Обострение хронической обструктивной болезни легких: выбор эмпирической антибиотикотерапии

1. Козлов Р.С., Сивая О.В., Кречикова О.И., Иванчик Н.В. Динамика резистентности Streptococcus pneumoniae к антибиотикам в России за период 1999–2009 гг. Клин. микробиология и антимикроб. химиотерапия. 2010; 12 (4): 329–41. / Kozlov R.S., Sivaia O.V., Krechikova O.I., Ivanchik N.V. Dinamika rezistentnosti Streptococcus pneumoniae k antibiotikam v Rossii za period 1999–2009 gg. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2010; 12 (4): 329–41. [in Russian]
2. Чучалин А.Г., Синопальников А.И., Козлов Р.С. и др. Внебольничная пневмония у взрослых: профилактические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике (Пособие для врачей). Клин. микробиология и антимикроб. химиотерапия. 2010; 12 (3): 186–225. / Chuchalin A.G., Sinopal'nikov A.I., Kozlov R.S. i dr. Vnebol'nichnaia pnevmoniia u vzroslykh: profilakticheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike, lecheniiu i profilaktike (Posobie dlia vrachei). Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2010; 12 (3): 186–225. [in Russian]
3. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Task Force. Standards for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with COPD [Internet]. Version 1.2 http://www.thoracic.org/go/copd (Accessed on October 20, 2011)
4. Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 196.
5. Balter MS, La Forge J, Low DE et al. Canadian guidelines for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Can Respir J 2003; 10 (Suppl. B): 3B.
6. Bartlett JG. Diagnostic accuracy of transtracheal aspiration bacteriologic studies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115: 777.
7. Beaty CD, Grayston JT, Wang SP et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR, infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 1408.
8. BioFire Diagnostics. Film Array Respiratory Panel. http://www.biofiredx.com/pdfs/Film­Array/InfoSheet,%20FilmArray%20Respiratory%20Panel-0229.pdf
9. Blasi F, Legnani D, Lombardo VM et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 19.
10. Caliendo AM. Multiplex PCR and emerging technologies for the detection of respiratory pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52 (Suppl. 4): S326.
11. Chin CL, Manzel LJ, Lehman EE et al. Haemophilusinfluenzae from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation induce more inflammation than colonizers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 85.
12. Connors AF, Jr Dawson NV, Thomas C et al Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease: the SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments) [erratum published in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 386]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 959–67.
13. Daniels JM, Snijders D, De Graaff CS et al. Antibiotics in addition to systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181: 150.
14. Ewig S, Soler N, Gonzalez J et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial treatment in mechanically ventilated patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Crit Care Med 2000; 28 (3): 692–7.
15. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Trouillet JL et al. Characterization of distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Use of the protected specimen brush technique in 54 mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1004.
16. Falagas ME, Avgeri SG, Matthaiou DK et al. Short- versus long-duration antimicrobial treatment for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62: 442.
17. Falsey AR, Hennessey PA, Formica MA et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1749.
18. Garcia-Vidal CP, Almagro V, Romani M et al. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in Patients Hospitalised for COPD Exacerbation: A Prospective Study. Eur Respir J 2009; 34 (5): 1072–8.
19. Gaydos CA. What is the role of newer molecular tests in the management of CAP? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 27: 49.
20. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2015. http://www.goldcopd.org
21. Greenberg SB, Allen M, Wilson J, Atmar RL. Respiratory viral infections in adults with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 167.
22. Groenewegen KH, Schols AMWJ, Wouters EFM. Mortality and Mortality-Related Factors after Hospitalization for Acute Exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2003; 124 (2): 459–67.
23. Gump DW, Phillips CA, Forsyth BR et al. Role of infection in chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 113: 465.
24. Hamelin ME, Côté S, Laforge J et al. Human metapneumovirus infection in adults with community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 498.
25. Lieberman D, Shimoni A, Shemer-Avni Y et al. Respiratory viruses in adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2010; 138: 811.
26. Llor C, Moragas A, Hernández S et al. Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186: 716.
27. Mallia P, Johnston SL. How viral infections cause exacerbation of airway diseases. Chest 2006; 130:1203.
28. McNamara MJ, Phillips IA, Williams OB. Viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of chronic lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 100: 19.
