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Вирусные, бактериальные респираторные инфекции, иммунитет и антибиотикотерапия: что общего? Взгляд и рекомендации клинического иммунолога и инфекциониста
Вирусные, бактериальные респираторные инфекции, иммунитет и антибиотикотерапия: что общего? Взгляд и рекомендации клинического иммунолога и инфекциониста
Викулов Г.Х. Вирусные, бактериальные респираторные инфекции, иммунитет и антибиотикотерапия: что общего? Взгляд и рекомендации клинического иммунолога и инфекциониста. Consilium Medicum. 2015; 17 (11): 35–41. DOI:10.26442/2075-1753_2015.11.35-41
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Аннотация
В статье обсуждается проблема респираторных инфекций. Даны описание важнейших аспектов и характеристики вирусных и бактериальных респираторных инфекций, ключевые данные по группам и факторам риска, резистентности микрофлоры к антибиотикам, иммунологическим аспектам и преимуществам применения амоксициллина-клавуланата.
Ключевые слова: ОРВИ, респираторные инфекции, вирусно-бактериальные ассоциации, вирусные инфекции и иммунитет, терапия антибиотиками и вирусные инфекции.
Ключевые слова: ОРВИ, респираторные инфекции, вирусно-бактериальные ассоциации, вирусные инфекции и иммунитет, терапия антибиотиками и вирусные инфекции.
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The paper reviews the current status of the problem of respiratory infections. It considers the main aspects and chatacteristics of viral and bacterial respiratory infections. Key data on their groups and risk factors, antibiotic microflora resistance, immunological aspects, benefits of amoxicillin-clavulanat are given in detail.
Key words: ARVIs, respiratory infections, viral and bacterial associations, viral infections and immunity, antibiotics, antibiotic therapy and viral infections.
Key words: ARVIs, respiratory infections, viral and bacterial associations, viral infections and immunity, antibiotics, antibiotic therapy and viral infections.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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19. Cuffini AM, Tullio V, Allocco A. The antibacterial activity of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid against Staphylococcus aureus ingested by human granulocytes. Microbios 1996; 87: 350: 31–8.
20. Cuffini AM, De Renzi G, Tullio V et al. Potentiation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis and intracellular bactericidal activity by amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. Drug Exp Clin Res 1996; 22 (1): 9–15.
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35. Heffelfinger JD, Dowell SF, Jorgensen JH et al. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (10): 1399–408.
36. Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RF et al. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31 (2): 383–421.
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42. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171 (4): 388–416.
2. Savenkova M.S. Mnogolikaia ostraia respiratornaia infektsiia: ot osnovnykh vozbuditelei k vyboru preparatov. Lechashchii vrach. 2011; 3: 58–64. [in Russian]
3. Samsygina G.A., Koval' G.S. Chasto boleiushchie deti. Problemy diagnostiki, patogeneza i terapii. Detskii vrach. 2008; 6: 5–10. [in Russian]
4. Zaitsev A. A., Sinopal'nikov A. I. Ratsional'naia farmakoterapiia ostrykh respiratornykh virusnykh infektsii. Consilium Medicum. 2010; 12 (10): 80–6. [in Russian]
5. Maikl Grippi. Patofiziologiia legkikh. Izd. 2-e. M.: Binom, 2005; s. 303. [in Russian]
6. Vavilova V.P., Perevoshchikova N.K. Obrazovatel'naia programma dlia pediatrov i vrachei obshchei praktiki «reabilitatsiia chasto boleiushchikh detei». M.: Mezhdunarodnyi fond okhrany zdorov'ia materi i rebenka, 2004; s. 24. [in Russian]
7. Baron EJ (ed.). Medical Microbiology: Fourth Edition, 1994. URL http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/toc.htm
8. Meditsinskaia mikrobiologiia. Uchebnik dlia vuzov. Pod red. O.K.Pozdeeva, V.I.Pokrovskogo. M.: GEOTAR-MED, 2001. [in Russian]
9. Riazantsev S.V., Khmel'nitskaia N.M., Tyrnova E.V. Rol' slizistoi obolochki v zashchite LOR-organov ot potentsial'no patogennykh dlia organizma antigennykh faktorov. Vestn. otolaringologii. 2001; 6: 7–15. [in Russian]
10. Byrd RC (ed.). The Human "Microbial World". 2001. URL http://www.wvu.edu/som/microguide.htm
11. Sethi S, Murphy TF. Bacterial Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in 2000: a State of the Art Review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14 (2): 336–63.
