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Кеторолак: применение, эффективность, безопасность
Кеторолак: применение, эффективность, безопасность
Котова О.В., Акарачкова Е.С. Кеторолак: применение, эффективность, безопасность. Consilium Medicum. Неврология и Ревматология (Прил.). 2016; 1: 70–73.
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Аннотация
Около 90% всех заболеваний связано с болью. При болевых синдромах разной этиологии нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты (НПВП) относятся по уровню потребления к наиболее популярным лекарствам в мире. Кеторолак (Кеторол®) – это НПВП, доступный в парентеральной, таблетированной формах, а также в виде геля, который обладает мощным обезболивающим потенциалом, а его эффективность хорошо изучена для лечения умеренной и сильной боли во многих клинических ситуациях, подтвержденная в ряде исследований. Кеторолак относится к группе неселективных ингибиторов циклооксигеназы, производных гетероарильной уксусной кислоты. Нежелательные эффекты кеторолака сходны с таковыми при применении других НПВП. Клинически важные побочные эффекты включают желудочно-кишечные кровотечения, пептические язвы, почечную недостаточность, гематологическую дисфункцию, которые нивелируются при соблюдении дозировок и количестве дней приема (до 5 дней). Кеторолак обладает обезболивающей эффективностью, аналогичной морфину. Кеторолак эффективно применяется при некоторых неотложных состояниях, таких как приступ желчнокаменной болезни, мигрень, у пациентов с опиоидной зависимостью, серповидно-клеточным кризом и костно-мышечной болью.
Ключевые слова: кеторолак, механизм действия, нежелательные побочные явления, эффективность.
Key words: ketorolac, mechanism of action, unwanted side effects, effectiveness.
Ключевые слова: кеторолак, механизм действия, нежелательные побочные явления, эффективность.
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Key words: ketorolac, mechanism of action, unwanted side effects, effectiveness.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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3. Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S et al. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ 2004; 329: 15–8.
4. Котова О.В. Применение кеторолака при острых болевых синдромах. Фарматека. 2013; 13 (266): 41–4. / Kotova O.V. Primenenie ketorolaka pri ostrykh bolevykh sindromakh. Farmateka. 2013; 13 (266): 41–4. [in Russian]
5. Larkin GL, Peacock WF et al. Efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine versus meperidine in the ED treatment of acute renal colic. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17 (1): 6–10.
6. Pérez-Urizar J, Granados-Soto V et al. Analgesic efficacy and bioavailability of ketorolac in postoperative pain: a probability analysis. Arch Med Res 2000; 31 (2): 191–6.
7. Barber FA, Gladu DE. Comparison of oral ketorolac and hydrocodone for pain relief after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1998; 14 (6): 605–12.
8. Watcha MF, Jones MB, Lagueruela RG et al. Comparison of ketorolac and morphine as adjuvants during pediatric surgery. Anesthesiology1992; 76 (3): 368–72.
9. Dula DJ, Anderson R, Wood GC. A prospective study comparing i.m. ketorolac with i.m. meperidine in the treatment of acute biliary colic. J Emerg Med 2001; 20 (2): 121–4.
10. Henderson SO, Swadron S, Newton E. Comparison of intravenous ketorolac and meperidine in the treatment of biliary colic. J Emerg Med 2002; 23 (3): 237–41.
11. Mroszczak EJ, Jung D, Yee J et al. Ketorolac tromethamine pharmacokinetics and metabolism after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration in humans and animals. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10 (Pt. 2): 33S–39S.
12. Boyer KC, McDonald P, Zoetis T. A novel formulation of ketorolac tromethamine for intranasal administration: preclinical safety evaluation. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29: 467–78.
13. Rooks WH II, Tomolonis AJ, Maloney PJ et al. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory profile of (+/−)-5-benzoyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2a]pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid (RS-37619). Agents Actions 1982; 12 (5–6): 684–90.
