Руководство по ведению пациенток с синдромом патологических вагинальных выделений (ЮСТИ/ВОЗ, 2011)*

1. Akinbiyi AA, Watson R, Feyi-Waboso P. Prevalence of Candida albicans and bacterial vaginosis in asymptomatic pregnant women in South Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Outcome of a prospective study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008; 278 (5): 463–6.
2. Oliveira FA, Pfleger V, Lang K et al. Sexually transmitted infections, bacterial vaginosis, and candidiasis in women of reproductive age in rural Northeast Brazil: a populationbased study. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102 (6): 751–6.
3. Fang X, Zhou Y, Yang Y et al. Prevalence and risk factors of trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and candidiasis for married women of child-bearing age in rural Shandong. Jpn J Infect Dis 2007; 60 (5): 257–61.
4. Koumans EH, Sternberg M, Bruce C et al. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001–2004; associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34 (11): 864–9.
5. Bhalla P, Chawla R, Garg S et al. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women in Delhi, India. Indian J Med Res 2007; 125 (2): 167–172.
6. Dan M, Kaneti N, Levin D et al. Vaginitis in a gynecologic practice in Israel: causes and risk factors. Isr J Med Assoc 2003; 5 (9): 629–32.
7. Lamont RF, Morgan DJ, Wilden SD, Taylor-Robinson D. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in women attending one of three general practices for routine cervical cytology. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11 (8): 495–8.
8. Schneider H, Coetzee DJ, Fehler HG et al. Screening for sexually transmitted diseases in rural South African women. Sex Transm Infect 1998; 74 (Suppl. 1): S147–S152.
9. Marrazzo JM, Antonio M, Agnew K, Hillier SL. Distribution of genital Lactobacillus strains shared by female sex partners. J Infect Dis 2009; 199 (5): 680–3.
10. Sobel JD. Pathogenesis and epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 544: 547–57.
11. Holland J, Young ML, Lee O, Chen S. Vulvovaginal carriage of yeasts other than Candida albicans. Sexually transmitted infections 2003; 79 (3): 249–50.
12. Lindner JG, Plantema FH, Hoogkamp K. Quantitative studies of the vaginal flora of healthy women and of obstetric and gynaecological patients. J Med Microbiol 1978; 11 (3): 233–41.
13. Odds FC. Candida and Candidosis. A review and bibliography. Second ed. London: Bailliere Tindall; 1988.
14. Larsson PG, Platz-Christensen JJ, Forsum U, Pahlson C. Clue cells in predicting infections after abdominal hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77 (3): 450–2.
15. Persson E, Bergstrom M, Larsson PG et al. Infections after hysterectomy. A prospective nation-wide Swedish study. The Study Group on Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology within the Swedish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75 (8): 757–61.
16. Soper DE, Bump RC, Hurt WG. Bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis vaginitis are risk factors for cuff cellulitis after abdominal hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163 (3): 1016–21.
17. Charonis G, Larsson PG. Use of pH/whiff test or QuickVue Advanced pH and Amines test for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis and prevention of postabortion pelvic inflammatory disease. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006; 85 (7): 837–43.
18. Lassey AT, Adanu KR, Newman MJ, Opintah JA. Potential pathogens in the lower genital tract at manual vacuum aspiration for incomplete abortion in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana. East Afr Med J 2004; 81 (8): 398–401.
19. Miller L, Thomas K, Hughes JP et al. Randomised treatment trial of bacterial vaginosis to prevent post-abortion complication. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 111 (9): 982–8.
20. Larsson PG, Platz-Christensen JJ, Dalaker K et al. Treatment with 2% clindamycin vaginal cream prior to first trimester surgical abortion to reduce signs of postoperative infection: a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000; 79 (5): 390–6.
21. Larsson PG, Platz-Christensen JJ, Thejls H et al. Incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease after first-trimester legal abortion in women with bacterial vaginosis after treatment with metronidazole: a double-blind, randomized study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166 (1 Pt 1): 100–3.
