC, Visser FC. Orthostatic Symptoms and Reductions in Cerebral Blood Flow in Long-Haul COVID-19 Patients: Similarities with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;58(1):28. doi: 10.3390/medicina58010028 EDN: YQFXBU
11. Graves BS, Patel M, Newgent H, et al. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Direction. Cureus. 2024;16(10):e70616. doi: 10.7759/cureus.70616 EDN: VOOZZO
12. Nacul L, Authier FJ, Scheibenbogen C, et al. European Network on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (EUROMENE): Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis, Service Provision, and Care of People with ME/CFS in Europe. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(5):510. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050510 EDN: JOZTQW
13. Jason LA, Holtzman CS, Sunnquist M, Cotler J. The development of an instrument to assess post-exertional malaise in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Health Psychol. 2021;26(2):238–248. doi: 10.1177/1359105318805819
14. Wong TL, Weitzer DJ. Long COVID and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)-A Systemic Review and Comparison of Clinical Presentation and Symptomatology. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(5):418. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050418
15. Huang L, Li X, Gu X, et al. Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(9):863–876. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00126-6 EDN: NGXAAD
16. Salari N, Khodayari Y, Hosseinian-Far A, et al. Global prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome among long COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biopsychosoc Med. 2022;16(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s13030-022-00250-5
17. AlMuhaissen S, Abu Libdeh A, et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and COVID-19: is there a connection? Curr Med Res Opin. 2023;39(8):1119–1126. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2242244 EDN: TDVORU
18. Domingo JC, Battistini F, Cordobilla B, et al. Association of circulating biomarkers with illness severity measures differentiates myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and post-COVID-19 condition: a prospective pilot cohort study. J Transl Med. 202410;22(1):343. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05148-0 EDN: HNHCAG
19. Gloeckl R, Leitl D, Schneeberger T, et al. Rehabilitative interventions in patients with persistent post COVID-19 symptoms-a review of recent advances and future perspectives. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2024;274(8):1819–1828. doi: 10.1007/s00406-023-01631-9 EDN: OKMPBT
20. Reese JT, Blau H, Casiraghi E, et al. N3C Consortium; RECOVER Consortium. Generalisable long COVID subtypes: findings from the NIH N3C and RECOVER programmes. EBioMedicine. 2023;87:104413. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104413 EDN: VSGSQY
21. Dagliati A, Strasser ZH, Hossein Abad ZS, et al. Characterization of long COVID temporal sub-phenotypes by distributed representation learning from electronic health record data: a cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;64:102210. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102210
22. Kenny G, McCann K, O'Brien C, et al. All-Ireland Infectious Diseases (AIID) Cohort Study Group. Identification of Distinct Long COVID Clinical Phenotypes Through Cluster Analysis of Self-Reported Symptoms. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(4):ofac060. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac060
23. Bonilla H, Quach TC, Tiwari A, et al. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is common in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC): Results from a post-COVID-19 multidisciplinary clinic. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1090747. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1090747
24. Bubnova MG, Shlyakhto EV, Aronov DM, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019: features of comprehensive cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(5):4487. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4487 EDN: GGZNWF
25. Faghy MA, Dalton C, Duncan R, et al. Using cardiorespiratory fitness assessment to identify pathophysiology in long COVID — Best practice approaches. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2024;83:55–61. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.02.005 EDN: XHLPSR
26. Arron HE, Marsh BD, Kell DB, et al. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the biology of a neglected disease. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1386607. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1386607 EDN: CNSVHI
27. Keller B, Receno CN, Franconi CJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses during a 2-day CPET in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: translating reduced oxygen consumption to impairment status to treatment considerations. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):627. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05410-5 EDN: KGEAWW
28. Molnar T, Lehoczki A, Fekete M, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID: mechanisms, consequences, and potential therapeutic approaches. Geroscience. 2024;46(5):5267–5286. doi: 10.1007/s11357-024-01165-5 EDN: EVOCDQ
29. Saito S, Shahbaz S, Luo X, et al. Metabolomic and immune alterations in long COVID patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1341843. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341843 EDN: QTEPUG
30. Bizjak DA, Ohmayer B, Buhl JL, et al. Functional and Morphological Differences of Muscle Mitochondria in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Post‑COVID Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(3):1675. doi: 10.3390/ijms25031675 EDN: FKDQFM
31. Chang X, Ismail NI, Rahman A, et al. Long COVID-19 and the Heart: Is Cardiac Mitochondria the Missing Link? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2023;38(7-9):599–618. doi: 10.1089/ars.2022.0126 EDN: PSKITX
32. Appelman B, Charlton BT, Goulding RP, et al. Muscle abnormalities worsen after post-exertional malaise in long COVID. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):17. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-44432-3 EDN: WYJDDU
33. Scheibenbogen C, Wirth KJ. Key Pathophysiological Role of Skeletal Muscle Disturbance in Post COVID and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Accumulated Evidence. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2025;16(1):e13669. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13669 EDN: ZMTIUN
34. Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Board on the Health of Sel ect Populations; Institute of Medicine. Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 2015. doi: 10.17226/19012
35. An Y, Guo Z, Fan J, et al. Prevalence and measurement of post‑exertional malaise in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2024;91:130–142. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.10.011 EDN: UPWZLW
36. Moore GE, Keller BA, Stevens J, et al. Recovery fr om Exercise in Persons with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(3):571. doi: 10.3390/medicina59030571 EDN: RCLZUA
37. Aparisi Á, Ladrón R, Ybarra-Falcón C, et al. Exercise Intolerance in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 and the Value of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing- a Mini-Review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:924819. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.924819 EDN: XOKJER
38. Persiyanova-Dubrova AL, Matveeva IF, Bubnova MG. Approaches to choosing the intensity of aerobic training in cardiac rehabilitation. Profilakticheskaya meditsina. 2023;26(10):123–129. doi: 10/17116/profmed202326101123/ EDN: MXXMVV
39. Joseph P, Singh I, Oliveira R, et al. Exercise Pathophysiology in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: More in Common Than Not? Chest. 2023;164(3):717–726. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.03.049 EDN: NQLOXN
40. Stevens S, Snell C, Stevens J, et al. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Methodology for Assessing Exertion Intolerance in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:242. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00242
41. Keller BA, Pryor JL, Giloteaux L. Inability of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients to reproduce VO₂peak indicates functional impairment. J Transl Med. 2014;12:104. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-104 EDN: HFFHJR
42. Kindlon T. Do graded activity therapies cause harm in chronic fatigue syndrome? J Health Psychol. 2017;22(9):1146–1154. doi: 10.1177/1359105317697323
43. Persiyanova-Dubrova AL, Matveeva IF, Bubnova MG. Borg scale in cardiac rehabilitation: methodology and prospects for use. Rus J Prev Med. 2022;25(9):90–96. doi: 10.17116/profmed20222509190
44. Bubnova MG, Persiyanova-Dubrova AL. Six-minute walk test in cardiac rehabilitation. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2020;19(4):2561. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2561
45. Cotler J, Holtzman C, Dudun C, Jason LA. A Brief Questionnaire to Assess Post-Exertional Malaise. Diagnostics (Basel). 2018;8(3):66. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics8030066
46. Bubnova MG, Aronov DM. Cardiac rehabilitation: stages, principles and international classification of functioning (icf). Profilakticheskaya meditsina. doi: 10.17116/profmed20202305140 EDN: UNQBDG
47. Nikolaev Na, Martynov Ai, Skirdenko YuP., et al. International Declaration of Adherence to Treatment 2023 ("Omsk Declaration"): Presentation for Russian readers. Medical news of the North Caucasus. 2024;19(1):1–9. doi: 10.14300/mnnc.2024.19001 EDN: XAGYBO
48. Wilshire CE, Kindlon T, Courtney R, et al. Rethinking the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome-a reanalysis and evaluation of findings from a recent major trial of graded exercise and CBT. BMC Psychol. 2018;6(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s40359-018-0218-3 EDN: XOZRBC
49. Twist FN, Maus M. A review on cognitive behavorial therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) / chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): CBT/GET is not only ineffective and not evidence-based, but also potentially harmful for many patients with ME/CFS. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009;30(3):284–299. EDN: NBCQJN
50. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. ESC National Cardiac Societies; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3227–3337. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484 EDN: RTXKRS
51. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2022;27(7):5155. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2022-5155. EDN: VQDNIK
52. Mathew J, Nugent K. Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infections: Exercise Limitation and Rehabilitation. Yale J Biol Med. 2024;97(4):463–472. doi: 10.59249/NHFT4839
53. Clinical management of COVID-19: Living guideline [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022.
54. DeMars J, Brown DA, Angelidis I, et al. What is Safe Long COVID Rehabilitation? J Occup Rehabil. 2023;33(2):227–230. doi: 10.1007/s10926-022-10075-2 EDN: REJPGW
55. Vink M, Vink-Niese A. The Draft Report by the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Healthcare Does Not Provide Any Evidence That Graded Exercise Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Are Safe and Effective Treatments for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Diseases. 2023;11(1):11. doi: 10.3390/diseases11010011 EDN: YLZTEF
56. Chuang HJ, Lin CW, Hsiao MY, et al. Long COVID and rehabilitation. J Formos Med Assoc. 2024;123:Suppl.1:S61–S69. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.03.022 EDN: DCFSME
57. Calabrese M, Garofano M, Palumbo R, et al. Exercise Training and Cardiac Rehabilitation in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiovascular Complications: State of Art Life (Basel). 2021;11(3):259. doi: 10.3390/life11030259 EDN: KQCRZV
2. Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, et al; WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID-19 Condition. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(4):e102–e107. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00703-9 EDN: NHYDEH
3. Peluso MJ, Deeks SG. Mechanisms of long COVID and the path toward therapeutics. Cell. 2024;187(20):5500–5529. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.054
4. Sharma SK, Mohan A, Upadhyay V. Long COVID syndrome: An unfolding enigma. Indian J Med Res. 2024;159(6):585–600. doi: 10.25259/IJMR_1449_23 EDN: XJHGGO
5. Lenz C, Slack MPE, Shea KM, et al. Long-Term effects of COVID-19: a review of current perspectives and mechanistic insights. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2024;50(3):315–328. doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2023.2190405
6. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2024.
