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Внебольничная пневмония: основные вопросы тактики, диагностики и лечения
Внебольничная пневмония: основные вопросы тактики, диагностики и лечения
Куценко М.А. Внебольничная пневмония: основные вопросы тактики, диагностики и лечения. Consilum Medicum. 2015; 17 (11): 13–19. DOI:10.26442/2075-1753_2015.11.13-19
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Аннотация
В течение двух последних десятилетий предпринимаются значительные усилия по внедрению алгоритма ведения пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией, однако в последние несколько лет отмечается негативная тенденция заболеваемости и летальности от пневмонии. Цель настоящего обзора – привлечь внимание к ключевым вопросам тактики ведения внебольничной пневмонии, которые в значительной степени определяют успех лечения.
Ключевые слова: внебольничная пневмония, тактика, прогноз, антибактериальная терапия.
Ключевые слова: внебольничная пневмония, тактика, прогноз, антибактериальная терапия.
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There were a lot of efforts during the last two decades to implement guidelines for the management of adult community-acquired pneumonia, but there has been a negative trend of morbidity and mortality from pneumonia in the last few years. This review aims to draw attention to the key issues of tactics of community-acquired pneumonia, which largely determine the success of treatment.
Key words: community-acquired pneumonia, tactics, prognosis, antibiotic treatment.
Key words: community-acquired pneumonia, tactics, prognosis, antibiotic treatment.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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13. Charles PC, Wolfe R, Whitby M et al. SMART-COP: a tool for predicting the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 375–81.
14. Cilloniz C, Ewig S, Polverino E et al. Microbial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia and its relation to severity. Thorax 2011; 66: 340–6.
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18. Feldman R, Rhew D, Wong J et al. Azithromycin monotherapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: A 3 1/2-year experience from a veterans affairs hospital. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1718–26.
19. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 243–50.
20. Fiumefreddo R, Zaborsky R, Haeuptle J et al. Clinical predictors for Legionella in patients presenting with community acquired pneumonia to the emergency department. BMC Pulm Med 2009; 9: 4.
21. Helms CM, Viner JP, Sturm RH et al. Comparative features of pneumococcal, mycoplasmal, and Legionnaires’ disease pneumonias. Ann Intern Med 1979; 90: 543–7.
22. Houck PM, MacLehose RF, Niederman MS et al. Empiric antibiotic therapy and mortality among Medicare pneumonia inpatients in 10 Western States: 1993, 1995, and 1997. Chest 2001; 119: 1420–6.
23. Kuzman I, Dakovic-Rode O, Oremus M et al. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of a Short Regimen of Azithromycin Sequential Therapy vs Standard Cefuroxime Sequential Therapy in the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An International, Randomized, Open-Label Study. Chemotherapy 2005; 17 (6): 636–42.
24. Lentino J, Krasnicka B. Association between initial empirical therapy and decreased length of stay among veteran patients hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 19: 61–6.
25. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC et al: BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009; 64 (Suppl. 3): iii1–55.
26. Loddenkemper R, Gibson GJ, Sibille Y et al. European Lung White Book. The first comprehensive survey on respiratory health in Europe. 2003; p. 34–43.
27. Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RE et al. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: en evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 383–421.
28. American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163 (7): 1730–54.
29. Meehan TP, Fine MJ, Krumholz HM et al. Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia. JAMA 1997; 278: 2080–4.
30. Micek ST, Kollef KE, Reichley RM et al. Health care associated pneumonia and community acquired pneumonia: a single-center experience. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 3568–73.
31. Musher DM, Roig IL, Cazares G et al. Can an etiologic agent be identified in adults who are hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia: results of a one-year study. J Infect 2013; 67: 11-18.
32. Musher D, Thorner A. Community-Acquired Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1619–28.
33. Paladino JA, Gudgel LO, Forrest A et al. Cost-effectiveness of IV-to-oral switch therapy: Azithromycin vs cefuroxime with or without erythromycin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2002; 122 (4): 1271–9.
34. Pavia AT. What is the role of respiratory viruses in community-acquired pneumonia? What is the best therapy for influenza and other viral causes of community-acquired pneumonia? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 27: 157–75.