22. Wolner-Hanssen P, Kreiger JN, Stevens CE et al. Clinical manifestations of vaginal trichomoniasis. JAMA 1989; 264: 571–6.
23. Fouts AC, Kraus SJ. Trichomonas vaginalis: re-evaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. J Infect Dis 1980; 141: 137–43.
24. Oakeshott P, Hay P, Hay S et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection and miscarriage before 16 weeks' gestation: prospective community based cohort study. BMJ 2002; 325 (7376): 1334.
25. Donders GG, Van BB, Caudron J et al. Relationship of bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasmas to the risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183 (2): 431–7.
26. Bacterial vaginosis increases the risk of first trimester miscarriage. BMJ 1999; 319 (7204).
27. Ralph SG, Rutherford AJ, Wilson JD. Influence of bacterial vaginosis on conception and miscarriage in the first trimester: cohort study. BMJ 1999; 319 (7204): 220–3.
28. Hay PE, Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D et al. Abnormal bacterial colonisation of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage. BMJ 1994; 308 (6924): 295–8.
29. Donders GG, Van CK, Bellen G et al. Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2009.
30. Thorp JM Jr., Dole N, Herring AH et al. Alteration in vaginal microflora, douching prior to pregnancy, and preterm birth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2008; 22 (6): 530–7.
31. Xu J, Holzman CB, Arvidson CG et al. Midpregnancy vaginal fluid defensins, bacterial vaginosis, and risk of preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112 (3): 524–31.
32. Leitich H, Kiss H. Asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and intermediate flora as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 21 (3): 375–90.
33. Guaschino S, De SF, Piccoli M et al. Aetiology of preterm labour: bacterial vaginosis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 113 (Suppl. 3): 46–51.
34. Svare JA, Schmidt H, Hansen BB, Lose G. Bacterial vaginosis in a cohort of Danish pregnant women: prevalence and relationship with preterm delivery, low birthweight and perinatal infections. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 113 (12): 1419–25.
35. Vogel I, Thorsen P, Hogan VK et al. The joint effect of vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum and bacterial vaginosis on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006; 85 (7): 778–85.
36. Guerra B, Ghi T, Quarta S et al. Pregnancy outcome after early detection of bacterial vaginosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 128 (1–2): 40–5.
37. Goyal R, Sharma P, Kaur I et al. Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal anaerobes in preterm labour. J Indian Med Assoc 2004; 102 (10): 548–50, 553.
38. Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Kuivaniemi H, Tromp G. Bacterial vaginosis, the inflammatory response and the risk of preterm birth: a role for genetic epidemiology in the prevention of preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190 (6): 1509–19.
39. Leitich H, Bodner-Adler B, Brunbauer M et al. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189 (1): 139–47.
40. Jacobsson B, Pernevi P, Chidekel L, Platz-Christensen JJ. Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy may predispose for preterm birth and postpartum endometritis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002; 81 (11): 1006–10.
41. Purwar M, Ughade S, Bhagat B et al. Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2001; 27 (4): 175–81.
42. McDonald HM, O'Loughlin JA, Jolley PT et al. Changes in vaginal flora during pregnancy and association with preterm birth. J Infect Dis 1994; 170 (3): 724–8.
43. Gravett MG, Hummel D, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. Preterm labor associated with subclinical amniotic fluid infection and with bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 67 (2): 229–37.
44. Chohan VH, Baeten J, Benki S et al. A Prospective Study of Risk Factors for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Acquisition among High-Risk HIV-1 Seronegative Kenyan Women. Sex Transm Infect 2009.
45. Atashili J, Poole C, Ndumbe PM et al. Bacterial vaginosis and HIV acquisition: a metaanalysis of published studies. AIDS 2008; 22 (12): 1493–501.
46. van de Wijgert JH, Morrison CS, Cornelisse PG et al. Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal yeast, but not vaginal cleansing, increase HIV-1 acquisition in African women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 48 (2): 203–10.