14. Sotgiu ML, Biella G, Formaglio F, Marchettini P. Central effect of ketorolac involving NMDA receptors activity. Brain Res 1998; 813 (1): 223–6.
15. McAleer SD, Majid O, Venables E et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of ketorolac following single intranasal and intramuscular administration in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 47: 13–8.
16. Jung D, Mroszczak E, Bynum L. Pharmacokinetics of ketorolac tromethamine in humans after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 35: 423–5.
17. He A, Hersh EV. A review of intranasal ketorolac tromethamine for the short-term management of moderate to moderately severe pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level. Curr Med Res Opin 2012; 28: 1873–80.
18. Litvak KM, McEvoy GK. Ketorolac, an injectable nonnarcotic analgesic. Clin Pharm 1990; 9: 921–35.
19. Forrest JB, Camu F, Greer IA et al. Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88: 227–33.
20. Singla N, Singla S, Minkowitz HS et al. Intranasal ketorolac for acute postoperative pain. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26: 1915–23.
21. Joishy SK, Walsh D. The opioid-sparing effects of intravenous ketorolac as an adjuvant analgesic in cancer pain: application in bone metastases and the opioid bowel syndrome. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998; 16: 334–9.
22. Brown CR, Mazzulla JP, Mok MS et al. Comparison of repeat doses of intramuscular ketorolac tromethamine and morphine sulfate for analgesia after major surgery. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10 (Pt. 2): 45S–50S.
23. Gillis JC, Brogden RN. Ketorolac. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain management. Drugs 1997; 53: 139–88.
24. Kenny GN, McArdle CS, Aitken HH. Parenteral ketorolac: opiate-sparing effect and lack of cardiorespiratory depression in the perioperative patient. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10 (Pt. 2): 127S–131S.
25. Grimsby GM, Conley SP, Trentman TL et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of continuous intravenous Ketorolac vs. placebo for adjuvant pain control after renal surgery. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87: 1089–97.
26. Yee MK, Evans WD, Facey PE et al. Gastric emptying and small bowel transit in male volunteers after i.m. ketorolac and morphine. Br J Anaesth 1991; 67: 426–31.
27. Eriksson H, Tenhunen A, Korttila K. Balanced analgesia improves recovery and outcome after outpatient tubal ligation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996; 40: 151–5.
28. Smith LA, Carroll D, Edwards JE et al. Single-dose ketorolac and pethidine in acute postoperative pain: systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84: 48–58.
29. Taggart E, Doran S, Kokotillo A et al. Ketorolac in the treatment of acute migraine: a systematic review. Headache 2013; 53: 277–87.
30. Olsen JC, McGrath NA, Schwarz DG et al. A double-blind randomized clinical trial evaluating the analgesic efficacy of ketorolac versus butorphanol for patients with suspected biliary colic in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15: 718–22.
31. Котова О.В. Опыт применения кеторолака в терапии острой боли. Фарматека. 2012; 9 (242): 52–5. / Kotova O.V. Opyt primeneniia ketorolaka v terapii ostroi boli. Farmateka. 2012; 9 (242): 52–5. [in Russian]
32. Vadivelu N, Gowda AM, Urman RD et al. Ketorolac tromethamine – routes and clinical implications. Pain Pract 2015; 15 (2): 175–93. Doi: 10.1111/papr.12198. Epub 2014 Apr 16.
2. Kotova O.V., Akarachkova E.S.Ostrye bolevye sindromy v nevrologicheskoi praktike. Effektivnaia farmakoterapiia. 2014; 31: 40–5. [in Russian]
3. Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S et al. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ 2004; 329: 15–8.
4. Kotova O.V. Primenenie ketorolaka pri ostrykh bolevykh sindromakh. Farmateka. 2013; 13 (266): 41–4. [in Russian]
5. Larkin GL, Peacock WF et al. Efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine versus meperidine in the ED treatment of acute renal colic. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17 (1): 6–10.