35. Querol-Ribelles JM, Tenias JM, Querol-Borras JM et al. Levofloxacin versus ceftriaxone plus clarithromycin in the treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 25 (1): 75–83.
36. Rozenbaum MH, Pechlivanoglou P, van der Werf TS et al. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32: 305–16.
37. Rubinstein E. Comparative safety of the different macrolides. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18 (Suppl. 1): S71–76.
38. Scalera NM, Jr File TM. Determining the duration of therapy for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013; 15: 191–5.
39. Sopena N, Pedro-Botet ML, Sabria M et al. Comparative study of community acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila or Chlamydia pneumoniae. Scand J Infect Dis 2004; 36: 330–4.
40. Spellberg B, Stewart W. Mistaken or Maligned? Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 294.
41. UK Department of Health. Getting ahead of the curve. A strategy for combating infectious diseases. 2002.
42. Uriate S, Molestina R, Miller R et al. Effect of macrolide antibiotics on human endothelial cells activated by Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and tumor necrosis factor-alfa. J Infect Dis 2002; 185: 1631–6.
43. Valencia M, Badia JR, Cavalcanti M et al. Pneumonia severity index class V patients with community-acquired pneumonia: characteristics, outcomes, and value of severity scores. Chest 2007; 132: 515–22.
44. Vardakas KZ, Siempos II, Grammatikos A et al. Respiratory fluoroquinolones for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ 2008; 179 (12): 1269–77.
45. Welker JA, Huston M, McCue JD. Antibiotic timing and errors in diagnosing pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 351–6.
46. Welte T, Petermann W, Schurmann D et al. Treatment with sequential intravenous or oral moxifloxacin was associated with faster clinical improvement than was standard therapy for hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia who received initial parenteral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41 (12): 1697–705.
47. Welte T, Torres A, Nathwani D. Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe. Thorax 2012; 67: 71–9.
48. WHO, 2008. The global burden of disease: 2004 update.
49. Wiemken T, Kelley R, Ramirez J. Clinical scoring tools: which is best to predict clinical response and long-term outcomes? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 27: 33–48.
50. Woodhead M. Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: Causative pathogens and resistance patterns. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 20–7.
51. Woodhead MA, Macfarlane JT. Comparative clinical and laboratory features of legionella with pneumococcal and mycoplasma pneumonias. Br J Dis Chest 1987; 81: 133–9.
52. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (Suppl. 2): S27–S72.
2. Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Doklad o sostoianii zdorov'ia naseleniia i organizatsii zdravookhraneniia po itogam deiatel'nosti organov ispolnitel'noi vlasti sub"ektov Rossiiskoi Federatsii za 2014 god. http://www.rosminzdrav.ru/ministry/programms [in Russian]
3. Prakticheskoe rukovodstvo po antiinfektsionnoi khimioterapii. Pod red. L.S.Strachunskogo, Iu.B.Belousova, S.N.Kozlova. M.: Borges, 2002. [in Russian]
4. Strachunskii L.S., Kozlov S.N. Penitsilliny, Chast' II. Ingibitorzashchishchennye i kombinirovannye penitsilliny. Klin. antimikrobnaia khimioterapiia. 2000; 2 (2). [in Russian]
5. Khristoliubova E.I. Oshibki diagnostiki i lecheniia vnebol'nichnykh pnevmonii. Dis. … kand. med. nauk. 2006. [in Russian]
6. Chuchalin A.G., Sinopal'nikov A.I., Kozlov R.S. i dr. Vnebol'nichnaia pnevmoniia u vzroslykh. Prakticheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike, lecheniiu i profilaktike. M., 2010. [in Russian]
7. Albaum MN, Hill LC, Murphy M et al. Interobserver reliability of the chest radiograph in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1996; 110: 343–50.
8. Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza – recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2011; 60 (1): 1–24.
9. Bartlett JG. The Johns Hopkins Hospital 2002 Guide to Medical Care of Patients With HIV Infection. Tenth Edition, Philadelphia, 2002.
10. Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA et al. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 347–82.
11. Bruns AH, Oosterheert JJ, El Moussaoui R et al. Pneumonia recovery: discrepancies in perspectives of the radiologist, physician and patient. J Gen Intern Med 2010; 25: 203–6.
12. Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Hill AT. Predicting the need for mechanical ventilation and/or inotropic support for young adults admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 1571–4.
13. Charles PC, Wolfe R, Whitby M et al. SMART-COP: a tool for predicting the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 375–81.
14. Cilloniz C, Ewig S, Polverino E et al. Microbial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia and its relation to severity. Thorax 2011; 66: 340–6.
15. Cockburn J, Gibberd RW, Reid AL, Sanson-Fisher RW. Determinants of non-compliance with short-term antibiotic regimens. Br J Med 1987; 295; 814–8.
16. Eisen SA, Miller DK, Woodward RS et al. The effect of prescribed daily dose frequency on patient medication compliance. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 1881–4.
17. European Respiratory Society. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 1138–80.
18. Feldman R, Rhew D, Wong J et al. Azithromycin monotherapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: A 3 1/2-year experience from a veterans affairs hospital. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1718–26.
19. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 243–50.
20. Fiumefreddo R, Zaborsky R, Haeuptle J et al. Clinical predictors for Legionella in patients presenting with community acquired pneumonia to the emergency department. BMC Pulm Med 2009; 9: 4.
21. Helms CM, Viner JP, Sturm RH et al. Comparative features of pneumococcal, mycoplasmal, and Legionnaires’ disease pneumonias. Ann Intern Med 1979; 90: 543–7.
22. Houck PM, MacLehose RF, Niederman MS et al. Empiric antibiotic therapy and mortality among Medicare pneumonia inpatients in 10 Western States: 1993, 1995, and 1997. Chest 2001; 119: 1420–6.
23. Kuzman I, Dakovic-Rode O, Oremus M et al. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of a Short Regimen of Azithromycin Sequential Therapy vs Standard Cefuroxime Sequential Therapy in the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An International, Randomized, Open-Label Study. Chemotherapy 2005; 17 (6): 636–42.
24. Lentino J, Krasnicka B. Association between initial empirical therapy and decreased length of stay among veteran patients hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 19: 61–6.
25. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC et al: BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009; 64 (Suppl. 3): iii1–55.
26. Loddenkemper R, Gibson GJ, Sibille Y et al. European Lung White Book. The first comprehensive survey on respiratory health in Europe. 2003; p. 34–43.
27. Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RE et al. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: en evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 383–421.
28. American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163 (7): 1730–54.
29. Meehan TP, Fine MJ, Krumholz HM et al. Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia. JAMA 1997; 278: 2080–4.
30. Micek ST, Kollef KE, Reichley RM et al. Health care associated pneumonia and community acquired pneumonia: a single-center experience. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 3568–73.
31. Musher DM, Roig IL, Cazares G et al. Can an etiologic agent be identified in adults who are hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia: results of a one-year study. J Infect 2013; 67: 11-18.
32. Musher D, Thorner A. Community-Acquired Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1619–28.
33. Paladino JA, Gudgel LO, Forrest A et al. Cost-effectiveness of IV-to-oral switch therapy: Azithromycin vs cefuroxime with or without erythromycin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2002; 122 (4): 1271–9.
34. Pavia AT. What is the role of respiratory viruses in community-acquired pneumonia? What is the best therapy for influenza and other viral causes of community-acquired pneumonia? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 27: 157–75.
35. Querol-Ribelles JM, Tenias JM, Querol-Borras JM et al. Levofloxacin versus ceftriaxone plus clarithromycin in the treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 25 (1): 75–83.
36. Rozenbaum MH, Pechlivanoglou P, van der Werf TS et al. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32: 305–16.
37. Rubinstein E. Comparative safety of the different macrolides. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18 (Suppl. 1): S71–76.
38. Scalera NM, Jr File TM. Determining the duration of therapy for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013; 15: 191–5.