47. Gallo MF, Warner L, Macaluso M et al. Risk factors for incident herpes simplex type 2 virus infection among women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35 (7): 679–85.
48. Peipert JF, Lapane KL, Allsworth JE et al. Bacterial vaginosis, race, and sexually transmitted infections: does race modify the association? Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35 (4): 363–7.
49. Kaul R, Nagelkerke NJ, Kimani J et al. Prevalent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection is associated with altered vaginal flora and an increased susceptibility to multiple sexually transmitted infections. J Infect Dis 2007; 196 (11): 1692–7.
50. Brotman RM, Erbelding EJ, Jamshidi RM et al. Findings associated with recurrence of bacterial vaginosis among adolescents attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2007; 20 (4): 225–31.
51. Nagot N, Ouedraogo A, Defer MC et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and Herpes simplex virus type-2 infection: implications for HIV acquisition studies. Sex Transm Infect 2007; 83 (5): 365–8.
52. Schwebke JR. Abnormal vaginal flora as a biological risk factor for acquisition of HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases. J Infect Dis 2005; 192 (8): 1315–7.
53. Carey JC, Klebanoff MA, Hauth JC et al. Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. N Engl J Med 2000; 342 (8): 534–40.
54. Klebanoff MA, Carey JC, Hauth JC et al. Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection. N Engl J Med 2001; 345 (7): 487–93.
55. Odendaal HJ, Popov I, Schoeman J et al. Preterm labour – is bacterial vaginosis involved? S Afr Med J 2002; 92 (3): 231–4.
56. Guise JM, Mahon SM, Aickin M et al. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Am J Prev Med 2001; 20 (Suppl. 3): 62–72.
57. Morency AM, Bujold E. The effect of second-trimester antibiotic therapy on the rate of preterm birth. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2007; 29 (1): 35–44.
58. Kurkinen-Raty M, Vuopala S, Koskela M et al. A randomised controlled trial of vaginal clindamycin for early pregnancy bacterial vaginosis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000; 107 (11): 1427–32.
59. Guaschino S, Ricci E, Franchi M et al. Treatment of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis to prevent pre-term delivery: a randomised trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003; 110 (2): 149–52.
60. Joesoef MR, Hillier SL, Wiknjosastro G et al. Intravaginal clindamycin treatment for bacterial vaginosis: effects on preterm delivery and low birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173 (5): 1527–31.
61. Kekki M, Kurki T, Pelkonen J et al. Vaginal clindamycin in preventing preterm birth and peripartal infections in asymptomatic women with bacterial vaginosis: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97 (5 Pt 1): 643–8.
62. Lamont RF, Jones BM, Mandal D et al. The efficacy of vaginal clindamycin for the treatment of abnormal genital tract flora in pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2003; 11 (4): 181–9.
63. Larsson PG, Fahraeus L, Carlsson B et al. Late miscarriage and preterm birth after treatment with clindamycin: a randomised consent design study according to Zelen. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 113 (6): 629–37.
64. Ugwumadu A, Manyonda I, Reid F, Hay P. Effect of early oral clindamycin on late miscarriage and preterm delivery in asymptomatic women with abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361 (9362): 983–8.
65. Saurina GR, McCormack WM. Trichomoniasis in pregnancy. Sex Trans Dis 1997; 24: 361–2.
66. Cotch MF, Pastorek JG, Nugent RP et al. Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. Sex Trans Dis 1997; 24: 353–60.
67. Kigozi GG, Brahmbhatt H, Wabwire-Mangen F et al. Treatment of Trichomonas in pregnancy and adverse outcomes of pregnancy: a subanalysis of a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189: 1398–400.
68. Sorvillo F, Kernott P. Trichomonas vaginalis and amplification of HIV-1 transmission. Lancet 1998; 351: 213–4.
69. Van Der Pol B, Kwok C, Pierre-Louis B et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection and human immunodeficiency virus acquisition in African women. J Infect Dis 2008; 197 (4): 548–54.
70. McClelland RS, Sangare L, Hassan WM et al. Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. J Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1; 195 (5): 698–702.