7. Sukocheva OA, Maksoud R, Beeraka NM, et al. Analysis of post COVID-19 condition and its overlap with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. J Adv Res. 2022;40:179–196. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.013 EDN: ZAWOUH
8. Annesley SJ, Missailidis D, Heng B, et al. Unravelling shared mechanisms: insights from recent ME/CFS research to illuminate long COVID pathologies. Trends Mol Med. 2024;30(5):443–458. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.02.003 EDN: UISEKH
9. Komaroff AL, Lipkin WI. ME/CFS and Long COVID share similar symptoms and biological abnormalities: road map to the literature. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1187163. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1187163 EDN: OYZQXA
10. Van Campen CLMC, Rowe PC, Visser FC. Orthostatic Symptoms and Reductions in Cerebral Blood Flow in Long-Haul COVID-19 Patients: Similarities with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;58(1):28. doi: 10.3390/medicina58010028 EDN: YQFXBU
11. Graves BS, Patel M, Newgent H, et al. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Direction. Cureus. 2024;16(10):e70616. doi: 10.7759/cureus.70616 EDN: VOOZZO
12. Nacul L, Authier FJ, Scheibenbogen C, et al. European Network on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (EUROMENE): Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis, Service Provision, and Care of People with ME/CFS in Europe. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(5):510. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050510 EDN: JOZTQW
13. Jason LA, Holtzman CS, Sunnquist M, Cotler J. The development of an instrument to assess post-exertional malaise in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Health Psychol. 2021;26(2):238–248. doi: 10.1177/1359105318805819
14. Wong TL, Weitzer DJ. Long COVID and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)-A Systemic Review and Comparison of Clinical Presentation and Symptomatology. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(5):418. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050418
15. Huang L, Li X, Gu X, et al. Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(9):863–876. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00126-6 EDN: NGXAAD
16. Salari N, Khodayari Y, Hosseinian-Far A, et al. Global prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome among long COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biopsychosoc Med. 2022;16(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s13030-022-00250-5
17. AlMuhaissen S, Abu Libdeh A, et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and COVID-19: is there a connection? Curr Med Res Opin. 2023;39(8):1119–1126. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2242244 EDN: TDVORU
18. Domingo JC, Battistini F, Cordobilla B, et al. Association of circulating biomarkers with illness severity measures differentiates myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and post-COVID-19 condition: a prospective pilot cohort study. J Transl Med. 202410;22(1):343. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05148-0 EDN: HNHCAG
19. Gloeckl R, Leitl D, Schneeberger T, et al. Rehabilitative interventions in patients with persistent post COVID-19 symptoms-a review of recent advances and future perspectives. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2024;274(8):1819–1828. doi: 10.1007/s00406-023-01631-9 EDN: OKMPBT
20. Reese JT, Blau H, Casiraghi E, et al. N3C Consortium; RECOVER Consortium. Generalisable long COVID subtypes: findings from the NIH N3C and RECOVER programmes. EBioMedicine. 2023;87:104413. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104413 EDN: VSGSQY
21. Dagliati A, Strasser ZH, Hossein Abad ZS, et al. Characterization of long COVID temporal sub-phenotypes by distributed representation learning from electronic health record data: a cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;64:102210. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102210
22. Kenny G, McCann K, O'Brien C, et al. All-Ireland Infectious Diseases (AIID) Cohort Study Group. Identification of Distinct Long COVID Clinical Phenotypes Through Cluster Analysis of Self-Reported Symptoms. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(4):ofac060. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac060
23. Bonilla H, Quach TC, Tiwari A, et al. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is common in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC): Results from a post-COVID-19 multidisciplinary clinic. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1090747. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1090747
24. Bubnova MG, Shlyakhto EV, Aronov DM, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019: features of comprehensive cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(5):4487. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4487 EDN: GGZNWF
25. Faghy MA, Dalton C, Duncan R, et al. Using cardiorespiratory fitness assessment to identify pathophysiology in long COVID — Best practice approaches. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2024;83:55–61. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.02.005 EDN: XHLPSR
26. Arron HE, Marsh BD, Kell DB, et al. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the biology of a neglected disease. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1386607. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1386607 EDN: CNSVHI
27. Keller B, Receno CN, Franconi CJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses during a 2-day CPET in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: translating reduced oxygen consumption to impairment status to treatment considerations. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):627. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05410-5 EDN: KGEAWW
28. Molnar T, Lehoczki A, Fekete M, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID: mechanisms, consequences, and potential therapeutic approaches. Geroscience. 2024;46(5):5267–5286. doi: 10.1007/s11357-024-01165-5 EDN: EVOCDQ
29. Saito S, Shahbaz S, Luo X, et al. Metabolomic and immune alterations in long COVID patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1341843. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341843 EDN: QTEPUG
30. Bizjak DA, Ohmayer B, Buhl JL, et al. Functional and Morphological Differences of Muscle Mitochondria in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Post‑COVID Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(3):1675. doi: 10.3390/ijms25031675 EDN: FKDQFM
31. Chang X, Ismail NI, Rahman A, et al. Long COVID-19 and the Heart: Is Cardiac Mitochondria the Missing Link? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2023;38(7-9):599–618. doi: 10.1089/ars.2022.0126 EDN: PSKITX