12. Iakovlev S.V. Vnebol'nichnye infektsii nizhnikh dykhatel'nykh putei: vybor optimal'nogo antibakterial'nogo preparata. Rus. med. zhurn. 2003; 11 (18): 12–4. [in Russian]
13. Kurai D. Frontiers Microbiol 2013; 10: 2–12.
14. Karpova E.P., Vagina E.E. Kompleksnyi podkhod v lechenii infektsii v detskoi otorinolaringologii. [in Russian]
15. Iakovlev S.V. Amoksitsillin/klavulanat – «zolotoi standart» lecheniia vnebol'nichnykh respiratornykh infektsii. Sprav. poliklin. vracha. 2006; 4 (10): 47–50. [in Russian]
16. Sychev I.N., Ketova G.G. Kliniko-ekonomicheskii analiz antibakterial'nykh preparatov, primeniaemykh v khirurgicheskoi praktike. Med. nauka i obrazovanie Urala. 2007; 8 (6): 115–8. [in Russian]
17. Гучев И.А., Мелехина Е.В. Ингибиторозащищенные аминопенициллины. Фармакологические особенности и роль при внебольничных инфекциях. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2009; 54 (7–8): 56–65. [in Russian]
18. Cuffini AM, Tullio V, Ianni Palarchio A et al. Enhanced effects of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid compared with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid alone on the susceptibility to immunodefenses of a penicillin-resistant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Drug Exp Clin Res 1998; 24: 4: 173–84.
19. Cuffini AM, Tullio V, Allocco A. The antibacterial activity of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid against Staphylococcus aureus ingested by human granulocytes. Microbios 1996; 87: 350: 31–8.
20. Cuffini AM, De Renzi G, Tullio V et al. Potentiation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis and intracellular bactericidal activity by amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. Drug Exp Clin Res 1996; 22 (1): 9–15.
21. Reato G, Cuffini AM, Tullio V et al. Immunomodulating effect of antimicrobial agents on cytokine production by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Intern J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 23 (2): 150–4.
22. Tarrago D, Aguilar L, Gimenez MJ et al. Effects of amoxicillin subinhibitory concentrations on the cross-protection developed by pneumococcal antibodies in mouse sepsis caused by an amoxicillin-resistant serotype 6B Streptococcus pneumoniae strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48 (11): 4144–7.
23. Lode H, Von der Hoh N, Ziege S. Ecological effects of linezolid versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid on the normal intestinal microflora. Scand J Infect Dis 2001; 33 (12): 899–903.
24. Samonis G, Gikas A, Toloudis P et al. Prospective study of the impact of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the yeast flora of the human gut. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13 (8): 665–7.
25. Dronov I.A. Neotlozhnye voprosy detskoi pul'monologii. Antibakterial'naia terapiia pri ostrykh zabolevaniiakh verkhnikh dykhatel'nykh putei u detei. 2012. [in Russian]
26. Sener B, Tunckanat F, Ulusoy S et al. A survey of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in Turkey, 2004–2005. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60 (3): 587–93.
27. Farrell DJ, Couturier C. European survey of antibacterial activity against H. influenzae from 2006–2007: focus on fluoroquinolones [P2067]. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14 (Suppl. 7).
28. Heilmann KP, Rice CL, Miller AL et al. Decreasing prevalence of beta-lactamase production among respiratory tract isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49 (6): 2561–4.
29. Zhanel GG, Palatnick L, Nichol KA et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis respiratory tract isolates: results of the Canadian respiratory organism susceptibility study, 1997 to 2002. Ibid 2003; 47 (6): 1875–81.
30. Филимонова О.Ю., Грудинина С.А., Сидоренко С.В. и др. Антибиотикорезистентность штаммов Haemophilus influenzae, выделенных в Москве в 2002–2004 гг. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2004; 49 (12): 14–20. [in Russian]
31. Kozlov R.S. i dr. Dinamika rezistentnosti Streptococcus pneumoniae k antibiotikam v Rossii za period 1999–2009 gg. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2010; 12 (4): 329–41. [in Russian]
32. Sivaia O.V. i soavt. Antibiotikorezistentnost' Haemophilus influenzae v Rossii: rezul'taty mnogotsentrovogo prospektivnogo issledovaniia PeGAS. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2014; 16 (1): 57–69. [in Russian]
33. Jacobs MR, Felmingham D, Appelbaum PC et al. The Alexander Project 1998–2000: susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community–acquired respiratory tract infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52 (2): 229–46.
34. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A et al. Infectious diseases society of america/american thoracic society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (Suppl. 2): S27–72.
35. Heffelfinger JD, Dowell SF, Jorgensen JH et al. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (10): 1399–408.
36. Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RF et al. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31 (2): 383–421.
37. Macfarlane J, Boswell TC, Douglas G et al. BTS Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – 2004 update. Available at: http: //www. britthoracic. org. uk/guidelines. 2004.
38. ERS Task Force Report. Guidelines for management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1998; 11 (4): 986–91.
39. Oosterheert JJ, Bonten MJ, Schneider MM, Hoepelman IM. Community acquired pneumonia: no reason to revise current Dutch antibiotic guidelines. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde 2003; 147 (9): 381–6.
40. Chuchalin A.G., Sinopal'nikov A.I., Strachunskii L.S. i dr. Vnebol'nichnaia pnevmoniia u vzroslykh: prakticheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike, lecheniiu i profilaktike. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2006; 8 (1): 54–86. [in Russian]
41. Matsushima T. [The Japanese Respiratory Society Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – its spreading and results]. Nippon Rinsho 2007; 65: (Suppl. 2, Pt. 1): 279–83.
42. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171 (4): 388–416.
2. Савенкова М.С. Многоликая острая респираторная инфекция: от основных возбудителей к выбору препаратов. Лечащий врач. 2011; 3: 58–64. / Savenkova M.S. Mnogolikaia ostraia respiratornaia infektsiia: ot osnovnykh vozbuditelei k vyboru preparatov. Lechashchii vrach. 2011; 3: 58–64. [in Russian]
3. Самсыгина Г.А., Коваль Г.С. Часто болеющие дети. Проблемы диагностики, патогенеза и терапии. Детский врач. 2008; 6: 5–10. / Samsygina G.A., Koval' G.S. Chasto boleiushchie deti. Problemy diagnostiki, patogeneza i terapii. Detskii vrach. 2008; 6: 5–10. [in Russian]
4. Зайцев А. А., Синопальников А. И. Рациональная фармакотерапия острых респираторных вирусных инфекций. Consilium Medicum. 2010; 12 (10): 80–6. / Zaitsev A. A., Sinopal'nikov A. I. Ratsional'naia farmakoterapiia ostrykh respiratornykh virusnykh infektsii. Consilium Medicum. 2010; 12 (10): 80–6. [in Russian]
5. Майкл Гриппи. Патофизиология легких. Изд. 2-е. М.: Бином, 2005; с. 303. / Maikl Grippi. Patofiziologiia legkikh. Izd. 2-e. M.: Binom, 2005; s. 303. [in Russian]
6. Вавилова В.П., Перевощикова Н.К. Образовательная программа для педиатров и врачей общей практики «реабилитация часто болеющих детей». М.: Международный фонд охраны здоровья матери и ребенка, 2004; с. 24. / Vavilova V.P., Perevoshchikova N.K. Obrazovatel'naia programma dlia pediatrov i vrachei obshchei praktiki «reabilitatsiia chasto boleiushchikh detei». M.: Mezhdunarodnyi fond okhrany zdorov'ia materi i rebenka, 2004; s. 24. [in Russian]
7. Baron EJ (ed.). Medical Microbiology: Fourth Edition, 1994. URL http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/toc.htm
8. Медицинская микробиология. Учебник для вузов. Под ред. О.К.Поздеева, В.И.Покровского. М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД, 2001. / Meditsinskaia mikrobiologiia. Uchebnik dlia vuzov. Pod red. O.K.Pozdeeva, V.I.Pokrovskogo. M.: GEOTAR-MED, 2001. [in Russian]
9. Рязанцев С.В., Хмельницкая Н.М., Тырнова Е.В. Роль слизистой оболочки в защите ЛОР-органов от потенциально патогенных для организма антигенных факторов. Вестн. отоларингологии. 2001; 6: 7–15. / Riazantsev S.V., Khmel'nitskaia N.M., Tyrnova E.V. Rol' slizistoi obolochki v zashchite LOR-organov ot potentsial'no patogennykh dlia organizma antigennykh faktorov. Vestn. otolaringologii. 2001; 6: 7–15. [in Russian]
10. Byrd RC (ed.). The Human "Microbial World". 2001. URL http://www.wvu.edu/som/microguide.htm
11. Sethi S, Murphy TF. Bacterial Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in 2000: a State of the Art Review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14 (2): 336–63.
