1. Reid IR, Ames R, Mason B et al. Randomized controlled trial of calcium supplementation in healthy, nonosteoporotic, older men. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168 (20): 2276–82.
2. Peacock M, Liu G, Carey M et al. Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85 (9): 3011–9.
3. Warensjo E, Byberg L, Melhus H et al. Dietary calcium intake and risk of fracture and osteoporosis: prospective longitudinal cohort study. BMJ 2011; 342: d1473.
4. Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C et al. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007; 370 (9588): 657–66.
5. Khan B, Nowson CA, Daly RM et al. Higher Dietary Calcium Intakes Are Associated With Reduced Risks of Fractures, Cardiovascular Events, and Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study of Older Men and Women. JBMR 2015; 30 (10): 1758–66.
6. Novaković R, Cavelaars A, Bekkering G et al. Micronutrient intake and status in Central and Eastern Europe compared with other European countries, results from the EURRECA network. Public Health Nutr 2013; 16 (5): 824–40.
7. Оглоблин Н.А., Спиричев В.Б., Батурин А.К. О потреблении населением России кальция с пищей. Вопр. питания. 2005; 5: 14–7. / Ogloblin N.A., Spirichev V.B., Baturin A.K. O potreblenii naseleniem Rossii kal'tsiia s pishchei. Vopr. pitaniia. 2005; 5: 14–7. [in Russian]
8. Никитинская О.А., Торопцова Н.В. Социальная программа «Остеоскрининг Россия» в действии. Фарматека. 2012; 6: 90–3. / Nikitinskaia O.A., Toroptsova N.V. Sotsial'naia programma «Osteoskrining Rossiia» v deistvii. Farmateka. 2012; 6: 90–3. [in Russian]
9. Bailey RL, Dodd KW, Goldman JA et al. Estimation of total usual calcium and vitamin D intakes in the United States. J Nutr 2010; 140 (4): 817–22.
10. Von Domarus C, Brown J, Barvencik F et al. How much vitamin D do we need for skeletal health? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469 (11): 1–7.
11. Holick MF. Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Metab 2011; 9: 1911–30.
12. Weaver CM. Calcium supplementation: is protecting against osteoporosis counter to protecting against cardiovascular disease? Curr Osteoporos Rep 2014; 12: 211–8.
13. Abrahamsen B, Masud T, Avenell A et al. DIPART (Vitamin D Individual Patient Analysis of Randomized Trials) Group. Patient level pooled analysis of 68,500 patients from seven major vitamin D fracture trials in US and Europe. BMJ 2010; 340: b5463.
14. Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C et al. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2012; 380 (9844): 806.
15. Chung M, Lee J, Terasawa T, Lau J, Trikalinos TA. Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155 (12): 827–38. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-12-201112200-00005
16. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M et al. Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Сalcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 669–83.
17. US Preventive Services Task Force. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures. 2013. http://www. uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsvitd.htm
18. Prentice RL, Pettinger MB, Jackson RD et al. Health risks and benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation: Women’s Health Initiative clinical trial and cohort study. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24: 567–80.
19. Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Wactawski-Wende J et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: the Women's Health Initiative. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2013; 22 (11): 915–29. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2013.4270
20. Avenell A, Mak JC, O'Connell D. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 4: CD000227. doi: 10.1002/14651858
21. Weaver CM, Alexander DD, Boushey CJ et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 2015. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5 PMID: 26510847
22. Bolland MJ, Barber PA, Doughty RN et al. Vascular events in healthy women receiving calcium supplementation: randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2008; 336: 262–6.
23. Bolland MJ, Avenel A, Baron JA et al. Effects of calcium supplementation on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 341: c3691.
24. Bhakta M, Bruce C, Messika-Zeitoun D et al. Oral calcium supplements do not affect the progression of aortic valve calcification or coronary artery calcification. J Am Board Fam Med 2009; 22: 610–6.