6. Pérez-Urizar J, Granados-Soto V et al. Analgesic efficacy and bioavailability of ketorolac in postoperative pain: a probability analysis. Arch Med Res 2000; 31 (2): 191–6.
7. Barber FA, Gladu DE. Comparison of oral ketorolac and hydrocodone for pain relief after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1998; 14 (6): 605–12.
8. Watcha MF, Jones MB, Lagueruela RG et al. Comparison of ketorolac and morphine as adjuvants during pediatric surgery. Anesthesiology1992; 76 (3): 368–72.
9. Dula DJ, Anderson R, Wood GC. A prospective study comparing i.m. ketorolac with i.m. meperidine in the treatment of acute biliary colic. J Emerg Med 2001; 20 (2): 121–4.
10. Henderson SO, Swadron S, Newton E. Comparison of intravenous ketorolac and meperidine in the treatment of biliary colic. J Emerg Med 2002; 23 (3): 237–41.
11. Mroszczak EJ, Jung D, Yee J et al. Ketorolac tromethamine pharmacokinetics and metabolism after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration in humans and animals. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10 (Pt. 2): 33S–39S.
12. Boyer KC, McDonald P, Zoetis T. A novel formulation of ketorolac tromethamine for intranasal administration: preclinical safety evaluation. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29: 467–78.
13. Rooks WH II, Tomolonis AJ, Maloney PJ et al. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory profile of (+/−)-5-benzoyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2a]pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid (RS-37619). Agents Actions 1982; 12 (5–6): 684–90.
14. Sotgiu ML, Biella G, Formaglio F, Marchettini P. Central effect of ketorolac involving NMDA receptors activity. Brain Res 1998; 813 (1): 223–6.
15. McAleer SD, Majid O, Venables E et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of ketorolac following single intranasal and intramuscular administration in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 47: 13–8.
16. Jung D, Mroszczak E, Bynum L. Pharmacokinetics of ketorolac tromethamine in humans after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 35: 423–5.
17. He A, Hersh EV. A review of intranasal ketorolac tromethamine for the short-term management of moderate to moderately severe pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level. Curr Med Res Opin 2012; 28: 1873–80.
18. Litvak KM, McEvoy GK. Ketorolac, an injectable nonnarcotic analgesic. Clin Pharm 1990; 9: 921–35.
19. Forrest JB, Camu F, Greer IA et al. Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88: 227–33.
20. Singla N, Singla S, Minkowitz HS et al. Intranasal ketorolac for acute postoperative pain. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26: 1915–23.
21. Joishy SK, Walsh D. The opioid-sparing effects of intravenous ketorolac as an adjuvant analgesic in cancer pain: application in bone metastases and the opioid bowel syndrome. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998; 16: 334–9.
22. Brown CR, Mazzulla JP, Mok MS et al. Comparison of repeat doses of intramuscular ketorolac tromethamine and morphine sulfate for analgesia after major surgery. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10 (Pt. 2): 45S–50S.
23. Gillis JC, Brogden RN. Ketorolac. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain management. Drugs 1997; 53: 139–88.
24. Kenny GN, McArdle CS, Aitken HH. Parenteral ketorolac: opiate-sparing effect and lack of cardiorespiratory depression in the perioperative patient. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10 (Pt. 2): 127S–131S.
25. Grimsby GM, Conley SP, Trentman TL et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of continuous intravenous Ketorolac vs. placebo for adjuvant pain control after renal surgery. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87: 1089–97.
26. Yee MK, Evans WD, Facey PE et al. Gastric emptying and small bowel transit in male volunteers after i.m. ketorolac and morphine. Br J Anaesth 1991; 67: 426–31.
27. Eriksson H, Tenhunen A, Korttila K. Balanced analgesia improves recovery and outcome after outpatient tubal ligation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996; 40: 151–5.