12. Яковлев С.В. Внебольничные инфекции нижних дыхательных путей: выбор оптимального антибактериального препарата. Рус. мед. журн. 2003; 11 (18): 12–4. /
Iakovlev S.V. Vnebol'nichnye infektsii nizhnikh dykhatel'nykh putei: vybor optimal'nogo antibakterial'nogo preparata. Rus. med. zhurn. 2003; 11 (18): 12–4. [in Russian]
13. Kurai D. Frontiers Microbiol 2013; 10: 2–12.
14. Карпова Е.П., Вагина Е.Е. Комплексный подход в лечении инфекций в детской оториноларингологии. Consilium Medicum. Педиатрия (Прил.). 2012; 1. / Karpova E.P., Vagina E.E. Kompleksnyi podkhod v lechenii infektsii v detskoi otorinolaringologii. [in Russian]
15. Яковлев С.В. Амоксициллин/клавуланат – «золотой стандарт» лечения внебольничных респираторных инфекций. Справ. поликлин. врача. 2006; 4 (10): 47–50. / Iakovlev S.V. Amoksitsillin/klavulanat – «zolotoi standart» lecheniia vnebol'nichnykh respiratornykh infektsii. Sprav. poliklin. vracha. 2006; 4 (10): 47–50. [in Russian]
16. Сычев И.Н., Кетова Г.Г. Клинико-экономический анализ антибактериальных препаратов, применяемых в хирургической практике. Мед. наука и образование Урала. 2007; 8 (6): 115–8. / Sychev I.N., Ketova G.G. Kliniko-ekonomicheskii analiz antibakterial'nykh preparatov, primeniaemykh v khirurgicheskoi praktike. Med. nauka i obrazovanie Urala. 2007; 8 (6): 115–8. [in Russian]
17. Гучев И.А., Мелехина Е.В. Ингибиторозащищенные аминопенициллины. Фармакологические особенности и роль при внебольничных инфекциях. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2009; 54 (7–8): 56–65. [in Russian]
18. Cuffini AM, Tullio V, Ianni Palarchio A et al. Enhanced effects of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid compared with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid alone on the susceptibility to immunodefenses of a penicillin-resistant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Drug Exp Clin Res 1998; 24: 4: 173–84.
19. Cuffini AM, Tullio V, Allocco A. The antibacterial activity of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid against Staphylococcus aureus ingested by human granulocytes. Microbios 1996; 87: 350: 31–8.
20. Cuffini AM, De Renzi G, Tullio V et al. Potentiation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis and intracellular bactericidal activity by amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. Drug Exp Clin Res 1996; 22 (1): 9–15.
21. Reato G, Cuffini AM, Tullio V et al. Immunomodulating effect of antimicrobial agents on cytokine production by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Intern J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 23 (2): 150–4.
22. Tarrago D, Aguilar L, Gimenez MJ et al. Effects of amoxicillin subinhibitory concentrations on the cross-protection developed by pneumococcal antibodies in mouse sepsis caused by an amoxicillin-resistant serotype 6B Streptococcus pneumoniae strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48 (11): 4144–7.
23. Lode H, Von der Hoh N, Ziege S. Ecological effects of linezolid versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid on the normal intestinal microflora. Scand J Infect Dis 2001; 33 (12): 899–903.
24. Samonis G, Gikas A, Toloudis P et al. Prospective study of the impact of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the yeast flora of the human gut. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13 (8): 665–7.
25. Дронов И.А. Неотложные вопросы детской пульмонологии. Антибактериальная терапия при острых заболеваниях верхних дыхательных путей у детей. 2012. / Dronov I.A. Neotlozhnye voprosy detskoi pul'monologii. Antibakterial'naia terapiia pri ostrykh zabolevaniiakh verkhnikh dykhatel'nykh putei u detei. 2012. [in Russian]
26. Sener B, Tunckanat F, Ulusoy S et al. A survey of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in Turkey, 2004–2005. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60 (3): 587–93.