39. Sopena N, Pedro-Botet ML, Sabria M et al. Comparative study of community acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila or Chlamydia pneumoniae. Scand J Infect Dis 2004; 36: 330–4.
40. Spellberg B, Stewart W. Mistaken or Maligned? Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 294.
41. UK Department of Health. Getting ahead of the curve. A strategy for combating infectious diseases. 2002.
42. Uriate S, Molestina R, Miller R et al. Effect of macrolide antibiotics on human endothelial cells activated by Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and tumor necrosis factor-alfa. J Infect Dis 2002; 185: 1631–6.
43. Valencia M, Badia JR, Cavalcanti M et al. Pneumonia severity index class V patients with community-acquired pneumonia: characteristics, outcomes, and value of severity scores. Chest 2007; 132: 515–22.
44. Vardakas KZ, Siempos II, Grammatikos A et al. Respiratory fluoroquinolones for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ 2008; 179 (12): 1269–77.
45. Welker JA, Huston M, McCue JD. Antibiotic timing and errors in diagnosing pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 351–6.
46. Welte T, Petermann W, Schurmann D et al. Treatment with sequential intravenous or oral moxifloxacin was associated with faster clinical improvement than was standard therapy for hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia who received initial parenteral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41 (12): 1697–705.
47. Welte T, Torres A, Nathwani D. Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe. Thorax 2012; 67: 71–9.
48. WHO, 2008. The global burden of disease: 2004 update.
49. Wiemken T, Kelley R, Ramirez J. Clinical scoring tools: which is best to predict clinical response and long-term outcomes? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 27: 33–48.
50. Woodhead M. Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: Causative pathogens and resistance patterns. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 20–7.
51. Woodhead MA, Macfarlane JT. Comparative clinical and laboratory features of legionella with pneumococcal and mycoplasma pneumonias. Br J Dis Chest 1987; 81: 133–9.
52. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (Suppl. 2): S27–S72.
2. Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Доклад о состоянии здоровья населения и организации здравоохранения по итогам деятельности органов исполнительной власти субъектов Российской Федерации за 2014 год. http://www.rosminzdrav.ru/ministry/programms / Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Doklad o sostoianii zdorov'ia naseleniia i organizatsii zdravookhraneniia po itogam deiatel'nosti organov ispolnitel'noi vlasti sub"ektov Rossiiskoi Federatsii za 2014 god. http://www.rosminzdrav.ru/ministry/programms [in Russian]
3. Практическое руководство по антиинфекционной химиотерапии. Под ред. Л.С.Страчунского, Ю.Б.Белоусова, С.Н.Козлова. М.: Боргес, 2002. / Prakticheskoe rukovodstvo po antiinfektsionnoi khimioterapii. Pod red. L.S.Strachunskogo, Iu.B.Belousova, S.N.Kozlova. M.: Borges, 2002. [in Russian]
4. Страчунский Л.С., Козлов С.Н. Пенициллины, Часть II. Ингибиторзащищенные и комбинированные пенициллины. Клин. антимикробная химиотерапия. 2000; 2 (2). / Strachunskii L.S., Kozlov S.N. Penitsilliny, Chast' II. Ingibitorzashchishchennye i kombinirovannye penitsilliny. Klin. antimikrobnaia khimioterapiia. 2000; 2 (2). [in Russian]
5. Христолюбова Е.И. Ошибки диагностики и лечения внебольничных пневмоний. Дис. … канд. мед. наук. 2006. / Khristoliubova E.I. Oshibki diagnostiki i lecheniia vnebol'nichnykh pnevmonii. Dis. … kand. med. nauk. 2006. [in Russian]
6. Чучалин А.Г., Синопальников А.И., Козлов Р.С. и др. Внебольничная пневмония у взрослых. Практические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике. М., 2010. / Chuchalin A.G., Sinopal'nikov A.I., Kozlov R.S. i dr. Vnebol'nichnaia pnevmoniia u vzroslykh. Prakticheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike, lecheniiu i profilaktike. M., 2010. [in Russian]
7. Albaum MN, Hill LC, Murphy M et al. Interobserver reliability of the chest radiograph in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1996; 110: 343–50.
8. Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza – recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2011; 60 (1): 1–24.
9. Bartlett JG. The Johns Hopkins Hospital 2002 Guide to Medical Care of Patients With HIV Infection. Tenth Edition, Philadelphia, 2002.
10. Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA et al. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 347–82.
11. Bruns AH, Oosterheert JJ, El Moussaoui R et al. Pneumonia recovery: discrepancies in perspectives of the radiologist, physician and patient. J Gen Intern Med 2010; 25: 203–6.
12. Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Hill AT. Predicting the need for mechanical ventilation and/or inotropic support for young adults admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 1571–4.
13. Charles PC, Wolfe R, Whitby M et al. SMART-COP: a tool for predicting the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 375–81.
14. Cilloniz C, Ewig S, Polverino E et al. Microbial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia and its relation to severity. Thorax 2011; 66: 340–6.
15. Cockburn J, Gibberd RW, Reid AL, Sanson-Fisher RW. Determinants of non-compliance with short-term antibiotic regimens. Br J Med 1987; 295; 814–8.
16. Eisen SA, Miller DK, Woodward RS et al. The effect of prescribed daily dose frequency on patient medication compliance. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 1881–4.
17. European Respiratory Society. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 1138–80.
18. Feldman R, Rhew D, Wong J et al. Azithromycin monotherapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: A 3 1/2-year experience from a veterans affairs hospital. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1718–26.
19. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 243–50.
20. Fiumefreddo R, Zaborsky R, Haeuptle J et al. Clinical predictors for Legionella in patients presenting with community acquired pneumonia to the emergency department. BMC Pulm Med 2009; 9: 4.
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36. Rozenbaum MH, Pechlivanoglou P, van der Werf TS et al. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32: 305–16.
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45. Welker JA, Huston M, McCue JD. Antibiotic timing and errors in diagnosing pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 351–6.
46. Welte T, Petermann W, Schurmann D et al. Treatment with sequential intravenous or oral moxifloxacin was associated with faster clinical improvement than was standard therapy for hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia who received initial parenteral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41 (12): 1697–705.
47. Welte T, Torres A, Nathwani D. Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe. Thorax 2012; 67: 71–9.
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51. Woodhead MA, Macfarlane JT. Comparative clinical and laboratory features of legionella with pneumococcal and mycoplasma pneumonias. Br J Dis Chest 1987; 81: 133–9.
52. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (Suppl. 2): S27–S72.
________________________________________________
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18. Feldman R, Rhew D, Wong J et al. Azithromycin monotherapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: A 3 1/2-year experience from a veterans affairs hospital. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1718–26.
19. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 243–50.
20. Fiumefreddo R, Zaborsky R, Haeuptle J et al. Clinical predictors for Legionella in patients presenting with community acquired pneumonia to the emergency department. BMC Pulm Med 2009; 9: 4.
21. Helms CM, Viner JP, Sturm RH et al. Comparative features of pneumococcal, mycoplasmal, and Legionnaires’ disease pneumonias. Ann Intern Med 1979; 90: 543–7.
22. Houck PM, MacLehose RF, Niederman MS et al. Empiric antibiotic therapy and mortality among Medicare pneumonia inpatients in 10 Western States: 1993, 1995, and 1997. Chest 2001; 119: 1420–6.
23. Kuzman I, Dakovic-Rode O, Oremus M et al. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of a Short Regimen of Azithromycin Sequential Therapy vs Standard Cefuroxime Sequential Therapy in the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An International, Randomized, Open-Label Study. Chemotherapy 2005; 17 (6): 636–42.
24. Lentino J, Krasnicka B. Association between initial empirical therapy and decreased length of stay among veteran patients hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 19: 61–6.
25. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC et al: BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009; 64 (Suppl. 3): iii1–55.
26. Loddenkemper R, Gibson GJ, Sibille Y et al. European Lung White Book. The first comprehensive survey on respiratory health in Europe. 2003; p. 34–43.
27. Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RE et al. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: en evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 383–421.
28. American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163 (7): 1730–54.
29. Meehan TP, Fine MJ, Krumholz HM et al. Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia. JAMA 1997; 278: 2080–4.
30. Micek ST, Kollef KE, Reichley RM et al. Health care associated pneumonia and community acquired pneumonia: a single-center experience. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 3568–73.
31. Musher DM, Roig IL, Cazares G et al. Can an etiologic agent be identified in adults who are hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia: results of a one-year study. J Infect 2013; 67: 11-18.
32. Musher D, Thorner A. Community-Acquired Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1619–28.
33. Paladino JA, Gudgel LO, Forrest A et al. Cost-effectiveness of IV-to-oral switch therapy: Azithromycin vs cefuroxime with or without erythromycin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2002; 122 (4): 1271–9.
34. Pavia AT. What is the role of respiratory viruses in community-acquired pneumonia? What is the best therapy for influenza and other viral causes of community-acquired pneumonia? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 27: 157–75.
35. Querol-Ribelles JM, Tenias JM, Querol-Borras JM et al. Levofloxacin versus ceftriaxone plus clarithromycin in the treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 25 (1): 75–83.
36. Rozenbaum MH, Pechlivanoglou P, van der Werf TS et al. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32: 305–16.
37. Rubinstein E. Comparative safety of the different macrolides. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18 (Suppl. 1): S71–76.
38. Scalera NM, Jr File TM. Determining the duration of therapy for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013; 15: 191–5.
39. Sopena N, Pedro-Botet ML, Sabria M et al. Comparative study of community acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila or Chlamydia pneumoniae. Scand J Infect Dis 2004; 36: 330–4.
40. Spellberg B, Stewart W. Mistaken or Maligned? Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 294.
41. UK Department of Health. Getting ahead of the curve. A strategy for combating infectious diseases. 2002.
42. Uriate S, Molestina R, Miller R et al. Effect of macrolide antibiotics on human endothelial cells activated by Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and tumor necrosis factor-alfa. J Infect Dis 2002; 185: 1631–6.
43. Valencia M, Badia JR, Cavalcanti M et al. Pneumonia severity index class V patients with community-acquired pneumonia: characteristics, outcomes, and value of severity scores. Chest 2007; 132: 515–22.
44. Vardakas KZ, Siempos II, Grammatikos A et al. Respiratory fluoroquinolones for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ 2008; 179 (12): 1269–77.
45. Welker JA, Huston M, McCue JD. Antibiotic timing and errors in diagnosing pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 351–6.
46. Welte T, Petermann W, Schurmann D et al. Treatment with sequential intravenous or oral moxifloxacin was associated with faster clinical improvement than was standard therapy for hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia who received initial parenteral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41 (12): 1697–705.
47. Welte T, Torres A, Nathwani D. Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe. Thorax 2012; 67: 71–9.
48. WHO, 2008. The global burden of disease: 2004 update.
49. Wiemken T, Kelley R, Ramirez J. Clinical scoring tools: which is best to predict clinical response and long-term outcomes? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 27: 33–48.
50. Woodhead M. Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: Causative pathogens and resistance patterns. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 20–7.
51. Woodhead MA, Macfarlane JT. Comparative clinical and laboratory features of legionella with pneumococcal and mycoplasma pneumonias. Br J Dis Chest 1987; 81: 133–9.
52. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (Suppl. 2): S27–S72.
Авторы
М.А.Куценко
ГБОУ ВПО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1;
ФГБУ НИИ пульмонологии ФМБА России. 105077, Россия, Москва, 11-я Парковая ул., д. 32
mkmed@yandex.ru
ГБОУ ВПО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1;
ФГБУ НИИ пульмонологии ФМБА России. 105077, Россия, Москва, 11-я Парковая ул., д. 32
mkmed@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
M.A.Kutsenko
N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1;
Institute of pulmonology of Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia. 105077, Russian Federation, Moscow, 11-ia Parkovaia ul., d. 32
mkmed@yandex.ru
N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1;
Institute of pulmonology of Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia. 105077, Russian Federation, Moscow, 11-ia Parkovaia ul., d. 32
mkmed@yandex.ru
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