32. Appelman B, Charlton BT, Goulding RP, et al. Muscle abnormalities worsen after post-exertional malaise in long COVID. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):17. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-44432-3 EDN: WYJDDU
33. Scheibenbogen C, Wirth KJ. Key Pathophysiological Role of Skeletal Muscle Disturbance in Post COVID and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Accumulated Evidence. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2025;16(1):e13669. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13669 EDN: ZMTIUN
34. Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Board on the Health of Sel ect Populations; Institute of Medicine. Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 2015. doi: 10.17226/19012
35. An Y, Guo Z, Fan J, et al. Prevalence and measurement of post‑exertional malaise in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2024;91:130–142. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.10.011 EDN: UPWZLW
36. Moore GE, Keller BA, Stevens J, et al. Recovery fr om Exercise in Persons with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(3):571. doi: 10.3390/medicina59030571 EDN: RCLZUA
37. Aparisi Á, Ladrón R, Ybarra-Falcón C, et al. Exercise Intolerance in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 and the Value of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing- a Mini-Review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:924819. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.924819 EDN: XOKJER
38. Persiyanova-Dubrova AL, Matveeva IF, Bubnova MG. Approaches to choosing the intensity of aerobic training in cardiac rehabilitation. Profilakticheskaya meditsina. 2023;26(10):123–129. doi: 10/17116/profmed202326101123/ EDN: MXXMVV
39. Joseph P, Singh I, Oliveira R, et al. Exercise Pathophysiology in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: More in Common Than Not? Chest. 2023;164(3):717–726. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.03.049 EDN: NQLOXN
40. Stevens S, Snell C, Stevens J, et al. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Methodology for Assessing Exertion Intolerance in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:242. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00242
41. Keller BA, Pryor JL, Giloteaux L. Inability of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients to reproduce VO₂peak indicates functional impairment. J Transl Med. 2014;12:104. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-104 EDN: HFFHJR
42. Kindlon T. Do graded activity therapies cause harm in chronic fatigue syndrome? J Health Psychol. 2017;22(9):1146–1154. doi: 10.1177/1359105317697323
43. Persiyanova-Dubrova AL, Matveeva IF, Bubnova MG. Borg scale in cardiac rehabilitation: methodology and prospects for use. Rus J Prev Med. 2022;25(9):90–96. doi: 10.17116/profmed20222509190
44. Bubnova MG, Persiyanova-Dubrova AL. Six-minute walk test in cardiac rehabilitation. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2020;19(4):2561. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2561
45. Cotler J, Holtzman C, Dudun C, Jason LA. A Brief Questionnaire to Assess Post-Exertional Malaise. Diagnostics (Basel). 2018;8(3):66. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics8030066
46. Bubnova MG, Aronov DM. Cardiac rehabilitation: stages, principles and international classification of functioning (icf). Profilakticheskaya meditsina. doi: 10.17116/profmed20202305140 EDN: UNQBDG
47. Nikolaev Na, Martynov Ai, Skirdenko YuP., et al. International Declaration of Adherence to Treatment 2023 ("Omsk Declaration"): Presentation for Russian readers. Medical news of the North Caucasus. 2024;19(1):1–9. doi: 10.14300/mnnc.2024.19001 EDN: XAGYBO
48. Wilshire CE, Kindlon T, Courtney R, et al. Rethinking the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome-a reanalysis and evaluation of findings from a recent major trial of graded exercise and CBT. BMC Psychol. 2018;6(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s40359-018-0218-3 EDN: XOZRBC
49. Twist FN, Maus M. A review on cognitive behavorial therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) / chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): CBT/GET is not only ineffective and not evidence-based, but also potentially harmful for many patients with ME/CFS. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009;30(3):284–299. EDN: NBCQJN
50. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. ESC National Cardiac Societies; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3227–3337. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484 EDN: RTXKRS
51. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2022;27(7):5155. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2022-5155. EDN: VQDNIK
52. Mathew J, Nugent K. Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infections: Exercise Limitation and Rehabilitation. Yale J Biol Med. 2024;97(4):463–472. doi: 10.59249/NHFT4839
53. Clinical management of COVID-19: Living guideline [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022.
54. DeMars J, Brown DA, Angelidis I, et al. What is Safe Long COVID Rehabilitation? J Occup Rehabil. 2023;33(2):227–230. doi: 10.1007/s10926-022-10075-2 EDN: REJPGW
55. Vink M, Vink-Niese A. The Draft Report by the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Healthcare Does Not Provide Any Evidence That Graded Exercise Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Are Safe and Effective Treatments for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Diseases. 2023;11(1):11. doi: 10.3390/diseases11010011 EDN: YLZTEF
56. Chuang HJ, Lin CW, Hsiao MY, et al. Long COVID and rehabilitation. J Formos Med Assoc. 2024;123:Suppl.1:S61–S69. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.03.022 EDN: DCFSME
57. Calabrese M, Garofano M, Palumbo R, et al. Exercise Training and Cardiac Rehabilitation in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiovascular Complications: State of Art Life (Basel). 2021;11(3):259. doi: 10.3390/life11030259 EDN: KQCRZV
2. Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, et al; WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID-19 Condition. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(4):e102–e107. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00703-9 EDN: NHYDEH
3. Peluso MJ, Deeks SG. Mechanisms of long COVID and the path toward therapeutics. Cell. 2024;187(20):5500–5529. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.054
4. Sharma SK, Mohan A, Upadhyay V. Long COVID syndrome: An unfolding enigma. Indian J Med Res. 2024;159(6):585–600. doi: 10.25259/IJMR_1449_23 EDN: XJHGGO
5. Lenz C, Slack MPE, Shea KM, et al. Long-Term effects of COVID-19: a review of current perspectives and mechanistic insights. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2024;50(3):315–328. doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2023.2190405
6. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2024.