27. Farrell DJ, Couturier C. European survey of antibacterial activity against H. influenzae from 2006–2007: focus on fluoroquinolones [P2067]. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14 (Suppl. 7).
28. Heilmann KP, Rice CL, Miller AL et al. Decreasing prevalence of beta-lactamase production among respiratory tract isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49 (6): 2561–4.
29. Zhanel GG, Palatnick L, Nichol KA et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis respiratory tract isolates: results of the Canadian respiratory organism susceptibility study, 1997 to 2002. Ibid 2003; 47 (6): 1875–81.
30. Филимонова О.Ю., Грудинина С.А., Сидоренко С.В. и др. Антибиотикорезистентность штаммов Haemophilus influenzae, выделенных в Москве в 2002–2004 гг. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2004; 49 (12): 14–20. / Филимонова О.Ю., Грудинина С.А., Сидоренко С.В. и др. Антибиотикорезистентность штаммов Haemophilus influenzae, выделенных в Москве в 2002–2004 гг. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2004; 49 (12): 14–20. [in Russian]
31. Козлов Р.С. и др. Динамика резистентности Streptococcus pneumoniae к антибиотикам в России за период 1999–2009 гг. Клин. микробиология и антимикроб. химиотерапия. 2010; 12 (4): 329–41. / Kozlov R.S. i dr. Dinamika rezistentnosti Streptococcus pneumoniae k antibiotikam v Rossii za period 1999–2009 gg. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2010; 12 (4): 329–41. [in Russian]
32. Сивая О.В. и соавт. Антибиотикорезистентность Haemophilus influenzae в России: результаты многоцентрового проспективного исследования ПеГАС. Клин. микробиология и антимикроб. химиотерапия. 2014; 16 (1): 57–69. / Sivaia O.V. i soavt. Antibiotikorezistentnost' Haemophilus influenzae v Rossii: rezul'taty mnogotsentrovogo prospektivnogo issledovaniia PeGAS. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2014; 16 (1): 57–69. [in Russian]
33. Jacobs MR, Felmingham D, Appelbaum PC et al. The Alexander Project 1998–2000: susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community–acquired respiratory tract infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52 (2): 229–46.
34. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A et al. Infectious diseases society of america/american thoracic society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (Suppl. 2): S27–72.
35. Heffelfinger JD, Dowell SF, Jorgensen JH et al. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (10): 1399–408.
36. Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RF et al. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31 (2): 383–421.
37. Macfarlane J, Boswell TC, Douglas G et al. BTS Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – 2004 update. Available at: http: //www. britthoracic. org. uk/guidelines. 2004.
38. ERS Task Force Report. Guidelines for management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1998; 11 (4): 986–91.
39. Oosterheert JJ, Bonten MJ, Schneider MM, Hoepelman IM. Community acquired pneumonia: no reason to revise current Dutch antibiotic guidelines. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde 2003; 147 (9): 381–6.
40. Чучалин А.Г., Синопальников А.И., Страчунский Л.С. и др. Внебольничная пневмония у взрослых: практические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике. Клин. микробиология и антимикроб. химиотерапия. 2006; 8 (1): 54–86. / Chuchalin A.G., Sinopal'nikov A.I., Strachunskii L.S. i dr. Vnebol'nichnaia pnevmoniia u vzroslykh: prakticheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike, lecheniiu i profilaktike. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2006; 8 (1): 54–86. [in Russian]
41. Matsushima T. [The Japanese Respiratory Society Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – its spreading and results]. Nippon Rinsho 2007; 65: (Suppl. 2, Pt. 1): 279–83.
42. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171 (4): 388–416.