28. Smith LA, Carroll D, Edwards JE et al. Single-dose ketorolac and pethidine in acute postoperative pain: systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84: 48–58.
29. Taggart E, Doran S, Kokotillo A et al. Ketorolac in the treatment of acute migraine: a systematic review. Headache 2013; 53: 277–87.
30. Olsen JC, McGrath NA, Schwarz DG et al. A double-blind randomized clinical trial evaluating the analgesic efficacy of ketorolac versus butorphanol for patients with suspected biliary colic in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15: 718–22.
31. Котова О.В. Опыт применения кеторолака в терапии острой боли. Фарматека. 2012; 9 (242): 52–5. / Kotova O.V. Opyt primeneniia ketorolaka v terapii ostroi boli. Farmateka. 2012; 9 (242): 52–5. [in Russian]
32. Vadivelu N, Gowda AM, Urman RD et al. Ketorolac tromethamine – routes and clinical implications. Pain Pract 2015; 15 (2): 175–93. Doi: 10.1111/papr.12198. Epub 2014 Apr 16.
2. Котова О.В., Акарачкова Е.С. Острые болевые синдромы в неврологической практике. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2014; 31: 40–5. / Kotova O.V., Akarachkova E.S.Ostrye bolevye sindromy v nevrologicheskoi praktike. Effektivnaia farmakoterapiia. 2014; 31: 40–5. [in Russian]
3. Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S et al. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ 2004; 329: 15–8.
4. Котова О.В. Применение кеторолака при острых болевых синдромах. Фарматека. 2013; 13 (266): 41–4. / Kotova O.V. Primenenie ketorolaka pri ostrykh bolevykh sindromakh. Farmateka. 2013; 13 (266): 41–4. [in Russian]
5. Larkin GL, Peacock WF et al. Efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine versus meperidine in the ED treatment of acute renal colic. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17 (1): 6–10.
6. Pérez-Urizar J, Granados-Soto V et al. Analgesic efficacy and bioavailability of ketorolac in postoperative pain: a probability analysis. Arch Med Res 2000; 31 (2): 191–6.
7. Barber FA, Gladu DE. Comparison of oral ketorolac and hydrocodone for pain relief after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1998; 14 (6): 605–12.
8. Watcha MF, Jones MB, Lagueruela RG et al. Comparison of ketorolac and morphine as adjuvants during pediatric surgery. Anesthesiology1992; 76 (3): 368–72.
9. Dula DJ, Anderson R, Wood GC. A prospective study comparing i.m. ketorolac with i.m. meperidine in the treatment of acute biliary colic. J Emerg Med 2001; 20 (2): 121–4.
10. Henderson SO, Swadron S, Newton E. Comparison of intravenous ketorolac and meperidine in the treatment of biliary colic. J Emerg Med 2002; 23 (3): 237–41.
11. Mroszczak EJ, Jung D, Yee J et al. Ketorolac tromethamine pharmacokinetics and metabolism after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration in humans and animals. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10 (Pt. 2): 33S–39S.
12. Boyer KC, McDonald P, Zoetis T. A novel formulation of ketorolac tromethamine for intranasal administration: preclinical safety evaluation. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29: 467–78.
13. Rooks WH II, Tomolonis AJ, Maloney PJ et al. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory profile of (+/−)-5-benzoyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2a]pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid (RS-37619). Agents Actions 1982; 12 (5–6): 684–90.
14. Sotgiu ML, Biella G, Formaglio F, Marchettini P. Central effect of ketorolac involving NMDA receptors activity. Brain Res 1998; 813 (1): 223–6.
15. McAleer SD, Majid O, Venables E et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of ketorolac following single intranasal and intramuscular administration in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 47: 13–8.
16. Jung D, Mroszczak E, Bynum L. Pharmacokinetics of ketorolac tromethamine in humans after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 35: 423–5.