7. Sukocheva OA, Maksoud R, Beeraka NM, et al. Analysis of post COVID-19 condition and its overlap with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. J Adv Res. 2022;40:179–196. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.013 EDN: ZAWOUH
8. Annesley SJ, Missailidis D, Heng B, et al. Unravelling shared mechanisms: insights from recent ME/CFS research to illuminate long COVID pathologies. Trends Mol Med. 2024;30(5):443–458. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.02.003 EDN: UISEKH
9. Komaroff AL, Lipkin WI. ME/CFS and Long COVID share similar symptoms and biological abnormalities: road map to the literature. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1187163. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1187163 EDN: OYZQXA
10. Van Campen CLMC, Rowe PC, Visser FC. Orthostatic Symptoms and Reductions in Cerebral Blood Flow in Long-Haul COVID-19 Patients: Similarities with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;58(1):28. doi: 10.3390/medicina58010028 EDN: YQFXBU
11. Graves BS, Patel M, Newgent H, et al. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Direction. Cureus. 2024;16(10):e70616. doi: 10.7759/cureus.70616 EDN: VOOZZO
12. Nacul L, Authier FJ, Scheibenbogen C, et al. European Network on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (EUROMENE): Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis, Service Provision, and Care of People with ME/CFS in Europe. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(5):510. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050510 EDN: JOZTQW
13. Jason LA, Holtzman CS, Sunnquist M, Cotler J. The development of an instrument to assess post-exertional malaise in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Health Psychol. 2021;26(2):238–248. doi: 10.1177/1359105318805819
14. Wong TL, Weitzer DJ. Long COVID and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)-A Systemic Review and Comparison of Clinical Presentation and Symptomatology. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(5):418. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050418
15. Huang L, Li X, Gu X, et al. Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(9):863–876. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00126-6 EDN: NGXAAD
16. Salari N, Khodayari Y, Hosseinian-Far A, et al. Global prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome among long COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biopsychosoc Med. 2022;16(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s13030-022-00250-5
17. AlMuhaissen S, Abu Libdeh A, et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and COVID-19: is there a connection? Curr Med Res Opin. 2023;39(8):1119–1126. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2242244 EDN: TDVORU
18. Domingo JC, Battistini F, Cordobilla B, et al. Association of circulating biomarkers with illness severity measures differentiates myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and post-COVID-19 condition: a prospective pilot cohort study. J Transl Med. 202410;22(1):343. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05148-0 EDN: HNHCAG
19. Gloeckl R, Leitl D, Schneeberger T, et al. Rehabilitative interventions in patients with persistent post COVID-19 symptoms-a review of recent advances and future perspectives. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2024;274(8):1819–1828. doi: 10.1007/s00406-023-01631-9 EDN: OKMPBT
20. Reese JT, Blau H, Casiraghi E, et al. N3C Consortium; RECOVER Consortium. Generalisable long COVID subtypes: findings from the NIH N3C and RECOVER programmes. EBioMedicine. 2023;87:104413. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104413 EDN: VSGSQY
21. Dagliati A, Strasser ZH, Hossein Abad ZS, et al. Characterization of long COVID temporal sub-phenotypes by distributed representation learning from electronic health record data: a cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;64:102210. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102210
22. Kenny G, McCann K, O'Brien C, et al. All-Ireland Infectious Diseases (AIID) Cohort Study Group. Identification of Distinct Long COVID Clinical Phenotypes Through Cluster Analysis of Self-Reported Symptoms. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(4):ofac060. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac060
23. Bonilla H, Quach TC, Tiwari A, et al. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is common in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC): Results from a post-COVID-19 multidisciplinary clinic. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1090747. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1090747
24. Bubnova MG, Shlyakhto EV, Aronov DM, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019: features of comprehensive cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(5):4487. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4487 EDN: GGZNWF
25. Faghy MA, Dalton C, Duncan R, et al. Using cardiorespiratory fitness assessment to identify pathophysiology in long COVID — Best practice approaches. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2024;83:55–61. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.02.005 EDN: XHLPSR
26. Arron HE, Marsh BD, Kell DB, et al. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the biology of a neglected disease. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1386607. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1386607 EDN: CNSVHI
27. Keller B, Receno CN, Franconi CJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses during a 2-day CPET in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: translating reduced oxygen consumption to impairment status to treatment considerations. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):627. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05410-5 EDN: KGEAWW
28. Molnar T, Lehoczki A, Fekete M, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID: mechanisms, consequences, and potential therapeutic approaches. Geroscience. 2024;46(5):5267–5286. doi: 10.1007/s11357-024-01165-5 EDN: EVOCDQ
29. Saito S, Shahbaz S, Luo X, et al. Metabolomic and immune alterations in long COVID patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1341843. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341843 EDN: QTEPUG
30. Bizjak DA, Ohmayer B, Buhl JL, et al. Functional and Morphological Differences of Muscle Mitochondria in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Post‑COVID Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(3):1675. doi: 10.3390/ijms25031675 EDN: FKDQFM
31. Chang X, Ismail NI, Rahman A, et al. Long COVID-19 and the Heart: Is Cardiac Mitochondria the Missing Link? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2023;38(7-9):599–618. doi: 10.1089/ars.2022.0126 EDN: PSKITX