________________________________________________
2. Savenkova M.S. Mnogolikaia ostraia respiratornaia infektsiia: ot osnovnykh vozbuditelei k vyboru preparatov. Lechashchii vrach. 2011; 3: 58–64. [in Russian]
3. Samsygina G.A., Koval' G.S. Chasto boleiushchie deti. Problemy diagnostiki, patogeneza i terapii. Detskii vrach. 2008; 6: 5–10. [in Russian]
4. Zaitsev A. A., Sinopal'nikov A. I. Ratsional'naia farmakoterapiia ostrykh respiratornykh virusnykh infektsii. Consilium Medicum. 2010; 12 (10): 80–6. [in Russian]
5. Maikl Grippi. Patofiziologiia legkikh. Izd. 2-e. M.: Binom, 2005; s. 303. [in Russian]
6. Vavilova V.P., Perevoshchikova N.K. Obrazovatel'naia programma dlia pediatrov i vrachei obshchei praktiki «reabilitatsiia chasto boleiushchikh detei». M.: Mezhdunarodnyi fond okhrany zdorov'ia materi i rebenka, 2004; s. 24. [in Russian]
7. Baron EJ (ed.). Medical Microbiology: Fourth Edition, 1994. URL http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/toc.htm
8. Meditsinskaia mikrobiologiia. Uchebnik dlia vuzov. Pod red. O.K.Pozdeeva, V.I.Pokrovskogo. M.: GEOTAR-MED, 2001. [in Russian]
9. Riazantsev S.V., Khmel'nitskaia N.M., Tyrnova E.V. Rol' slizistoi obolochki v zashchite LOR-organov ot potentsial'no patogennykh dlia organizma antigennykh faktorov. Vestn. otolaringologii. 2001; 6: 7–15. [in Russian]
10. Byrd RC (ed.). The Human "Microbial World". 2001. URL http://www.wvu.edu/som/microguide.htm
11. Sethi S, Murphy TF. Bacterial Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in 2000: a State of the Art Review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14 (2): 336–63.
12. Iakovlev S.V. Vnebol'nichnye infektsii nizhnikh dykhatel'nykh putei: vybor optimal'nogo antibakterial'nogo preparata. Rus. med. zhurn. 2003; 11 (18): 12–4. [in Russian]
13. Kurai D. Frontiers Microbiol 2013; 10: 2–12.
14. Karpova E.P., Vagina E.E. Kompleksnyi podkhod v lechenii infektsii v detskoi otorinolaringologii. [in Russian]
15. Iakovlev S.V. Amoksitsillin/klavulanat – «zolotoi standart» lecheniia vnebol'nichnykh respiratornykh infektsii. Sprav. poliklin. vracha. 2006; 4 (10): 47–50. [in Russian]
16. Sychev I.N., Ketova G.G. Kliniko-ekonomicheskii analiz antibakterial'nykh preparatov, primeniaemykh v khirurgicheskoi praktike. Med. nauka i obrazovanie Urala. 2007; 8 (6): 115–8. [in Russian]
17. Гучев И.А., Мелехина Е.В. Ингибиторозащищенные аминопенициллины. Фармакологические особенности и роль при внебольничных инфекциях. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2009; 54 (7–8): 56–65. [in Russian]
18. Cuffini AM, Tullio V, Ianni Palarchio A et al. Enhanced effects of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid compared with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid alone on the susceptibility to immunodefenses of a penicillin-resistant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Drug Exp Clin Res 1998; 24: 4: 173–84.
19. Cuffini AM, Tullio V, Allocco A. The antibacterial activity of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid against Staphylococcus aureus ingested by human granulocytes. Microbios 1996; 87: 350: 31–8.
20. Cuffini AM, De Renzi G, Tullio V et al. Potentiation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis and intracellular bactericidal activity by amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. Drug Exp Clin Res 1996; 22 (1): 9–15.
21. Reato G, Cuffini AM, Tullio V et al. Immunomodulating effect of antimicrobial agents on cytokine production by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Intern J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 23 (2): 150–4.
22. Tarrago D, Aguilar L, Gimenez MJ et al. Effects of amoxicillin subinhibitory concentrations on the cross-protection developed by pneumococcal antibodies in mouse sepsis caused by an amoxicillin-resistant serotype 6B Streptococcus pneumoniae strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48 (11): 4144–7.
23. Lode H, Von der Hoh N, Ziege S. Ecological effects of linezolid versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid on the normal intestinal microflora. Scand J Infect Dis 2001; 33 (12): 899–903.
24. Samonis G, Gikas A, Toloudis P et al. Prospective study of the impact of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the yeast flora of the human gut. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13 (8): 665–7.