17. He A, Hersh EV. A review of intranasal ketorolac tromethamine for the short-term management of moderate to moderately severe pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level. Curr Med Res Opin 2012; 28: 1873–80.
18. Litvak KM, McEvoy GK. Ketorolac, an injectable nonnarcotic analgesic. Clin Pharm 1990; 9: 921–35.
19. Forrest JB, Camu F, Greer IA et al. Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88: 227–33.
20. Singla N, Singla S, Minkowitz HS et al. Intranasal ketorolac for acute postoperative pain. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26: 1915–23.
21. Joishy SK, Walsh D. The opioid-sparing effects of intravenous ketorolac as an adjuvant analgesic in cancer pain: application in bone metastases and the opioid bowel syndrome. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998; 16: 334–9.
22. Brown CR, Mazzulla JP, Mok MS et al. Comparison of repeat doses of intramuscular ketorolac tromethamine and morphine sulfate for analgesia after major surgery. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10 (Pt. 2): 45S–50S.
23. Gillis JC, Brogden RN. Ketorolac. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain management. Drugs 1997; 53: 139–88.
24. Kenny GN, McArdle CS, Aitken HH. Parenteral ketorolac: opiate-sparing effect and lack of cardiorespiratory depression in the perioperative patient. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10 (Pt. 2): 127S–131S.
25. Grimsby GM, Conley SP, Trentman TL et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of continuous intravenous Ketorolac vs. placebo for adjuvant pain control after renal surgery. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87: 1089–97.
26. Yee MK, Evans WD, Facey PE et al. Gastric emptying and small bowel transit in male volunteers after i.m. ketorolac and morphine. Br J Anaesth 1991; 67: 426–31.
27. Eriksson H, Tenhunen A, Korttila K. Balanced analgesia improves recovery and outcome after outpatient tubal ligation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996; 40: 151–5.
28. Smith LA, Carroll D, Edwards JE et al. Single-dose ketorolac and pethidine in acute postoperative pain: systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84: 48–58.
29. Taggart E, Doran S, Kokotillo A et al. Ketorolac in the treatment of acute migraine: a systematic review. Headache 2013; 53: 277–87.
30. Olsen JC, McGrath NA, Schwarz DG et al. A double-blind randomized clinical trial evaluating the analgesic efficacy of ketorolac versus butorphanol for patients with suspected biliary colic in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15: 718–22.
31. Котова О.В. Опыт применения кеторолака в терапии острой боли. Фарматека. 2012; 9 (242): 52–5. / Kotova O.V. Opyt primeneniia ketorolaka v terapii ostroi boli. Farmateka. 2012; 9 (242): 52–5. [in Russian]
32. Vadivelu N, Gowda AM, Urman RD et al. Ketorolac tromethamine – routes and clinical implications. Pain Pract 2015; 15 (2): 175–93. Doi: 10.1111/papr.12198. Epub 2014 Apr 16.
________________________________________________
2. Kotova O.V., Akarachkova E.S.Ostrye bolevye sindromy v nevrologicheskoi praktike. Effektivnaia farmakoterapiia. 2014; 31: 40–5. [in Russian]
3. Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S et al. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ 2004; 329: 15–8.
4. Kotova O.V. Primenenie ketorolaka pri ostrykh bolevykh sindromakh. Farmateka. 2013; 13 (266): 41–4. [in Russian]
5. Larkin GL, Peacock WF et al. Efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine versus meperidine in the ED treatment of acute renal colic. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17 (1): 6–10.
6. Pérez-Urizar J, Granados-Soto V et al. Analgesic efficacy and bioavailability of ketorolac in postoperative pain: a probability analysis. Arch Med Res 2000; 31 (2): 191–6.
7. Barber FA, Gladu DE. Comparison of oral ketorolac and hydrocodone for pain relief after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1998; 14 (6): 605–12.