71. Schaaf VM, Perez-Stable EJ, Borchardt K. The limited value of symptoms and signs in the diagnosis of vaginal infections. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150 (9): 1929–33.
72. Abbott J. Clinical and microscopic diagnosis of vaginal yeast infection: a prospective analysis. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25 (5): 587–91.
73. Bergman JJ, Berg AO, Schneeweiss R, Heidrich FE. Clinical comparison of microscopic and culture techniques in the diagnosis of Candida vaginitis. J Fam Pract 1984; 18 (4): 549–52.
74. Eckert LO, Hawes SE, Stevens CE et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: clinical manifestations, risk factors, management algorithm. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92 (5): 757–65.
75. Sonnex C, Lefort W. Microscopic features of vaginal candidiasis and their relation to symptomatology. Sexually transmitted infections 1999; 75 (6): 417–9.
76. Zdolsek B, Hellberg D, Froman G et al. Culture and wet smear microscopy in the diagnosis of low-symptomatic vulvovaginal candidosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995; 58 (1): 47–51.
77. Landers DV, Wiesenfeld HC, Heine RP et al. Predictive value of the clinical diagnosis of lower genital tract infection in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190 (4): 1004–10.
78. Platz-Christensen JJ, Larsson PG, Sundstrom E, Wiqvist N. Detection of bacterial vaginosis in wet mount, Papanicolaou stained vaginal smears and in Gram stained smears. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995; 74 (1): 67–70.
79. Thomason JL, Gelbart SM, Anderson RJ et al. Statistical evaluation of diagnostic criteria for bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162 (1): 155–60.
80. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA et al. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983; 74 (1): 14–22.
81. Ison CA, Hay PE. Validation of a simplified grading of Gram stained vaginal smears for use in genitourinary medicine clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78 (6): 413–5.
82. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29 (2): 297–301.
83. Donders GG. Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002: 109: 34–43.
84. Hopwood V, Crowley T, Horrocks C et al. Vaginal candidosis: relation between yeast counts and symptoms and clinical signs in non-pregnant women. Genitourin Med 1988; 64 (5): 331–4.
85. Odds FC, Webster CE, Riley VC, Fisk PG. Epidemiology of vaginal Candida infection: significance of numbers of vaginal yeasts and their biotypes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1987; 25 (1): 53–66.
86. Odds FC, Webster CE, Mayuranathan P, Simmons PD. Candida concentrations in the vagina and their association with signs and symptoms of vaginal candidosis. J Med Vet Mycol 1988; 26 (5): 277–83.
87. Priestley CJ, Jones BM, Dhar J, Goodwin L. What is normal vaginal flora? Genitourin Med 1997; 73 (1): 23–8.
88. Bickley LS, Krisher KK, Punsalang A et al. Comparison of direct fluorescent antibody, acridine orange, wet mount and culture for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in women attending a public sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Trans Dis 1989; 127–31.
89. Kreiger JN, Tam MR, Stevens CE et al. Diagnosis of trichomoniasis: comparison of conventional wetmount examination with cytological studies, cultures, and monoclonal antibody staining of direct specimens. JAMA 1988; 259: 1223–27.
90. Kreiger JN, Viridans M, Siegel N et al. Risk assessment and laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 1362–66.
91. Schmid GP, Matheny LC, Zaidi AA et al. Evaluation of six media for the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis from vaginal secretions. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 1230–3.
92. Gelbart SM, Thomason JL, Osypowski PJ et al. Growth of Trichomonas vaginalis in commercial culture media. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 962–4.
93. Madico G, Quinn TC, Rompalo A et al. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swab samples. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 3205–10.
94. Mayta H, Gilman RH, Calderon MM et al. 18S ribosomal DNAbased PCR for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 2683–7.
95. Weise W, Patel SC et al. A meta-analysis of the Papanicolaou smear and wet mount for the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis. Am J Med 2000; 108: 301–8.
96. Crucitti T, Van Dyck E, Tehe A et al. Comparison of culture and different PCR assays for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in self collected swab specimens. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 393–8.