29. Miravitlles M, Murio C, Guerrero T. Factors associated with relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. DAFNE Study Group. Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 928.
30. Monsó E, Ruiz J, Rosell A et al. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A study of stable and exacerbated outpatients using the protected specimen brush. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 1316.
31. Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Eschberger K et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 853.
32. Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Sethi S et al. Haemophilus haemolyticus: a human respiratory tract commensal to be distinguished from Haemophilus influenzae. J Infect Dis 2007; 195: 81.
33. Murphy TF, Parameswaran GI. Moraxella catarrhalis, a human respiratory tract pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 124.
34. Murphy TF. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2009; 15: 138.
35. Nouira S, Marghli S, Besbes L et al. Standard versus newer antibacterial agents in the treatment of severe acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus ciprofloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51: 143.
36. Nseir S, Cavestri B, Di Pompeo C et al. Factors predicting bacterial involvement in severe acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2008; 76: 253.
37. Papadopoulos NG, Bates PJ, Bardin PG et al. Rhinoviruses infect the lower airways.  J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 1875.
38. Papi A, Bellettato CM, Braccioni F et al. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173: 1114.
39. Petty TL. Definitions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med 1990; 11: 363.
40. Poritz MA, Blaschke AJ, Byington CL et al. Film Array, an automated nested multiplex PCR system for multi-pathogen detection: development and application to respiratory tract infection. PLoS One 2011; 6: e26047.
41. Roede BM, Bresser P, Prins JM et al. Reduced risk of next exacerbation and mortality associated with antibiotic use in COPD. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 282.
42. Rohde G, Wiethege A, Borg I et al. Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation: a case-control study. Thorax 2003; 58: 37.
43. Rosell A, Monsó E, Soler N et al. Microbiologic determinants of exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 891.
44. Rothberg MB, Pekow PS, Lahti M et al. Antibiotic therapy and treatment failure in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA 2010; 303: 2035.
45. Sapey E, Stockley RA. COPD exacerbations.2: aetiology. Thorax 2006; 61: 250.
46. Schuetz P, Müller B, Christ-Crain M et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 9: CD007498.
47. Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1618.
48. Sethi S, Murphy TF. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: new developments concerning microbiology and pathophysiology – impact on approaches to risk stratification and therapy. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2004; 18: 861.
49. Sethi S, Murphy TF. Infection in the pathogenesis and course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2355.
50. Sethi S, Sethi R, Eschberger K et al. Airway bacterial concentrations and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 356.
51. Sethi S. Molecular diagnosis of respiratory tract infection in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52 (Suppl. 4): S290.
52. Siddiqi A, Sanjay S. Optimizing Antibiotic Selection in Treating COPD Exacerbations. Int J Chronic Obstruct Pulm Dis 2008; 3 (1): 31.
53. Siempos II, Dimopoulos G, Korbila IP et al. Macrolides, quinolones and amoxicillin/clavulanate for chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 1127.
54. Siripataravanit S, Phaicharoen R, Termsetcharoen S, Klangprapun N. Bacteria associated with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring mechanical ventilation and antimicrobial management in Respiratory Care Unit of Central Chest Institute of Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 2012; 95 (Suppl. 8): S11–8.
55. Smith CB, Golden CA, Kanner RE, Jr Renzetti AD. Association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute respiratory illness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121: 225.
56. Soler N, Esperatti M, Ewig S et al. Sputum purulence-guided antibiotic use in hospitalised patients with exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 1344.
57. Stefan MS, Rothberg MB, Shieh MS et al. Association between antibiotic treatment and outcomes in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD treated with systemic steroids. Chest 2013; 143: 82.
58. Stockley RA, O'Brien C, Pye A, Hill SL. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2000; 117: 1638.
59. Stoller JK. Clinical practice. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 988.
60. Tan WC, Xiang X, Qiu D et al. Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in patients hospitalized with near-fatal asthma, acute exacerbations of asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 2003; 115: 272.
