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Что должен знать клинический рентгенолог об особенностях компьютерной томографии трупа?
Что должен знать клинический рентгенолог об особенностях компьютерной томографии трупа?
Дуброва С.Э., Филимонов Б.А. Что должен знать клинический рентгенолог об особенностях компьютерной томографии трупа? Consilium Medicum. 2016; 18 (13): 38–47. DOI: 10.26442/2075-1753_2016.13.38-47
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Аннотация
В обзоре проанализированы исследования по проблеме посмертной компьютерной томографии (КТ) в судебно-медицинской экспертизе трупа. Основная цель обзора – показать клиническим рентгенологам особенности КТ трупа. При подготовке обзора были использованы основные интернет-ресурсы: научная электронная библиотека (Elibrary), SciVerse (ScienceDirect), Scopus, PubMed и Discover. В обзор включены статьи, в которых обсуждались особенности посмертной КТ, важные для понимания проблемы клиническими рентгенологами, не сталкивающимися в своей повседневной деятельности с посмертной визуализацией. Ранние и поздние трупные изменения, такие как окоченение, аутолиз, гнилостные и другие посмертные процессы, в значительной степени меняют «норму» при КТ-визуализации. Рентгенологи при интерпретации КТ-изображений трупа должны учитывать наиболее часто встречающиеся артефакты, к которым приводят: посмертные свертки крови в полостях сердца и крупных сосудах, аспирация содержимого желудка в воздухоносные пути, эзофаго- и гастромаляция, трупные гипостазы во внутренних органах, нарушение дифференцировки между серым и белым веществом головного мозга, гнилостные газы в сосудах, органах и тканях и многие другие. Посмертная визуализация требует специальной подготовки рентгенологов по судебной медицине и имеет особенности лучевой картины, свойственные только трупу. При отсутствии специальных знаний даже очень опытные и грамотные клинические рентгенологи могут допустить серьезные диагностические ошибки при интерпретации посмертных КТ-изображений.
Ключевые слова: посмертная визуализация, компьютерная томография трупа.
Key words: postmortem visualization, postmortem computed tomography.
Ключевые слова: посмертная визуализация, компьютерная томография трупа.
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Key words: postmortem visualization, postmortem computed tomography.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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27. Aghayev E, Jackowski Ch, Sonnenschein M et al. Virtopsy Hemorrhage of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle by Blunt Force to the Neck in Postmortem Multislice Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2006; 27: 25–9.
28. Dedouit F, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Leonetti G et al. Cause of internal hemorrhage determined after exhumation: report of one case. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 204 (1–3): e20–3.
29. Levy AD, Harcke HT, Getz JM, Mallak CT. Multidetector computed tomography findings in deaths with severe burns. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2009; 30 (2): 137–41.
30. Ross S, Cosima S, Flach P et al. Multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) of mountaineering casualties in the Swiss Alps – Advantages and limitations. Legal Med 2010; 12: 271–5.
31. Germerott T, Flach PM, Furter M et al. Fatal thoracic impalement on postmortem imaging. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2011; 13 (2): 83–6.
32. Link TM, Berning W, Scherf S et al. CT of metal implants: reduction of artifacts using an extended CT scale technique. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2000; 24 (1): 165–72.
33. Thali MJ, Yen K, Schweitzer W et al. "Virtopsy, a new imaging horizon in forensic pathology: virtual autopsy by postmortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – a feasibility study. Forensic Sci 2003; 48 (2): 386–403.
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37. Levy AD, Harcke HT, Mallak CT. Postmortem imaging: MDCT features of postmortem change and decomposition. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2010; 31 (1): 12–7.
38. Aghayev E, Sonnenschein M, Jackowski C et al. Postmortem radiology of fatal hemorrhage: measurements of cross-sectional areas of major blood vessels and volumes of aorta and spleen on MDCT and volumes of heart chambers on MRI. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187 (1): 209–15.
39. Jackowski C, Sonnenschei M, Thali MJ et al. Intrahepatic Gas at Postmortem Computed Tomography: Forensic Experience as a Potential Guide for In Vivo Trauma Imaging. J Trauma 2007; 62 (4): 979–88.
40. Jackowski C, Thali M, Aghayev E et al. Postmortem imaging of blood and its characteristics using MSCT and MRI. Int J Legal Med 2005; 19: 1–8.
41. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Hyperattenuating aortic wall on postmortem computed tomography (PMCT). Radiat Med 2002; 20 (4): 42–5, 201–6.
42. Knight BH. The significance of the postmortem discovery of gastric contents in the air passages. J Forensic Sci 1975; 6: 229–34.
43. Руководство по судебной медицине. Под ред. В.Н.Крюкова, И.В.Буромского. М.: Норма, 2014; с. 356. / Rukovodstvo po sudebnoi meditsine. Pod red. V.N.Kriukova, I.V.Buromskogo. M.: Norma, 2014; s. 356. [in Russian]
44. Jackowski C, Persson A, Thali MJ. Whole body postmortem angiography with a high viscosity contrast agent solution using poly ethylene glycol as contrast agent dissolver. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53 (2): 465–8.
45. Flach PM, Ross SG, Bolliger SA et al. Massive Systemic Fat Embolism Detected by Postmortem Imaging and Biopsy. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57 (5): 1376–80.
46. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Postmortem intravascular high-density fluid level (hypostasis): CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2002; 26 (6): 892–3.
47. Bedford P, O'Donnell C. Pseudosubarachnoid hemorrhage on clinical computed tomography: the forensic implications of incorrect diagnosis. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2013; 34 (2): e4–6.
48. Añon J, Remonda L, Spreng A et al. Traumatic extra-axial hemorrhage: correlation of postmortem MSCT, MRI, and forensic-pathological findings. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 28 (4): 823–36.
49. Murakami T, Uetani M, Ikematsu K, Nagasaki JP. Postmortem CT in emergency deparment: Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Eur Soc Radiol (EPOS); C. 1440.
50. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Non-traumatic postmortem computed tomographic (PMCT) findings of the lung. Forensic Sci Int 2004; 139: 39–48.
51. Michiue T, Sakurai T, Ishikawa T et al. Quantitative analysis of pulmonary pathophysiology using postmortem computed tomography with regard to the cause of death. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 220: 232–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.03.007
52. Germerott T, Flach PM, Preiss US et al. Postmortem ventilation: a new method for improved detection of pulmonary pathologies in forensic imaging. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2012; 14 (5): 223–8.
53. Yamazaki K, Shiotani S, Ohashi N et al. Hepaticportal venous gas and hyperdense aortic wall as postmortem computed tomography finding. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2003; 5 (Suppl. 1): S338–41.
54. Hasegawa I, Shimizu A, Saito A et al. Evaluation of post-mortem lateral cerebral ventricle changes using sequential scans during post-mortem computed tomography. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130: 1323–8.
55. Takahashi N, Satou C, Higuchi T et al. Quantitative analysis of brain edema and swelling on early postmortem computed tomography: comparison with antemortem computed tomography. Jpn J Radiol 2010; 28 (5): 349–5.
56. Berger N, Ampanozi G, Schweitzer W et al. Racking the brain: detection of cerebral edema on postmortem computed tomography compared with forensic autopsy. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84 (4): 643–51.
57. O'Donnell CJ, Baker MA. Postmortem CT findings of gastromalacia: a trap for the radiologist with forensic interest. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2010; 6 (4): 293–7.
58. Christe A, Ross SG, Oesterhelweg L et al. Abdominal trauma – sensitivity and specificity of postmortem non contrast imaging findings compared to autopsy findings. J Trauma 2009; 66 (5): 1302–7.
59. Takahiro Z, Teruhiko T, Miyamoto M et al. Intravascular gas in multiple organs detected by postmortem computed tomography: effect of prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation on organ damage in patients with cardiopulmonary arrest. Jpn J Radiol 2011; 29 (2): 148–51.
60. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Cardiovascular gas on non-traumatic postmortem computed tomography (PMCT): the influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Radiat Med 2005; 23 (4): 225–9.
2. Leth PM. Computerized tomography used as a routine procedure at postmortem investigations. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2009; 30 (3): 219–22.
3. Burton EC, Mossa-Basha M. To image or to autopsy? Ann Intern Med 2012; 156 (2): 158–9.
4. O’Donnell C, Woodford N. Post-mortem radiology – a new subspeciality? Clin Radiol 2008; 63: 1189–94.
5. Blaauwgeers JL, van Rijn RR. Virtual autopsy – why not? Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2012; 156 (19): A4786.
6. Persson A, Lindblom M, Jackowski C. A state-of-the-art pipeline for postmortem CT and MRI visualization: from data acquisition to interactive image interpretation at autopsy. Acta Radiol 2011; 52 (5): 522–36.
7. Christe A, Flach P, Ross S et al. Clinical radiology and postmortem imaging (Virtopsy) are not the same: specific and unspecific postmortem signs. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2010; 12 (5): 215–22.
8. Flach PM, Ross SG, Thali MJ. Clinical and Forensic Radiology are not the same. In: Thali MJ, Viner MD, Brogdon BG (ed). Brogdon’s forensic radiology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, DC: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. 2010; p. 409–40.
9. Saukko P, Knight B (ed). Knight’s forensic pathology. 3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 2004.
10. Gralla J, Spycher F, Pignolet C et al. Evaluation of a 16-MDCT scanner in an emergency department: initial clinical experience and workflow analysis. AJR 2005; 185: 232–8.
11. Novelline RA, Rhea JT, Rao PM, Stuk JL. Helical CT in emergency radiology. Radiology 1999; 213: 321–39.
12. Linsenmaier U, Kro¨tz M, Ha¨user H et al. Whole-body computed tomography in polytrauma: techniques and management. Eur Radiol 2002; 12: 1728–40.
13. Karlo C, Gnannt R, Frauenfelder T et al. Whole-body CT in polytrauma patients: effect of arm positioning on thoracic and abdominal image quality. Emerg Radiol 2011; 18: 285–93.
14. Thali MJ, Viner MD, Brogdon BG. Brogdon’s forensic radiology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010.
15. Grabherr S, Djonov V, Yen K et al. Postmortem angiography: review of former and current methods. AJR 2007; 188: 832–8.
16. Saunders SL, Morgan B, Raj V, Rutty GN. Post-mortem computed tomography angiography: past, present and future. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2011; 7: 271–7.