25. Dronov I.A. Neotlozhnye voprosy detskoi pul'monologii. Antibakterial'naia terapiia pri ostrykh zabolevaniiakh verkhnikh dykhatel'nykh putei u detei. 2012. [in Russian]
26. Sener B, Tunckanat F, Ulusoy S et al. A survey of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in Turkey, 2004–2005. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60 (3): 587–93.
27. Farrell DJ, Couturier C. European survey of antibacterial activity against H. influenzae from 2006–2007: focus on fluoroquinolones [P2067]. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14 (Suppl. 7).
28. Heilmann KP, Rice CL, Miller AL et al. Decreasing prevalence of beta-lactamase production among respiratory tract isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49 (6): 2561–4.
29. Zhanel GG, Palatnick L, Nichol KA et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis respiratory tract isolates: results of the Canadian respiratory organism susceptibility study, 1997 to 2002. Ibid 2003; 47 (6): 1875–81.
30. Филимонова О.Ю., Грудинина С.А., Сидоренко С.В. и др. Антибиотикорезистентность штаммов Haemophilus influenzae, выделенных в Москве в 2002–2004 гг. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2004; 49 (12): 14–20. [in Russian]
31. Kozlov R.S. i dr. Dinamika rezistentnosti Streptococcus pneumoniae k antibiotikam v Rossii za period 1999–2009 gg. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2010; 12 (4): 329–41. [in Russian]
32. Sivaia O.V. i soavt. Antibiotikorezistentnost' Haemophilus influenzae v Rossii: rezul'taty mnogotsentrovogo prospektivnogo issledovaniia PeGAS. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2014; 16 (1): 57–69. [in Russian]
33. Jacobs MR, Felmingham D, Appelbaum PC et al. The Alexander Project 1998–2000: susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community–acquired respiratory tract infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52 (2): 229–46.
34. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A et al. Infectious diseases society of america/american thoracic society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (Suppl. 2): S27–72.
35. Heffelfinger JD, Dowell SF, Jorgensen JH et al. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (10): 1399–408.
36. Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RF et al. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31 (2): 383–421.
37. Macfarlane J, Boswell TC, Douglas G et al. BTS Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – 2004 update. Available at: http: //www. britthoracic. org. uk/guidelines. 2004.
38. ERS Task Force Report. Guidelines for management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1998; 11 (4): 986–91.
39. Oosterheert JJ, Bonten MJ, Schneider MM, Hoepelman IM. Community acquired pneumonia: no reason to revise current Dutch antibiotic guidelines. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde 2003; 147 (9): 381–6.
40. Chuchalin A.G., Sinopal'nikov A.I., Strachunskii L.S. i dr. Vnebol'nichnaia pnevmoniia u vzroslykh: prakticheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike, lecheniiu i profilaktike. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2006; 8 (1): 54–86. [in Russian]
41. Matsushima T. [The Japanese Respiratory Society Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – its spreading and results]. Nippon Rinsho 2007; 65: (Suppl. 2, Pt. 1): 279–83.
42. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171 (4): 388–416.
Авторы
Г.Х.Викулов
НИЦ по профилактике и лечению вирусных инфекций;
ФГУ НИИ вирусологии им. Д.И.Ивановского Минздрава России. 123098, Россия, Москва, ул. Гамалеи, д. 16;
ФГБУ ФНИЦ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. акад. Н.Ф.Гамалеи Минздрава России. 123098, Россия, Москва, ул. Гамалеи, д. 18
gchvstar@gmail.com
НИЦ по профилактике и лечению вирусных инфекций;
ФГУ НИИ вирусологии им. Д.И.Ивановского Минздрава России. 123098, Россия, Москва, ул. Гамалеи, д. 16;
ФГБУ ФНИЦ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. акад. Н.Ф.Гамалеи Минздрава России. 123098, Россия, Москва, ул. Гамалеи, д. 18
gchvstar@gmail.com
________________________________________________
G.Kh.Vikulov
Scientific Information Center for Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections;
D.I.Ivanovskii Research Institute of Virology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 123098, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Gamalei, d. 16;
N.F.Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 123098, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Gamalei, d. 18
gchvstar@gmail.com
Scientific Information Center for Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections;
D.I.Ivanovskii Research Institute of Virology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 123098, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Gamalei, d. 16;
N.F.Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 123098, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Gamalei, d. 18
gchvstar@gmail.com
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.