97. Kurohara ML, Kwong FK, Lebherz TB, Klaustermeyer WB. Metronidazole hypersensitivity and oral desensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 88: 279–80.
98. Pearlman MD, Yashar C, Ernst S, Solomon W. An incremental dosing protocol for women with severe vaginal trichomoniasis and adverse reactions to metronidazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 934–6.
99. Bistoletti P, Fredricsson B, Hagstrom B, Nord CE. Comparison of oral and vaginal metronidazole therapy for nonspecific bacterial vaginosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1986; 21 (3): 144–9.
100. Oduyebo OO, Anorlu RI, Ogunsola FT. The effects of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 3: CD006055.
101. Schindler EM, Thamm H, Ansmann EB et al. [Treatment of bacterial vaginitis. Multicenter, randomized, open study with tinidazole in comparison with metronidazole]. Fortschr Med 1991; 109 (5): 138–40.
102. Voorspoels J, Casteels M, Remon JP, Temmerman M. Local treatment of bacterial vaginosis with a bioadhesive metronidazole tablet. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002; 105 (1): 64–6.
103. Hanson JM, McGregor JA, Hillier SL et al. Metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis. A comparison of vaginal gel vs. oral therapy. J Reprod Med 2000; 45 (11): 889–96.
104. Brandt M, Abels C, May T et al. Intravaginally applied metronidazole is as effective as orally applied in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, but exhibits significantly less side effects. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 141 (2): 158–62.
105. Schmitt C, Sobel JD, Meriwether C. Bacterial vaginosis: treatment with clindamycin cream versus oral metronidazole. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79 (6): 1020–3.
106. Andres FJ, Parker R, Hosein I, Benrubi GI. Clindamycin vaginal cream versus oral metronidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a prospective double-blind clinical trial. South Med J 1992; 85 (11): 1077–80.
107. Fischbach F, Petersen EE, Weissenbacher ER et al. Efficacy of clindamycinvaginal cream versus oral metronidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82 (3): 405–10.
108. Paavonen J, Mangioni C, Martin MA, Wajszczuk CP. Vaginal clindamycin and oral metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96 (2): 256–60.
109. Ferris DG, Litaker MS, Woodward L et al. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a comparison of oral metronidazole, metronidazole vaginal gel, and clindamycin vaginal cream. J Fam Pract 1995; 41 (5): 443–9.
110. Mikamo H, Kawazoe K, Izumi K et al. Comparative study on vaginal or oral treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Chemotherapy 1997; 43 (1): 60–8.
111. Schwebke JR, Desmond RA. A randomized trial of the duration of therapy with metronidazole plus or minus azithromycin for treatment of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (2): 213–9.
112. Milani M, Barcellona E, Agnello A. Efficacy of the combination of 2 g oral tinidazole and acidic buffering vaginal gel in comparison with vaginal clindamycin alone in bacterial vaginosis: a randomized, investigator-blinded, controlled trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003; 109 (1): 67–71.
113. Forna F, Gulmezoglu AM. Interventions for treating trichomoniasis in women (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2000. Oxford: Update Software.
114. Hager D, Brown ST, Kraus SJ et al. Metronidazole for vaginal trichomoniasis seven day vs single-dose regimens. JAMA 1980; 244: 1219–20.
115. Thin RN, Symonds MAE, Booker R et al. Double-blind comparison of a single dose and a fiveday course of metronidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis. Brit J Vener Dis 1979; 55: 354–6.
116. Watson MC, Grimshaw JM, Bond CM et al. Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal agents for the treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush): a systematic review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 109 (1): 85–95.
117. Watson MC, Grimshaw JM, Bond CM et al. Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush). [Update of Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 1: CD002845; 11279767]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 4: CD002845.
118. Burtin P, Taddio A, Adburnu O et al. Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 525–9.
119. Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M. A population based case-control teratologic study of oral metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 322–7.