8. Watcha MF, Jones MB, Lagueruela RG et al. Comparison of ketorolac and morphine as adjuvants during pediatric surgery. Anesthesiology1992; 76 (3): 368–72.
9. Dula DJ, Anderson R, Wood GC. A prospective study comparing i.m. ketorolac with i.m. meperidine in the treatment of acute biliary colic. J Emerg Med 2001; 20 (2): 121–4.
10. Henderson SO, Swadron S, Newton E. Comparison of intravenous ketorolac and meperidine in the treatment of biliary colic. J Emerg Med 2002; 23 (3): 237–41.
11. Mroszczak EJ, Jung D, Yee J et al. Ketorolac tromethamine pharmacokinetics and metabolism after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration in humans and animals. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10 (Pt. 2): 33S–39S.
12. Boyer KC, McDonald P, Zoetis T. A novel formulation of ketorolac tromethamine for intranasal administration: preclinical safety evaluation. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29: 467–78.
13. Rooks WH II, Tomolonis AJ, Maloney PJ et al. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory profile of (+/−)-5-benzoyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2a]pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid (RS-37619). Agents Actions 1982; 12 (5–6): 684–90.
14. Sotgiu ML, Biella G, Formaglio F, Marchettini P. Central effect of ketorolac involving NMDA receptors activity. Brain Res 1998; 813 (1): 223–6.
15. McAleer SD, Majid O, Venables E et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of ketorolac following single intranasal and intramuscular administration in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 47: 13–8.
16. Jung D, Mroszczak E, Bynum L. Pharmacokinetics of ketorolac tromethamine in humans after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 35: 423–5.
17. He A, Hersh EV. A review of intranasal ketorolac tromethamine for the short-term management of moderate to moderately severe pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level. Curr Med Res Opin 2012; 28: 1873–80.
18. Litvak KM, McEvoy GK. Ketorolac, an injectable nonnarcotic analgesic. Clin Pharm 1990; 9: 921–35.
19. Forrest JB, Camu F, Greer IA et al. Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88: 227–33.
20. Singla N, Singla S, Minkowitz HS et al. Intranasal ketorolac for acute postoperative pain. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26: 1915–23.
21. Joishy SK, Walsh D. The opioid-sparing effects of intravenous ketorolac as an adjuvant analgesic in cancer pain: application in bone metastases and the opioid bowel syndrome. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998; 16: 334–9.
22. Brown CR, Mazzulla JP, Mok MS et al. Comparison of repeat doses of intramuscular ketorolac tromethamine and morphine sulfate for analgesia after major surgery. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10 (Pt. 2): 45S–50S.
23. Gillis JC, Brogden RN. Ketorolac. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain management. Drugs 1997; 53: 139–88.
24. Kenny GN, McArdle CS, Aitken HH. Parenteral ketorolac: opiate-sparing effect and lack of cardiorespiratory depression in the perioperative patient. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10 (Pt. 2): 127S–131S.
25. Grimsby GM, Conley SP, Trentman TL et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of continuous intravenous Ketorolac vs. placebo for adjuvant pain control after renal surgery. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87: 1089–97.
26. Yee MK, Evans WD, Facey PE et al. Gastric emptying and small bowel transit in male volunteers after i.m. ketorolac and morphine. Br J Anaesth 1991; 67: 426–31.
27. Eriksson H, Tenhunen A, Korttila K. Balanced analgesia improves recovery and outcome after outpatient tubal ligation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996; 40: 151–5.
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Авторы
О.В.Котова*, Е.С.Акарачкова
ГБОУ ВПО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова Минздрава России. 119991, Россия, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 1
*ol_kotova@mail.ru
I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Trubetskaia d. 8, str. 1
*ol_kotova@mail.ru
ГБОУ ВПО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова Минздрава России. 119991, Россия, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 1
*ol_kotova@mail.ru
________________________________________________
I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Trubetskaia d. 8, str. 1
*ol_kotova@mail.ru
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