32. Appelman B, Charlton BT, Goulding RP, et al. Muscle abnormalities worsen after post-exertional malaise in long COVID. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):17. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-44432-3 EDN: WYJDDU
33. Scheibenbogen C, Wirth KJ. Key Pathophysiological Role of Skeletal Muscle Disturbance in Post COVID and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Accumulated Evidence. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2025;16(1):e13669. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13669 EDN: ZMTIUN
34. Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Board on the Health of Sel ect Populations; Institute of Medicine. Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 2015. doi: 10.17226/19012
35. An Y, Guo Z, Fan J, et al. Prevalence and measurement of post‑exertional malaise in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2024;91:130–142. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.10.011 EDN: UPWZLW
36. Moore GE, Keller BA, Stevens J, et al. Recovery fr om Exercise in Persons with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(3):571. doi: 10.3390/medicina59030571 EDN: RCLZUA
37. Aparisi Á, Ladrón R, Ybarra-Falcón C, et al. Exercise Intolerance in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 and the Value of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing- a Mini-Review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:924819. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.924819 EDN: XOKJER
38. Persiyanova-Dubrova AL, Matveeva IF, Bubnova MG. Approaches to choosing the intensity of aerobic training in cardiac rehabilitation. Profilakticheskaya meditsina. 2023;26(10):123–129. doi: 10/17116/profmed202326101123/ EDN: MXXMVV
39. Joseph P, Singh I, Oliveira R, et al. Exercise Pathophysiology in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: More in Common Than Not? Chest. 2023;164(3):717–726. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.03.049 EDN: NQLOXN
40. Stevens S, Snell C, Stevens J, et al. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Methodology for Assessing Exertion Intolerance in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:242. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00242
41. Keller BA, Pryor JL, Giloteaux L. Inability of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients to reproduce VO₂peak indicates functional impairment. J Transl Med. 2014;12:104. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-104 EDN: HFFHJR
42. Kindlon T. Do graded activity therapies cause harm in chronic fatigue syndrome? J Health Psychol. 2017;22(9):1146–1154. doi: 10.1177/1359105317697323
43. Persiyanova-Dubrova AL, Matveeva IF, Bubnova MG. Borg scale in cardiac rehabilitation: methodology and prospects for use. Rus J Prev Med. 2022;25(9):90–96. doi: 10.17116/profmed20222509190
44. Bubnova MG, Persiyanova-Dubrova AL. Six-minute walk test in cardiac rehabilitation. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2020;19(4):2561. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2561
45. Cotler J, Holtzman C, Dudun C, Jason LA. A Brief Questionnaire to Assess Post-Exertional Malaise. Diagnostics (Basel). 2018;8(3):66. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics8030066
46. Bubnova MG, Aronov DM. Cardiac rehabilitation: stages, principles and international classification of functioning (icf). Profilakticheskaya meditsina. doi: 10.17116/profmed20202305140 EDN: UNQBDG
47. Nikolaev Na, Martynov Ai, Skirdenko YuP., et al. International Declaration of Adherence to Treatment 2023 ("Omsk Declaration"): Presentation for Russian readers. Medical news of the North Caucasus. 2024;19(1):1–9. doi: 10.14300/mnnc.2024.19001 EDN: XAGYBO
48. Wilshire CE, Kindlon T, Courtney R, et al. Rethinking the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome-a reanalysis and evaluation of findings from a recent major trial of graded exercise and CBT. BMC Psychol. 2018;6(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s40359-018-0218-3 EDN: XOZRBC
49. Twist FN, Maus M. A review on cognitive behavorial therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) / chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): CBT/GET is not only ineffective and not evidence-based, but also potentially harmful for many patients with ME/CFS. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009;30(3):284–299. EDN: NBCQJN
50. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. ESC National Cardiac Societies; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3227–3337. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484 EDN: RTXKRS
51. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2022;27(7):5155. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2022-5155. EDN: VQDNIK
52. Mathew J, Nugent K. Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infections: Exercise Limitation and Rehabilitation. Yale J Biol Med. 2024;97(4):463–472. doi: 10.59249/NHFT4839
53. Clinical management of COVID-19: Living guideline [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022.
54. DeMars J, Brown DA, Angelidis I, et al. What is Safe Long COVID Rehabilitation? J Occup Rehabil. 2023;33(2):227–230. doi: 10.1007/s10926-022-10075-2 EDN: REJPGW
55. Vink M, Vink-Niese A. The Draft Report by the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Healthcare Does Not Provide Any Evidence That Graded Exercise Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Are Safe and Effective Treatments for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Diseases. 2023;11(1):11. doi: 10.3390/diseases11010011 EDN: YLZTEF
56. Chuang HJ, Lin CW, Hsiao MY, et al. Long COVID and rehabilitation. J Formos Med Assoc. 2024;123:Suppl.1:S61–S69. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.03.022 EDN: DCFSME
57. Calabrese M, Garofano M, Palumbo R, et al. Exercise Training and Cardiac Rehabilitation in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiovascular Complications: State of Art Life (Basel). 2021;11(3):259. doi: 10.3390/life11030259 EDN: KQCRZV
________________________________________________
2. Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, et al; WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID-19 Condition. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(4):e102–e107. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00703-9 EDN: NHYDEH
3. Peluso MJ, Deeks SG. Mechanisms of long COVID and the path toward therapeutics. Cell. 2024;187(20):5500–5529. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.054
4. Sharma SK, Mohan A, Upadhyay V. Long COVID syndrome: An unfolding enigma. Indian J Med Res. 2024;159(6):585–600. doi: 10.25259/IJMR_1449_23 EDN: XJHGGO
5. Lenz C, Slack MPE, Shea KM, et al. Long-Term effects of COVID-19: a review of current perspectives and mechanistic insights. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2024;50(3):315–328. doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2023.2190405
6. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2024.