61. Vollenweider DJ, Jarrett H, Steurer-Stey CA et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 12: CD010257.
62. Wilkinson TM, Hurst JR, Perera WR et al. Effect of interactions between lower airway bacterial and rhinoviral infection in exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2006; 129: 317.
63. Wilson R, Anzueto A, Miravitlles M, et al. Moxifloxacin versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in outpatient acute exacerbations of COPD: MAESTRAL results. Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 17.

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1. Kozlov R.S., Sivaia O.V., Krechikova O.I., Ivanchik N.V. Dinamika rezistentnosti Streptococcus pneumoniae k antibiotikam v Rossii za period 1999–2009 gg. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2010; 12 (4): 329–41. [in Russian]
2. Chuchalin A.G., Sinopal'nikov A.I., Kozlov R.S. i dr. Vnebol'nichnaia pnevmoniia u vzroslykh: profilakticheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike, lecheniiu i profilaktike (Posobie dlia vrachei). Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2010; 12 (3): 186–225. [in Russian]
3. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Task Force. Standards for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with COPD [Internet]. Version 1.2 http://www.thoracic.org/go/copd (Accessed on October 20, 2011)
4. Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 196.
5. Balter MS, La Forge J, Low DE et al. Canadian guidelines for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Can Respir J 2003; 10 (Suppl. B): 3B.
6. Bartlett JG. Diagnostic accuracy of transtracheal aspiration bacteriologic studies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115: 777.
7. Beaty CD, Grayston JT, Wang SP et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR, infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 1408.
8. BioFire Diagnostics. Film Array Respiratory Panel. http://www.biofiredx.com/pdfs/Film­Array/InfoSheet,%20FilmArray%20Respiratory%20Panel-0229.pdf
9. Blasi F, Legnani D, Lombardo VM et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 19.
10. Caliendo AM. Multiplex PCR and emerging technologies for the detection of respiratory pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52 (Suppl. 4): S326.
11. Chin CL, Manzel LJ, Lehman EE et al. Haemophilusinfluenzae from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation induce more inflammation than colonizers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 85.
12. Connors AF, Jr Dawson NV, Thomas C et al Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease: the SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments) [erratum published in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 386]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 959–67.
13. Daniels JM, Snijders D, De Graaff CS et al. Antibiotics in addition to systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181: 150.
14. Ewig S, Soler N, Gonzalez J et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial treatment in mechanically ventilated patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Crit Care Med 2000; 28 (3): 692–7.
15. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Trouillet JL et al. Characterization of distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Use of the protected specimen brush technique in 54 mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1004.
16. Falagas ME, Avgeri SG, Matthaiou DK et al. Short- versus long-duration antimicrobial treatment for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62: 442.
17. Falsey AR, Hennessey PA, Formica MA et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1749.
18. Garcia-Vidal CP, Almagro V, Romani M et al. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in Patients Hospitalised for COPD Exacerbation: A Prospective Study. Eur Respir J 2009; 34 (5): 1072–8.
19. Gaydos CA. What is the role of newer molecular tests in the management of CAP? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 27: 49.
20. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2015. http://www.goldcopd.org
21. Greenberg SB, Allen M, Wilson J, Atmar RL. Respiratory viral infections in adults with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 167.
22. Groenewegen KH, Schols AMWJ, Wouters EFM. Mortality and Mortality-Related Factors after Hospitalization for Acute Exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2003; 124 (2): 459–67.
23. Gump DW, Phillips CA, Forsyth BR et al. Role of infection in chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 113: 465.
24. Hamelin ME, Côté S, Laforge J et al. Human metapneumovirus infection in adults with community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 498.
25. Lieberman D, Shimoni A, Shemer-Avni Y et al. Respiratory viruses in adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2010; 138: 811.
26. Llor C, Moragas A, Hernández S et al. Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186: 716.
27. Mallia P, Johnston SL. How viral infections cause exacerbation of airway diseases. Chest 2006; 130:1203.
28. McNamara MJ, Phillips IA, Williams OB. Viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of chronic lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 100: 19.
29. Miravitlles M, Murio C, Guerrero T. Factors associated with relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. DAFNE Study Group. Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 928.
30. Monsó E, Ruiz J, Rosell A et al. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A study of stable and exacerbated outpatients using the protected specimen brush. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 1316.
31. Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Eschberger K et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 853.
32. Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Sethi S et al. Haemophilus haemolyticus: a human respiratory tract commensal to be distinguished from Haemophilus influenzae. J Infect Dis 2007; 195: 81.
33. Murphy TF, Parameswaran GI. Moraxella catarrhalis, a human respiratory tract pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 124.
34. Murphy TF. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2009; 15: 138.
35. Nouira S, Marghli S, Besbes L et al. Standard versus newer antibacterial agents in the treatment of severe acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus ciprofloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51: 143.
36. Nseir S, Cavestri B, Di Pompeo C et al. Factors predicting bacterial involvement in severe acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2008; 76: 253.
37. Papadopoulos NG, Bates PJ, Bardin PG et al. Rhinoviruses infect the lower airways.  J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 1875.
38. Papi A, Bellettato CM, Braccioni F et al. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173: 1114.
39. Petty TL. Definitions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med 1990; 11: 363.
40. Poritz MA, Blaschke AJ, Byington CL et al. Film Array, an automated nested multiplex PCR system for multi-pathogen detection: development and application to respiratory tract infection. PLoS One 2011; 6: e26047.
41. Roede BM, Bresser P, Prins JM et al. Reduced risk of next exacerbation and mortality associated with antibiotic use in COPD. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 282.
42. Rohde G, Wiethege A, Borg I et al. Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation: a case-control study. Thorax 2003; 58: 37.
43. Rosell A, Monsó E, Soler N et al. Microbiologic determinants of exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 891.
44. Rothberg MB, Pekow PS, Lahti M et al. Antibiotic therapy and treatment failure in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA 2010; 303: 2035.
45. Sapey E, Stockley RA. COPD exacerbations.2: aetiology. Thorax 2006; 61: 250.
46. Schuetz P, Müller B, Christ-Crain M et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 9: CD007498.
47. Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1618.
48. Sethi S, Murphy TF. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: new developments concerning microbiology and pathophysiology – impact on approaches to risk stratification and therapy. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2004; 18: 861.
49. Sethi S, Murphy TF. Infection in the pathogenesis and course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2355.
50. Sethi S, Sethi R, Eschberger K et al. Airway bacterial concentrations and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 356.
51. Sethi S. Molecular diagnosis of respiratory tract infection in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52 (Suppl. 4): S290.
52. Siddiqi A, Sanjay S. Optimizing Antibiotic Selection in Treating COPD Exacerbations. Int J Chronic Obstruct Pulm Dis 2008; 3 (1): 31.
53. Siempos II, Dimopoulos G, Korbila IP et al. Macrolides, quinolones and amoxicillin/clavulanate for chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 1127.
54. Siripataravanit S, Phaicharoen R, Termsetcharoen S, Klangprapun N. Bacteria associated with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring mechanical ventilation and antimicrobial management in Respiratory Care Unit of Central Chest Institute of Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 2012; 95 (Suppl. 8): S11–8.
55. Smith CB, Golden CA, Kanner RE, Jr Renzetti AD. Association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute respiratory illness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121: 225.
56. Soler N, Esperatti M, Ewig S et al. Sputum purulence-guided antibiotic use in hospitalised patients with exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 1344.
57. Stefan MS, Rothberg MB, Shieh MS et al. Association between antibiotic treatment and outcomes in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD treated with systemic steroids. Chest 2013; 143: 82.
58. Stockley RA, O'Brien C, Pye A, Hill SL. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2000; 117: 1638.
59. Stoller JK. Clinical practice. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 988.
60. Tan WC, Xiang X, Qiu D et al. Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in patients hospitalized with near-fatal asthma, acute exacerbations of asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 2003; 115: 272.
61. Vollenweider DJ, Jarrett H, Steurer-Stey CA et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 12: CD010257.
62. Wilkinson TM, Hurst JR, Perera WR et al. Effect of interactions between lower airway bacterial and rhinoviral infection in exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2006; 129: 317.
63. Wilson R, Anzueto A, Miravitlles M, et al. Moxifloxacin versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in outpatient acute exacerbations of COPD: MAESTRAL results. Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 17.

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