25. Bostick RM, Kushi LH, Wu Y et al. Relation of calcium, Vitamin D, and dairy food intake to ischemic heart disease mortality among postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 151–61.
26. Iso H, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE et al. Prospective study of calcium, potassium, and magnesium intake and risk of stroke in women. Stroke 1999; 30: 1772–9.
27. Paik JM, Curhan GC, Sun Qi et al. Calcium Supplement Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25 (8): 2047–56. doi: 10.1007/s00198-014-2732-3
28. Lewis JR, Radavelli-Bagatini S, Rejnmark L et al. The Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Verified Coronary Heart Disease Hospitalization and Death in Postmenopausal Women: A Collaborative Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. JBMR 2014. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2311
29. Ford JA, MacLennan GS, Avenell A et al for the RECORD Trial Group. Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 746–55.
30. Rude RK, Singer FR, Gruber HE. Skeletal and hormonal effects of magnesium deficiency. J Am Coll Nutr 2009; 28: 131–41.
31. Song CH, Barrett-Connor E, Chung JH et al. Associations of calcium and magnesium in serum and hair with bone mineral density in premenopausal women. Biol Trace Elem Res 2007; 118: 1–9.
32. New SA, Robins SP, Campbell MK et al. Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health? Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 142–51.
33. Mutlu M, Kilic E. Magnesium, Zinc and Copper Status in Osteoporotic, Osteopenic and Normal Post-menopausal Women. J Int Med Res 2007; 35: 692–5.
34. Tranquilli AL, Lucino E, Garzetti GG, Romanini C. Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium intakes correlate with bone mineral content in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 1994; 8: 55–8.
35. Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Chen H et al. Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 727–36.
36. Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ et al. Magnesium intake from food and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in healthy older white subjects. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 1875–80.
37. Okyay E, Ertugrul C, Acar B et al. Comparative evaluation of serum levels of main minerals and postmenopausal osteoporosis. Maturitas 2013; 76 (4): 320–5. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.07.015
38. Orchard TS, Larson JC, Alghothani N et al. Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99: 926–33.
39. Farsinejad-Marj M, Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A. Dietary magnesium intake, bone mineral density and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2015. [Epub ahead of print].
40. Nielsen FH. Studies on the relationship between boron and magnesium which possibly affects the formation and maintenance of bones. Magnes Trace Elem 1990; 9: 61–9.
41. Stendig-Lindberg G, Tepper R, Leichter I. Trabecular bone density in a two year controlled trial of peroral magnesium in osteoporosis. Magnes Res 1993; 6: 155–63.
42. Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT et al. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals. J Nutr 1994; 124: 1060–4.
43. Nieves JW. Skeletal effects of nutrients and nutraceuticals, beyond calcium and vitamin D. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24 (3): 771–86. doi: 10.1007/s00198-012-2214-4
44. Zheng J, Mao X, Ling J et al. Low serum levels of zinc, copper, and iron as risk factors for osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160 (1): 15–23. doi: 10.1007/s12011-014-0031-7
45. Hill T, Meunier N, Andriollo-Sanchez M et al. The relationship between the zinc nutritive status and biochemical markers of bone turnover in older European adults: the ZENITH study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59 (Suppl. 2): 73–8.
46. Nielsen FH, Hunt CD, Mullen LM, Hunt JR. Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASEB 1987; J1: 394–7.
47. Hunt CD, Herbel JL, Nielsen FH. Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 803–13.
48. Никитинская О.А., Торопцова Н.В., Беневоленская Л.И. Фармакологическая профилактика первичного остеопороза. РМЖ. 2008; 16 (6): 409–13. / Nikitinskaia O.A., Toroptsova N.V., Benevolenskaia L.I. Farmakologicheskaia profilaktika pervichnogo osteoporoza. RMZh. 2008; 16 (6): 409–13. [in Russian]