7. Sukocheva OA, Maksoud R, Beeraka NM, et al. Analysis of post COVID-19 condition and its overlap with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. J Adv Res. 2022;40:179–196. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.013 EDN: ZAWOUH
8. Annesley SJ, Missailidis D, Heng B, et al. Unravelling shared mechanisms: insights from recent ME/CFS research to illuminate long COVID pathologies. Trends Mol Med. 2024;30(5):443–458. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.02.003 EDN: UISEKH
9. Komaroff AL, Lipkin WI. ME/CFS and Long COVID share similar symptoms and biological abnormalities: road map to the literature. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1187163. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1187163 EDN: OYZQXA
10. Van Campen CLMC, Rowe PC, Visser FC. Orthostatic Symptoms and Reductions in Cerebral Blood Flow in Long-Haul COVID-19 Patients: Similarities with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;58(1):28. doi: 10.3390/medicina58010028 EDN: YQFXBU
11. Graves BS, Patel M, Newgent H, et al. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Direction. Cureus. 2024;16(10):e70616. doi: 10.7759/cureus.70616 EDN: VOOZZO
12. Nacul L, Authier FJ, Scheibenbogen C, et al. European Network on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (EUROMENE): Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis, Service Provision, and Care of People with ME/CFS in Europe. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(5):510. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050510 EDN: JOZTQW
13. Jason LA, Holtzman CS, Sunnquist M, Cotler J. The development of an instrument to assess post-exertional malaise in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Health Psychol. 2021;26(2):238–248. doi: 10.1177/1359105318805819
14. Wong TL, Weitzer DJ. Long COVID and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)-A Systemic Review and Comparison of Clinical Presentation and Symptomatology. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(5):418. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050418
15. Huang L, Li X, Gu X, et al. Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(9):863–876. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00126-6 EDN: NGXAAD
16. Salari N, Khodayari Y, Hosseinian-Far A, et al. Global prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome among long COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biopsychosoc Med. 2022;16(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s13030-022-00250-5
17. AlMuhaissen S, Abu Libdeh A, et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and COVID-19: is there a connection? Curr Med Res Opin. 2023;39(8):1119–1126. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2242244 EDN: TDVORU
18. Domingo JC, Battistini F, Cordobilla B, et al. Association of circulating biomarkers with illness severity measures differentiates myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and post-COVID-19 condition: a prospective pilot cohort study. J Transl Med. 202410;22(1):343. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05148-0 EDN: HNHCAG
19. Gloeckl R, Leitl D, Schneeberger T, et al. Rehabilitative interventions in patients with persistent post COVID-19 symptoms-a review of recent advances and future perspectives. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2024;274(8):1819–1828. doi: 10.1007/s00406-023-01631-9 EDN: OKMPBT
20. Reese JT, Blau H, Casiraghi E, et al. N3C Consortium; RECOVER Consortium. Generalisable long COVID subtypes: findings from the NIH N3C and RECOVER programmes. EBioMedicine. 2023;87:104413. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104413 EDN: VSGSQY
21. Dagliati A, Strasser ZH, Hossein Abad ZS, et al. Characterization of long COVID temporal sub-phenotypes by distributed representation learning from electronic health record data: a cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;64:102210. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102210
22. Kenny G, McCann K, O'Brien C, et al. All-Ireland Infectious Diseases (AIID) Cohort Study Group. Identification of Distinct Long COVID Clinical Phenotypes Through Cluster Analysis of Self-Reported Symptoms. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(4):ofac060. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac060
23. Bonilla H, Quach TC, Tiwari A, et al. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is common in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC): Results from a post-COVID-19 multidisciplinary clinic. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1090747. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1090747
24. Bubnova MG, Shlyakhto EV, Aronov DM, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019: features of comprehensive cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(5):4487. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4487 EDN: GGZNWF
25. Faghy MA, Dalton C, Duncan R, et al. Using cardiorespiratory fitness assessment to identify pathophysiology in long COVID — Best practice approaches. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2024;83:55–61. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.02.005 EDN: XHLPSR
26. Arron HE, Marsh BD, Kell DB, et al. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the biology of a neglected disease. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1386607. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1386607 EDN: CNSVHI
27. Keller B, Receno CN, Franconi CJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses during a 2-day CPET in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: translating reduced oxygen consumption to impairment status to treatment considerations. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):627. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05410-5 EDN: KGEAWW
28. Molnar T, Lehoczki A, Fekete M, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID: mechanisms, consequences, and potential therapeutic approaches. Geroscience. 2024;46(5):5267–5286. doi: 10.1007/s11357-024-01165-5 EDN: EVOCDQ
29. Saito S, Shahbaz S, Luo X, et al. Metabolomic and immune alterations in long COVID patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1341843. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341843 EDN: QTEPUG
30. Bizjak DA, Ohmayer B, Buhl JL, et al. Functional and Morphological Differences of Muscle Mitochondria in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Post‑COVID Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(3):1675. doi: 10.3390/ijms25031675 EDN: FKDQFM
31. Chang X, Ismail NI, Rahman A, et al. Long COVID-19 and the Heart: Is Cardiac Mitochondria the Missing Link? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2023;38(7-9):599–618. doi: 10.1089/ars.2022.0126 EDN: PSKITX