17. Grabherr S, Doenz F, Steger B et al. Multi-phase post-mortem CT angiography: development of a standardized protocol. Int J Legal Med 2011; 125 (6): 791–802.
18. Ross SG, Thali MJ, Bolliger S et al. Sudden death after chest pain: feasibility of virtual autopsy with postmortem CT angiography and biopsy. Radiology 2012; 264 (1): 250–9.
19. Rutty GN, Morgan B, O’Donnell C et al. Forensic institutes across the world place CT or MRI scanners or both into their mortuaries. J Trauma 2008; 65: 493–4.
20. Flach PM, Gascho D, Schweitzer W et al. Imaging in forensic radiology: an illustrated guide for postmortem computed tomography technique and protocols. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s12024-014-9555-6
21. Scandurra I, Forsell C, Ynnerman A et al. Advancing the state-of-the-art for virtual autopsies – initial forensic workflow study. Stud Health Technol Inform 2010; 160 (Pt. 1): 639–43.
22. Berger N, Ross SG, Ampanozi G et al. Puzzling over intracranial gas: Disclosing a pitfall on postmortem computed tomography in a case of fatal blunt trauma. J Forensic Radiol Imaging 2013; 1: 137–41.
23. Ampanozi G, Schwendener N, Krauskopf A et al. Incidental occult gunshot wound detected by postmortem computed tomography. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2013; 9: 68–72.
24. Aghayev E, Christe A, Sonnenschein M et al. Postmortem Imaging of Blunt Chest Trauma Using CT and MRI Comparison With Autopsy. J Thorac Imaging 2008; 23: 20–7.
25. Andenmatten MA, Thali MJ, Kneubuehl BP et al. Gunshot injuries detected by post-mortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT): A feasibility study. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2008; 10 (6): 287–92.
26. Aghayev E, Thali MJ, Sonnenschein M et al. Fatal steamer accident; blunt force injuries and drowning in post-mortem MSCT and MRI. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 152: 65–71.
27. Aghayev E, Jackowski Ch, Sonnenschein M et al. Virtopsy Hemorrhage of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle by Blunt Force to the Neck in Postmortem Multislice Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2006; 27: 25–9.
28. Dedouit F, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Leonetti G et al. Cause of internal hemorrhage determined after exhumation: report of one case. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 204 (1–3): e20–3.
29. Levy AD, Harcke HT, Getz JM, Mallak CT. Multidetector computed tomography findings in deaths with severe burns. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2009; 30 (2): 137–41.
30. Ross S, Cosima S, Flach P et al. Multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) of mountaineering casualties in the Swiss Alps – Advantages and limitations. Legal Med 2010; 12: 271–5.
31. Germerott T, Flach PM, Furter M et al. Fatal thoracic impalement on postmortem imaging. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2011; 13 (2): 83–6.
32. Link TM, Berning W, Scherf S et al. CT of metal implants: reduction of artifacts using an extended CT scale technique. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2000; 24 (1): 165–72.
33. Thali MJ, Yen K, Schweitzer W et al. "Virtopsy, a new imaging horizon in forensic pathology: virtual autopsy by postmortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – a feasibility study. Forensic Sci 2003; 48 (2): 386–403.
34. O’Donnell C, Ranson D. Post Mortem CT Interpretation Short Course, 2015. Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine. Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University.
35. Persson A, Falk J, Berge J, Jackowski C. Atlanto-axial rotatory subluxations in postmortem CT: radiologists be aware of a common pitfall. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 225 (1–3): 9–14.
36. Kokov L.S., Kinle A.F., Sinitsyn V.E., Filimonov B.A. Vozmozhnosti komp'iuternoi i magnitno-rezonansnoi tomografii v sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertize mekhanicheskoi travmy i skoropostizhnoi smerti (obzor literatury). Neotlozhnaia meditsinskaia pomoshch'. Zhurn. im. N.V.Sklifosovskogo. 2015; 2: 16–26. [in Russian]
37. Levy AD, Harcke HT, Mallak CT. Postmortem imaging: MDCT features of postmortem change and decomposition. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2010; 31 (1): 12–7.
38. Aghayev E, Sonnenschein M, Jackowski C et al. Postmortem radiology of fatal hemorrhage: measurements of cross-sectional areas of major blood vessels and volumes of aorta and spleen on MDCT and volumes of heart chambers on MRI. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187 (1): 209–15.
39. Jackowski C, Sonnenschei M, Thali MJ et al. Intrahepatic Gas at Postmortem Computed Tomography: Forensic Experience as a Potential Guide for In Vivo Trauma Imaging. J Trauma 2007; 62 (4): 979–88.
40. Jackowski C, Thali M, Aghayev E et al. Postmortem imaging of blood and its characteristics using MSCT and MRI. Int J Legal Med 2005; 19: 1–8.
41. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Hyperattenuating aortic wall on postmortem computed tomography (PMCT). Radiat Med 2002; 20 (4): 42–5, 201–6.
42. Knight BH. The significance of the postmortem discovery of gastric contents in the air passages. J Forensic Sci 1975; 6: 229–34.
43. Rukovodstvo po sudebnoi meditsine. Pod red. V.N.Kriukova, I.V.Buromskogo. M.: Norma, 2014; s. 356. [in Russian]
44. Jackowski C, Persson A, Thali MJ. Whole body postmortem angiography with a high viscosity contrast agent solution using poly ethylene glycol as contrast agent dissolver. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53 (2): 465–8.