________________________________________________

1. Reid IR, Ames R, Mason B et al. Randomized controlled trial of calcium supplementation in healthy, nonosteoporotic, older men. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168 (20): 2276–82.
2. Peacock M, Liu G, Carey M et al. Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85 (9): 3011–9.
3. Warensjo E, Byberg L, Melhus H et al. Dietary calcium intake and risk of fracture and osteoporosis: prospective longitudinal cohort study. BMJ 2011; 342: d1473.
4. Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C et al. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007; 370 (9588): 657–66.
5. Khan B, Nowson CA, Daly RM et al. Higher Dietary Calcium Intakes Are Associated With Reduced Risks of Fractures, Cardiovascular Events, and Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study of Older Men and Women. JBMR 2015; 30 (10): 1758–66.
6. Novaković R, Cavelaars A, Bekkering G et al. Micronutrient intake and status in Central and Eastern Europe compared with other European countries, results from the EURRECA network. Public Health Nutr 2013; 16 (5): 824–40.
7. Ogloblin N.A., Spirichev V.B., Baturin A.K. O potreblenii naseleniem Rossii kal'tsiia s pishchei. Vopr. pitaniia. 2005; 5: 14–7. [in Russian]
8. Nikitinskaia O.A., Toroptsova N.V. Sotsial'naia programma «Osteoskrining Rossiia» v deistvii. Farmateka. 2012; 6: 90–3. [in Russian]
9. Bailey RL, Dodd KW, Goldman JA et al. Estimation of total usual calcium and vitamin D intakes in the United States. J Nutr 2010; 140 (4): 817–22.
10. Von Domarus C, Brown J, Barvencik F et al. How much vitamin D do we need for skeletal health? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469 (11): 1–7.
11. Holick MF. Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Metab 2011; 9: 1911–30.
12. Weaver CM. Calcium supplementation: is protecting against osteoporosis counter to protecting against cardiovascular disease? Curr Osteoporos Rep 2014; 12: 211–8.
13. Abrahamsen B, Masud T, Avenell A et al. DIPART (Vitamin D Individual Patient Analysis of Randomized Trials) Group. Patient level pooled analysis of 68,500 patients from seven major vitamin D fracture trials in US and Europe. BMJ 2010; 340: b5463.
14. Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C et al. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2012; 380 (9844): 806.
15. Chung M, Lee J, Terasawa T, Lau J, Trikalinos TA. Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155 (12): 827–38. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-12-201112200-00005
16. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M et al. Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Сalcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 669–83.
17. US Preventive Services Task Force. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures. 2013. http://www. uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsvitd.htm
18. Prentice RL, Pettinger MB, Jackson RD et al. Health risks and benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation: Women’s Health Initiative clinical trial and cohort study. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24: 567–80.
19. Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Wactawski-Wende J et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: the Women's Health Initiative. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2013; 22 (11): 915–29. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2013.4270
20. Avenell A, Mak JC, O'Connell D. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 4: CD000227. doi: 10.1002/14651858
21. Weaver CM, Alexander DD, Boushey CJ et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 2015. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5 PMID: 26510847
22. Bolland MJ, Barber PA, Doughty RN et al. Vascular events in healthy women receiving calcium supplementation: randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2008; 336: 262–6.
23. Bolland MJ, Avenel A, Baron JA et al. Effects of calcium supplementation on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 341: c3691.
24. Bhakta M, Bruce C, Messika-Zeitoun D et al. Oral calcium supplements do not affect the progression of aortic valve calcification or coronary artery calcification. J Am Board Fam Med 2009; 22: 610–6.
25. Bostick RM, Kushi LH, Wu Y et al. Relation of calcium, Vitamin D, and dairy food intake to ischemic heart disease mortality among postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 151–61.
26. Iso H, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE et al. Prospective study of calcium, potassium, and magnesium intake and risk of stroke in women. Stroke 1999; 30: 1772–9.
27. Paik JM, Curhan GC, Sun Qi et al. Calcium Supplement Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25 (8): 2047–56. doi: 10.1007/s00198-014-2732-3
28. Lewis JR, Radavelli-Bagatini S, Rejnmark L et al. The Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Verified Coronary Heart Disease Hospitalization and Death in Postmenopausal Women: A Collaborative Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. JBMR 2014. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2311
29. Ford JA, MacLennan GS, Avenell A et al for the RECORD Trial Group. Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 746–55.
30. Rude RK, Singer FR, Gruber HE. Skeletal and hormonal effects of magnesium deficiency. J Am Coll Nutr 2009; 28: 131–41.
31. Song CH, Barrett-Connor E, Chung JH et al. Associations of calcium and magnesium in serum and hair with bone mineral density in premenopausal women. Biol Trace Elem Res 2007; 118: 1–9.
32. New SA, Robins SP, Campbell MK et al. Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health? Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 142–51.
33. Mutlu M, Kilic E. Magnesium, Zinc and Copper Status in Osteoporotic, Osteopenic and Normal Post-menopausal Women. J Int Med Res 2007; 35: 692–5.
34. Tranquilli AL, Lucino E, Garzetti GG, Romanini C. Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium intakes correlate with bone mineral content in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 1994; 8: 55–8.
35. Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Chen H et al. Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 727–36.
36. Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ et al. Magnesium intake from food and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in healthy older white subjects. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 1875–80.
37. Okyay E, Ertugrul C, Acar B et al. Comparative evaluation of serum levels of main minerals and postmenopausal osteoporosis. Maturitas 2013; 76 (4): 320–5. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.07.015
38. Orchard TS, Larson JC, Alghothani N et al. Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99: 926–33.
39. Farsinejad-Marj M, Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A. Dietary magnesium intake, bone mineral density and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2015. [Epub ahead of print].
40. Nielsen FH. Studies on the relationship between boron and magnesium which possibly affects the formation and maintenance of bones. Magnes Trace Elem 1990; 9: 61–9.
41. Stendig-Lindberg G, Tepper R, Leichter I. Trabecular bone density in a two year controlled trial of peroral magnesium in osteoporosis. Magnes Res 1993; 6: 155–63.
42. Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT et al. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals. J Nutr 1994; 124: 1060–4.
43. Nieves JW. Skeletal effects of nutrients and nutraceuticals, beyond calcium and vitamin D. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24 (3): 771–86. doi: 10.1007/s00198-012-2214-4
44. Zheng J, Mao X, Ling J et al. Low serum levels of zinc, copper, and iron as risk factors for osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160 (1): 15–23. doi: 10.1007/s12011-014-0031-7
45. Hill T, Meunier N, Andriollo-Sanchez M et al. The relationship between the zinc nutritive status and biochemical markers of bone turnover in older European adults: the ZENITH study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59 (Suppl. 2): 73–8.
46. Nielsen FH, Hunt CD, Mullen LM, Hunt JR. Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASEB 1987; J1: 394–7.
47. Hunt CD, Herbel JL, Nielsen FH. Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 803–13.
48. Nikitinskaia O.A., Toroptsova N.V., Benevolenskaia L.I. Farmakologicheskaia profilaktika pervichnogo osteoporoza. RMZh. 2008; 16 (6): 409–13. [in Russian]

О.А.Никитинская*, Л.И.Алексеева

ФГБНУ НИИ ревматологии им. В.А.Насоновой. 115522, Россия, Москва, Каширское ш., д. 34а
*nikitinskayaox@yandex.ru

________________________________________________

O.A.Nikitinskaia*, L.I.Alekseeva

V.A.Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology. 115522, Russian Federation, Moscow, Kashirskoe sh., d. 34a
*nikitinskayaox@yandex.ru