32. Appelman B, Charlton BT, Goulding RP, et al. Muscle abnormalities worsen after post-exertional malaise in long COVID. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):17. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-44432-3 EDN: WYJDDU
33. Scheibenbogen C, Wirth KJ. Key Pathophysiological Role of Skeletal Muscle Disturbance in Post COVID and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Accumulated Evidence. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2025;16(1):e13669. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13669 EDN: ZMTIUN
34. Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Board on the Health of Sel ect Populations; Institute of Medicine. Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 2015. doi: 10.17226/19012
35. An Y, Guo Z, Fan J, et al. Prevalence and measurement of post‑exertional malaise in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2024;91:130–142. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.10.011 EDN: UPWZLW
36. Moore GE, Keller BA, Stevens J, et al. Recovery fr om Exercise in Persons with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(3):571. doi: 10.3390/medicina59030571 EDN: RCLZUA
37. Aparisi Á, Ladrón R, Ybarra-Falcón C, et al. Exercise Intolerance in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 and the Value of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing- a Mini-Review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:924819. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.924819 EDN: XOKJER
38. Persiyanova-Dubrova AL, Matveeva IF, Bubnova MG. Approaches to choosing the intensity of aerobic training in cardiac rehabilitation. Profilakticheskaya meditsina. 2023;26(10):123–129. doi: 10/17116/profmed202326101123/ EDN: MXXMVV
39. Joseph P, Singh I, Oliveira R, et al. Exercise Pathophysiology in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: More in Common Than Not? Chest. 2023;164(3):717–726. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.03.049 EDN: NQLOXN
40. Stevens S, Snell C, Stevens J, et al. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Methodology for Assessing Exertion Intolerance in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:242. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00242
41. Keller BA, Pryor JL, Giloteaux L. Inability of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients to reproduce VO₂peak indicates functional impairment. J Transl Med. 2014;12:104. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-104 EDN: HFFHJR
42. Kindlon T. Do graded activity therapies cause harm in chronic fatigue syndrome? J Health Psychol. 2017;22(9):1146–1154. doi: 10.1177/1359105317697323
43. Persiyanova-Dubrova AL, Matveeva IF, Bubnova MG. Borg scale in cardiac rehabilitation: methodology and prospects for use. Rus J Prev Med. 2022;25(9):90–96. doi: 10.17116/profmed20222509190
44. Bubnova MG, Persiyanova-Dubrova AL. Six-minute walk test in cardiac rehabilitation. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2020;19(4):2561. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2561
45. Cotler J, Holtzman C, Dudun C, Jason LA. A Brief Questionnaire to Assess Post-Exertional Malaise. Diagnostics (Basel). 2018;8(3):66. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics8030066
46. Bubnova MG, Aronov DM. Cardiac rehabilitation: stages, principles and international classification of functioning (icf). Profilakticheskaya meditsina. doi: 10.17116/profmed20202305140 EDN: UNQBDG
47. Nikolaev Na, Martynov Ai, Skirdenko YuP., et al. International Declaration of Adherence to Treatment 2023 ("Omsk Declaration"): Presentation for Russian readers. Medical news of the North Caucasus. 2024;19(1):1–9. doi: 10.14300/mnnc.2024.19001 EDN: XAGYBO
48. Wilshire CE, Kindlon T, Courtney R, et al. Rethinking the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome-a reanalysis and evaluation of findings from a recent major trial of graded exercise and CBT. BMC Psychol. 2018;6(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s40359-018-0218-3 EDN: XOZRBC
49. Twist FN, Maus M. A review on cognitive behavorial therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) / chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): CBT/GET is not only ineffective and not evidence-based, but also potentially harmful for many patients with ME/CFS. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009;30(3):284–299. EDN: NBCQJN
50. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. ESC National Cardiac Societies; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3227–3337. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484 EDN: RTXKRS
51. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2022;27(7):5155. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2022-5155. EDN: VQDNIK
52. Mathew J, Nugent K. Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infections: Exercise Limitation and Rehabilitation. Yale J Biol Med. 2024;97(4):463–472. doi: 10.59249/NHFT4839
53. Clinical management of COVID-19: Living guideline [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022.
54. DeMars J, Brown DA, Angelidis I, et al. What is Safe Long COVID Rehabilitation? J Occup Rehabil. 2023;33(2):227–230. doi: 10.1007/s10926-022-10075-2 EDN: REJPGW
55. Vink M, Vink-Niese A. The Draft Report by the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Healthcare Does Not Provide Any Evidence That Graded Exercise Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Are Safe and Effective Treatments for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Diseases. 2023;11(1):11. doi: 10.3390/diseases11010011 EDN: YLZTEF
56. Chuang HJ, Lin CW, Hsiao MY, et al. Long COVID and rehabilitation. J Formos Med Assoc. 2024;123:Suppl.1:S61–S69. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.03.022 EDN: DCFSME
57. Calabrese M, Garofano M, Palumbo R, et al. Exercise Training and Cardiac Rehabilitation in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiovascular Complications: State of Art Life (Basel). 2021;11(3):259. doi: 10.3390/life11030259 EDN: KQCRZV
Авторы
К.С. Авдеева*, Т.И. Петелина, А.В. Горбачевский, Ю.А. Шароян, М.И. Бессонова
Тюменский кардиологический научный центр — филиал Томского национального исследовательского медицинского центра Российской академии наук, Томск, Россия
*avdeeva_03@mail.ru
Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
*avdeeva_03@mail.ru
Тюменский кардиологический научный центр — филиал Томского национального исследовательского медицинского центра Российской академии наук, Томск, Россия
*avdeeva_03@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
*avdeeva_03@mail.ru
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.