45. Flach PM, Ross SG, Bolliger SA et al. Massive Systemic Fat Embolism Detected by Postmortem Imaging and Biopsy. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57 (5): 1376–80.
46. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Postmortem intravascular high-density fluid level (hypostasis): CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2002; 26 (6): 892–3.
47. Bedford P, O'Donnell C. Pseudosubarachnoid hemorrhage on clinical computed tomography: the forensic implications of incorrect diagnosis. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2013; 34 (2): e4–6.
48. Añon J, Remonda L, Spreng A et al. Traumatic extra-axial hemorrhage: correlation of postmortem MSCT, MRI, and forensic-pathological findings. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 28 (4): 823–36.
49. Murakami T, Uetani M, Ikematsu K, Nagasaki JP. Postmortem CT in emergency deparment: Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Eur Soc Radiol (EPOS); C. 1440.
50. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Non-traumatic postmortem computed tomographic (PMCT) findings of the lung. Forensic Sci Int 2004; 139: 39–48.
51. Michiue T, Sakurai T, Ishikawa T et al. Quantitative analysis of pulmonary pathophysiology using postmortem computed tomography with regard to the cause of death. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 220: 232–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.03.007
52. Germerott T, Flach PM, Preiss US et al. Postmortem ventilation: a new method for improved detection of pulmonary pathologies in forensic imaging. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2012; 14 (5): 223–8.
53. Yamazaki K, Shiotani S, Ohashi N et al. Hepaticportal venous gas and hyperdense aortic wall as postmortem computed tomography finding. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2003; 5 (Suppl. 1): S338–41.
54. Hasegawa I, Shimizu A, Saito A et al. Evaluation of post-mortem lateral cerebral ventricle changes using sequential scans during post-mortem computed tomography. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130: 1323–8.
55. Takahashi N, Satou C, Higuchi T et al. Quantitative analysis of brain edema and swelling on early postmortem computed tomography: comparison with antemortem computed tomography. Jpn J Radiol 2010; 28 (5): 349–5.
56. Berger N, Ampanozi G, Schweitzer W et al. Racking the brain: detection of cerebral edema on postmortem computed tomography compared with forensic autopsy. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84 (4): 643–51.
57. O'Donnell CJ, Baker MA. Postmortem CT findings of gastromalacia: a trap for the radiologist with forensic interest. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2010; 6 (4): 293–7.
58. Christe A, Ross SG, Oesterhelweg L et al. Abdominal trauma – sensitivity and specificity of postmortem non contrast imaging findings compared to autopsy findings. J Trauma 2009; 66 (5): 1302–7.
59. Takahiro Z, Teruhiko T, Miyamoto M et al. Intravascular gas in multiple organs detected by postmortem computed tomography: effect of prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation on organ damage in patients with cardiopulmonary arrest. Jpn J Radiol 2011; 29 (2): 148–51.
60. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Cardiovascular gas on non-traumatic postmortem computed tomography (PMCT): the influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Radiat Med 2005; 23 (4): 225–9.
2. Leth PM. Computerized tomography used as a routine procedure at postmortem investigations. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2009; 30 (3): 219–22.
3. Burton EC, Mossa-Basha M. To image or to autopsy? Ann Intern Med 2012; 156 (2): 158–9.
4. O’Donnell C, Woodford N. Post-mortem radiology – a new subspeciality? Clin Radiol 2008; 63: 1189–94.
5. Blaauwgeers JL, van Rijn RR. Virtual autopsy – why not? Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2012; 156 (19): A4786.
6. Persson A, Lindblom M, Jackowski C. A state-of-the-art pipeline for postmortem CT and MRI visualization: from data acquisition to interactive image interpretation at autopsy. Acta Radiol 2011; 52 (5): 522–36.
7. Christe A, Flach P, Ross S et al. Clinical radiology and postmortem imaging (Virtopsy) are not the same: specific and unspecific postmortem signs. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2010; 12 (5): 215–22.
8. Flach PM, Ross SG, Thali MJ. Clinical and Forensic Radiology are not the same. In: Thali MJ, Viner MD, Brogdon BG (ed). Brogdon’s forensic radiology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, DC: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. 2010; p. 409–40.
9. Saukko P, Knight B (ed). Knight’s forensic pathology. 3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 2004.
10. Gralla J, Spycher F, Pignolet C et al. Evaluation of a 16-MDCT scanner in an emergency department: initial clinical experience and workflow analysis. AJR 2005; 185: 232–8.
11. Novelline RA, Rhea JT, Rao PM, Stuk JL. Helical CT in emergency radiology. Radiology 1999; 213: 321–39.
12. Linsenmaier U, Kro¨tz M, Ha¨user H et al. Whole-body computed tomography in polytrauma: techniques and management. Eur Radiol 2002; 12: 1728–40.
13. Karlo C, Gnannt R, Frauenfelder T et al. Whole-body CT in polytrauma patients: effect of arm positioning on thoracic and abdominal image quality. Emerg Radiol 2011; 18: 285–93.
14. Thali MJ, Viner MD, Brogdon BG. Brogdon’s forensic radiology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010.
15. Grabherr S, Djonov V, Yen K et al. Postmortem angiography: review of former and current methods. AJR 2007; 188: 832–8.
16. Saunders SL, Morgan B, Raj V, Rutty GN. Post-mortem computed tomography angiography: past, present and future. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2011; 7: 271–7.
17. Grabherr S, Doenz F, Steger B et al. Multi-phase post-mortem CT angiography: development of a standardized protocol. Int J Legal Med 2011; 125 (6): 791–802.
18. Ross SG, Thali MJ, Bolliger S et al. Sudden death after chest pain: feasibility of virtual autopsy with postmortem CT angiography and biopsy. Radiology 2012; 264 (1): 250–9.
19. Rutty GN, Morgan B, O’Donnell C et al. Forensic institutes across the world place CT or MRI scanners or both into their mortuaries. J Trauma 2008; 65: 493–4.
20. Flach PM, Gascho D, Schweitzer W et al. Imaging in forensic radiology: an illustrated guide for postmortem computed tomography technique and protocols. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s12024-014-9555-6
21. Scandurra I, Forsell C, Ynnerman A et al. Advancing the state-of-the-art for virtual autopsies – initial forensic workflow study. Stud Health Technol Inform 2010; 160 (Pt. 1): 639–43.
22. Berger N, Ross SG, Ampanozi G et al. Puzzling over intracranial gas: Disclosing a pitfall on postmortem computed tomography in a case of fatal blunt trauma. J Forensic Radiol Imaging 2013; 1: 137–41.
23. Ampanozi G, Schwendener N, Krauskopf A et al. Incidental occult gunshot wound detected by postmortem computed tomography. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2013; 9: 68–72.
24. Aghayev E, Christe A, Sonnenschein M et al. Postmortem Imaging of Blunt Chest Trauma Using CT and MRI Comparison With Autopsy. J Thorac Imaging 2008; 23: 20–7.
25. Andenmatten MA, Thali MJ, Kneubuehl BP et al. Gunshot injuries detected by post-mortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT): A feasibility study. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2008; 10 (6): 287–92.
26. Aghayev E, Thali MJ, Sonnenschein M et al. Fatal steamer accident; blunt force injuries and drowning in post-mortem MSCT and MRI. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 152: 65–71.
27. Aghayev E, Jackowski Ch, Sonnenschein M et al. Virtopsy Hemorrhage of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle by Blunt Force to the Neck in Postmortem Multislice Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2006; 27: 25–9.
28. Dedouit F, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Leonetti G et al. Cause of internal hemorrhage determined after exhumation: report of one case. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 204 (1–3): e20–3.
29. Levy AD, Harcke HT, Getz JM, Mallak CT. Multidetector computed tomography findings in deaths with severe burns. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2009; 30 (2): 137–41.
30. Ross S, Cosima S, Flach P et al. Multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) of mountaineering casualties in the Swiss Alps – Advantages and limitations. Legal Med 2010; 12: 271–5.
31. Germerott T, Flach PM, Furter M et al. Fatal thoracic impalement on postmortem imaging. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2011; 13 (2): 83–6.
32. Link TM, Berning W, Scherf S et al. CT of metal implants: reduction of artifacts using an extended CT scale technique. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2000; 24 (1): 165–72.
33. Thali MJ, Yen K, Schweitzer W et al. "Virtopsy, a new imaging horizon in forensic pathology: virtual autopsy by postmortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – a feasibility study. Forensic Sci 2003; 48 (2): 386–403.
34. O’Donnell C, Ranson D. Post Mortem CT Interpretation Short Course, 2015. Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine. Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University.
35. Persson A, Falk J, Berge J, Jackowski C. Atlanto-axial rotatory subluxations in postmortem CT: radiologists be aware of a common pitfall. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 225 (1–3): 9–14.
36. Коков Л.С., Кинле А.Ф., Синицын В.Е., Филимонов Б.А. Возможности компьютерной и магнитно-резонансной томографии в судебно-медицинской экспертизе механической травмы и скоропостижной смерти (обзор литературы). Неотложная медицинская помощь. Журн. им. Н.В.Склифосовского. 2015; 2: 16–26. / Kokov L.S., Kinle A.F., Sinitsyn V.E., Filimonov B.A. Vozmozhnosti komp'iuternoi i magnitno-rezonansnoi tomografii v sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertize mekhanicheskoi travmy i skoropostizhnoi smerti (obzor literatury). Neotlozhnaia meditsinskaia pomoshch'. Zhurn. im. N.V.Sklifosovskogo. 2015; 2: 16–26. [in Russian]
37. Levy AD, Harcke HT, Mallak CT. Postmortem imaging: MDCT features of postmortem change and decomposition. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2010; 31 (1): 12–7.
38. Aghayev E, Sonnenschein M, Jackowski C et al. Postmortem radiology of fatal hemorrhage: measurements of cross-sectional areas of major blood vessels and volumes of aorta and spleen on MDCT and volumes of heart chambers on MRI. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187 (1): 209–15.
39. Jackowski C, Sonnenschei M, Thali MJ et al. Intrahepatic Gas at Postmortem Computed Tomography: Forensic Experience as a Potential Guide for In Vivo Trauma Imaging. J Trauma 2007; 62 (4): 979–88.
40. Jackowski C, Thali M, Aghayev E et al. Postmortem imaging of blood and its characteristics using MSCT and MRI. Int J Legal Med 2005; 19: 1–8.
41. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Hyperattenuating aortic wall on postmortem computed tomography (PMCT). Radiat Med 2002; 20 (4): 42–5, 201–6.
42. Knight BH. The significance of the postmortem discovery of gastric contents in the air passages. J Forensic Sci 1975; 6: 229–34.
43. Руководство по судебной медицине. Под ред. В.Н.Крюкова, И.В.Буромского. М.: Норма, 2014; с. 356. / Rukovodstvo po sudebnoi meditsine. Pod red. V.N.Kriukova, I.V.Buromskogo. M.: Norma, 2014; s. 356. [in Russian]
44. Jackowski C, Persson A, Thali MJ. Whole body postmortem angiography with a high viscosity contrast agent solution using poly ethylene glycol as contrast agent dissolver. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53 (2): 465–8.
45. Flach PM, Ross SG, Bolliger SA et al. Massive Systemic Fat Embolism Detected by Postmortem Imaging and Biopsy. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57 (5): 1376–80.
46. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Postmortem intravascular high-density fluid level (hypostasis): CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2002; 26 (6): 892–3.
47. Bedford P, O'Donnell C. Pseudosubarachnoid hemorrhage on clinical computed tomography: the forensic implications of incorrect diagnosis. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2013; 34 (2): e4–6.
48. Añon J, Remonda L, Spreng A et al. Traumatic extra-axial hemorrhage: correlation of postmortem MSCT, MRI, and forensic-pathological findings. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 28 (4): 823–36.
49. Murakami T, Uetani M, Ikematsu K, Nagasaki JP. Postmortem CT in emergency deparment: Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Eur Soc Radiol (EPOS); C. 1440.
50. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Non-traumatic postmortem computed tomographic (PMCT) findings of the lung. Forensic Sci Int 2004; 139: 39–48.
51. Michiue T, Sakurai T, Ishikawa T et al. Quantitative analysis of pulmonary pathophysiology using postmortem computed tomography with regard to the cause of death. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 220: 232–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.03.007
52. Germerott T, Flach PM, Preiss US et al. Postmortem ventilation: a new method for improved detection of pulmonary pathologies in forensic imaging. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2012; 14 (5): 223–8.
53. Yamazaki K, Shiotani S, Ohashi N et al. Hepaticportal venous gas and hyperdense aortic wall as postmortem computed tomography finding. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2003; 5 (Suppl. 1): S338–41.
54. Hasegawa I, Shimizu A, Saito A et al. Evaluation of post-mortem lateral cerebral ventricle changes using sequential scans during post-mortem computed tomography. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130: 1323–8.
55. Takahashi N, Satou C, Higuchi T et al. Quantitative analysis of brain edema and swelling on early postmortem computed tomography: comparison with antemortem computed tomography. Jpn J Radiol 2010; 28 (5): 349–5.
56. Berger N, Ampanozi G, Schweitzer W et al. Racking the brain: detection of cerebral edema on postmortem computed tomography compared with forensic autopsy. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84 (4): 643–51.
57. O'Donnell CJ, Baker MA. Postmortem CT findings of gastromalacia: a trap for the radiologist with forensic interest. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2010; 6 (4): 293–7.
58. Christe A, Ross SG, Oesterhelweg L et al. Abdominal trauma – sensitivity and specificity of postmortem non contrast imaging findings compared to autopsy findings. J Trauma 2009; 66 (5): 1302–7.
59. Takahiro Z, Teruhiko T, Miyamoto M et al. Intravascular gas in multiple organs detected by postmortem computed tomography: effect of prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation on organ damage in patients with cardiopulmonary arrest. Jpn J Radiol 2011; 29 (2): 148–51.
60. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Cardiovascular gas on non-traumatic postmortem computed tomography (PMCT): the influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Radiat Med 2005; 23 (4): 225–9.
________________________________________________
2. Leth PM. Computerized tomography used as a routine procedure at postmortem investigations. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2009; 30 (3): 219–22.
3. Burton EC, Mossa-Basha M. To image or to autopsy? Ann Intern Med 2012; 156 (2): 158–9.
4. O’Donnell C, Woodford N. Post-mortem radiology – a new subspeciality? Clin Radiol 2008; 63: 1189–94.
5. Blaauwgeers JL, van Rijn RR. Virtual autopsy – why not? Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2012; 156 (19): A4786.
6. Persson A, Lindblom M, Jackowski C. A state-of-the-art pipeline for postmortem CT and MRI visualization: from data acquisition to interactive image interpretation at autopsy. Acta Radiol 2011; 52 (5): 522–36.
7. Christe A, Flach P, Ross S et al. Clinical radiology and postmortem imaging (Virtopsy) are not the same: specific and unspecific postmortem signs. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2010; 12 (5): 215–22.
8. Flach PM, Ross SG, Thali MJ. Clinical and Forensic Radiology are not the same. In: Thali MJ, Viner MD, Brogdon BG (ed). Brogdon’s forensic radiology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, DC: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. 2010; p. 409–40.
9. Saukko P, Knight B (ed). Knight’s forensic pathology. 3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 2004.
10. Gralla J, Spycher F, Pignolet C et al. Evaluation of a 16-MDCT scanner in an emergency department: initial clinical experience and workflow analysis. AJR 2005; 185: 232–8.
11. Novelline RA, Rhea JT, Rao PM, Stuk JL. Helical CT in emergency radiology. Radiology 1999; 213: 321–39.
12. Linsenmaier U, Kro¨tz M, Ha¨user H et al. Whole-body computed tomography in polytrauma: techniques and management. Eur Radiol 2002; 12: 1728–40.
13. Karlo C, Gnannt R, Frauenfelder T et al. Whole-body CT in polytrauma patients: effect of arm positioning on thoracic and abdominal image quality. Emerg Radiol 2011; 18: 285–93.
14. Thali MJ, Viner MD, Brogdon BG. Brogdon’s forensic radiology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010.
15. Grabherr S, Djonov V, Yen K et al. Postmortem angiography: review of former and current methods. AJR 2007; 188: 832–8.
16. Saunders SL, Morgan B, Raj V, Rutty GN. Post-mortem computed tomography angiography: past, present and future. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2011; 7: 271–7.
17. Grabherr S, Doenz F, Steger B et al. Multi-phase post-mortem CT angiography: development of a standardized protocol. Int J Legal Med 2011; 125 (6): 791–802.
18. Ross SG, Thali MJ, Bolliger S et al. Sudden death after chest pain: feasibility of virtual autopsy with postmortem CT angiography and biopsy. Radiology 2012; 264 (1): 250–9.
19. Rutty GN, Morgan B, O’Donnell C et al. Forensic institutes across the world place CT or MRI scanners or both into their mortuaries. J Trauma 2008; 65: 493–4.
20. Flach PM, Gascho D, Schweitzer W et al. Imaging in forensic radiology: an illustrated guide for postmortem computed tomography technique and protocols. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s12024-014-9555-6
21. Scandurra I, Forsell C, Ynnerman A et al. Advancing the state-of-the-art for virtual autopsies – initial forensic workflow study. Stud Health Technol Inform 2010; 160 (Pt. 1): 639–43.
22. Berger N, Ross SG, Ampanozi G et al. Puzzling over intracranial gas: Disclosing a pitfall on postmortem computed tomography in a case of fatal blunt trauma. J Forensic Radiol Imaging 2013; 1: 137–41.
23. Ampanozi G, Schwendener N, Krauskopf A et al. Incidental occult gunshot wound detected by postmortem computed tomography. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2013; 9: 68–72.
24. Aghayev E, Christe A, Sonnenschein M et al. Postmortem Imaging of Blunt Chest Trauma Using CT and MRI Comparison With Autopsy. J Thorac Imaging 2008; 23: 20–7.
25. Andenmatten MA, Thali MJ, Kneubuehl BP et al. Gunshot injuries detected by post-mortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT): A feasibility study. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2008; 10 (6): 287–92.
26. Aghayev E, Thali MJ, Sonnenschein M et al. Fatal steamer accident; blunt force injuries and drowning in post-mortem MSCT and MRI. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 152: 65–71.
27. Aghayev E, Jackowski Ch, Sonnenschein M et al. Virtopsy Hemorrhage of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle by Blunt Force to the Neck in Postmortem Multislice Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2006; 27: 25–9.
28. Dedouit F, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Leonetti G et al. Cause of internal hemorrhage determined after exhumation: report of one case. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 204 (1–3): e20–3.
29. Levy AD, Harcke HT, Getz JM, Mallak CT. Multidetector computed tomography findings in deaths with severe burns. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2009; 30 (2): 137–41.
30. Ross S, Cosima S, Flach P et al. Multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) of mountaineering casualties in the Swiss Alps – Advantages and limitations. Legal Med 2010; 12: 271–5.
31. Germerott T, Flach PM, Furter M et al. Fatal thoracic impalement on postmortem imaging. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2011; 13 (2): 83–6.
32. Link TM, Berning W, Scherf S et al. CT of metal implants: reduction of artifacts using an extended CT scale technique. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2000; 24 (1): 165–72.
33. Thali MJ, Yen K, Schweitzer W et al. "Virtopsy, a new imaging horizon in forensic pathology: virtual autopsy by postmortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – a feasibility study. Forensic Sci 2003; 48 (2): 386–403.
34. O’Donnell C, Ranson D. Post Mortem CT Interpretation Short Course, 2015. Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine. Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University.
35. Persson A, Falk J, Berge J, Jackowski C. Atlanto-axial rotatory subluxations in postmortem CT: radiologists be aware of a common pitfall. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 225 (1–3): 9–14.
36. Kokov L.S., Kinle A.F., Sinitsyn V.E., Filimonov B.A. Vozmozhnosti komp'iuternoi i magnitno-rezonansnoi tomografii v sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertize mekhanicheskoi travmy i skoropostizhnoi smerti (obzor literatury). Neotlozhnaia meditsinskaia pomoshch'. Zhurn. im. N.V.Sklifosovskogo. 2015; 2: 16–26. [in Russian]
37. Levy AD, Harcke HT, Mallak CT. Postmortem imaging: MDCT features of postmortem change and decomposition. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2010; 31 (1): 12–7.
38. Aghayev E, Sonnenschein M, Jackowski C et al. Postmortem radiology of fatal hemorrhage: measurements of cross-sectional areas of major blood vessels and volumes of aorta and spleen on MDCT and volumes of heart chambers on MRI. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187 (1): 209–15.
39. Jackowski C, Sonnenschei M, Thali MJ et al. Intrahepatic Gas at Postmortem Computed Tomography: Forensic Experience as a Potential Guide for In Vivo Trauma Imaging. J Trauma 2007; 62 (4): 979–88.
40. Jackowski C, Thali M, Aghayev E et al. Postmortem imaging of blood and its characteristics using MSCT and MRI. Int J Legal Med 2005; 19: 1–8.
41. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Hyperattenuating aortic wall on postmortem computed tomography (PMCT). Radiat Med 2002; 20 (4): 42–5, 201–6.
42. Knight BH. The significance of the postmortem discovery of gastric contents in the air passages. J Forensic Sci 1975; 6: 229–34.
43. Rukovodstvo po sudebnoi meditsine. Pod red. V.N.Kriukova, I.V.Buromskogo. M.: Norma, 2014; s. 356. [in Russian]
44. Jackowski C, Persson A, Thali MJ. Whole body postmortem angiography with a high viscosity contrast agent solution using poly ethylene glycol as contrast agent dissolver. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53 (2): 465–8.
45. Flach PM, Ross SG, Bolliger SA et al. Massive Systemic Fat Embolism Detected by Postmortem Imaging and Biopsy. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57 (5): 1376–80.
46. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Postmortem intravascular high-density fluid level (hypostasis): CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2002; 26 (6): 892–3.
47. Bedford P, O'Donnell C. Pseudosubarachnoid hemorrhage on clinical computed tomography: the forensic implications of incorrect diagnosis. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2013; 34 (2): e4–6.
48. Añon J, Remonda L, Spreng A et al. Traumatic extra-axial hemorrhage: correlation of postmortem MSCT, MRI, and forensic-pathological findings. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 28 (4): 823–36.
49. Murakami T, Uetani M, Ikematsu K, Nagasaki JP. Postmortem CT in emergency deparment: Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Eur Soc Radiol (EPOS); C. 1440.
50. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Non-traumatic postmortem computed tomographic (PMCT) findings of the lung. Forensic Sci Int 2004; 139: 39–48.
51. Michiue T, Sakurai T, Ishikawa T et al. Quantitative analysis of pulmonary pathophysiology using postmortem computed tomography with regard to the cause of death. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 220: 232–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.03.007
52. Germerott T, Flach PM, Preiss US et al. Postmortem ventilation: a new method for improved detection of pulmonary pathologies in forensic imaging. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2012; 14 (5): 223–8.
53. Yamazaki K, Shiotani S, Ohashi N et al. Hepaticportal venous gas and hyperdense aortic wall as postmortem computed tomography finding. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2003; 5 (Suppl. 1): S338–41.
54. Hasegawa I, Shimizu A, Saito A et al. Evaluation of post-mortem lateral cerebral ventricle changes using sequential scans during post-mortem computed tomography. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130: 1323–8.
55. Takahashi N, Satou C, Higuchi T et al. Quantitative analysis of brain edema and swelling on early postmortem computed tomography: comparison with antemortem computed tomography. Jpn J Radiol 2010; 28 (5): 349–5.
56. Berger N, Ampanozi G, Schweitzer W et al. Racking the brain: detection of cerebral edema on postmortem computed tomography compared with forensic autopsy. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84 (4): 643–51.
57. O'Donnell CJ, Baker MA. Postmortem CT findings of gastromalacia: a trap for the radiologist with forensic interest. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2010; 6 (4): 293–7.
58. Christe A, Ross SG, Oesterhelweg L et al. Abdominal trauma – sensitivity and specificity of postmortem non contrast imaging findings compared to autopsy findings. J Trauma 2009; 66 (5): 1302–7.
59. Takahiro Z, Teruhiko T, Miyamoto M et al. Intravascular gas in multiple organs detected by postmortem computed tomography: effect of prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation on organ damage in patients with cardiopulmonary arrest. Jpn J Radiol 2011; 29 (2): 148–51.
60. Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N et al. Cardiovascular gas on non-traumatic postmortem computed tomography (PMCT): the influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Radiat Med 2005; 23 (4): 225–9.
Авторы
С.Э.Дуброва*1, Б.А.Филимонов2
1 ГБУЗ МО Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф.Владимирского. 129110, Россия, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2;
2 ООО «Объединенная редакция». 123592, Россия, Москва, ул. Кулакова, д.20, стр. 1А
*dubrovamoniki@rambler.ru
1 M.F.Vladimirskiy Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute. 129110, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Shchepkina, d. 61/2;
2 Publishing house “Ob’edinyonnaya redaktsia”. 123592, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Kulakova, d. 20, str. 1A
*dubrovamoniki@rambler.ru
1 ГБУЗ МО Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф.Владимирского. 129110, Россия, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2;
2 ООО «Объединенная редакция». 123592, Россия, Москва, ул. Кулакова, д.20, стр. 1А
*dubrovamoniki@rambler.ru
________________________________________________
1 M.F.Vladimirskiy Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute. 129110, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Shchepkina, d. 61/2;
2 Publishing house “Ob’edinyonnaya redaktsia”. 123592, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Kulakova, d. 20, str. 1A
*dubrovamoniki@rambler.ru
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