120. Caro-Paton T, Carvajal A, de Diego IM et al. Is metronidazole teratogenic: a meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44: 179–82.
121. Bisschop MP, Merkus JM, Scheygrond H, Van Cutsem J. Co-treatment of the male partner in vaginal candidosis: a double-blind randomized control study. J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93 (1): 79–81.
122. Fong IW. The value of treating the sexual partners of women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis with ketoconazole. Genitourin Med 1992; 68 (3): 174–6.
123. Colli E, Landoni M, Parazzini F. Treatment of male partners and recurrence of bacterial vaginosis: a randomised trial. Genitourin Med 1997; 73 (4): 267–70.
124. Lyng J, Christensen J. A double blind study of treatment with a single dose tinidazole of partners to females with trichomoniasis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1981; 60: 199–201.
125. Dykers JR. Single dose metronidazole treatment for trichomonal vaginitis – patient and consort. N Eng J Med 1975; 293; 23–4.
126. Sobel JD, Ferris D, Schwebke J et al. Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0,75% metronidazole vaginal gel to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194 (5): 1283–9.
127. Larsson PG, Stray-Pedersen B, Ryttig KR, Larsen S. Human lactobacilli as supplementation of clindamycin to patients with bacterial vaginosis reduce the recurrence rate; a 6-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. BMC Womens Health 2008; 8: 3.
128. Marcone V, Calzolari E, Bertini M. Effectiveness of vaginal administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus following conventional metronidazole therapy: how to lower the rate of bacterial vaginosis recurrences. New Microbiol 2008; 31 (3): 429–33.
129. Wilson JD, Shann SM, Brady SK et al. Recurrent bacterial vaginosis: the use of maintenance acidic vaginal gel following treatment. Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16 (11): 736–8.
130. Simoes JA, Bahamondes LG, Camargo RP et al. A pilot clinical trial comparing an acid-buffering formulation (ACIDFORM gel) with metronidazole gel for the treatment of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 61 (2): 211–7.
131. Spinillo A, Pizzoli G, Colonna L et al. Epidemiologic characteristics of women with idiopathic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81 (5 Pt 1): 721–7.
132. Dennerstein GJ. Depo-Provera in the treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Reprod Med 1986; 31 (9): 801–3.
133. Sobel J, Wiesenfeld H, Martens M et al. Maintenance fluconazole therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. New Engl J Med 2004; 351 (9): 876–83.
134. Reef SE, Levine WC, McNeil MM et al. Treatment options for vulvovaginal candidiasis, 1993. [Review] [97 refs]. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20 (Suppl. 1): S80–S90.
135. Sobel JD. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. A prospective study of the efficacy of maintenance ketoconazole therapy. New Engl J Med 1986; 315 (23): 1455–8.
136. Sobel JD. Treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis with maintenance fluconazole. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1992; 37: 17–34.
137. Neves NA. Successful treatment of refractory recurrent vaginal candidiasis with cetirizine plus fluconazole. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2005; 9 (3): 167–70.
138. Das S, Huegnsberg M, Shahmanesh M. Treatment failure of vaginal trichomoniais in clinical practice. Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16: 284–6.
139. Crowell AL, Sanders-Lewis KA, Secor WE. In Vitro Metronidazole and Tinidazole Activities against Metronidazole-Resistant Strains of Trichomonas vaginalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 1407–9.
140. Sobel JD, Nyirjesy P, Brown W. Tinidazole Therapy for Metronidazole-Resistant Vaginal Trichomoniasis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1341–6.
141. Mannen-Tobin A, Wilson JD. Management of metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis – a new approach. Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16: 488–90.

Авторы: Jackie Sherrard1, Gilbert Donders2, David White3
Главный редактор: Jorgen Skov Jensen4

1. Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK;
2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Regional Hospital H Hart Tienen, University Hospital Gasthuisberg Leuven, and University Hospital Citadelle Liege, Belgium;
3. The Department of Sexual Medicine, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital Heart of England NHS Teaching Trust, Birmingham, UK;
4. STI Research and Development, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark