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Простат-специфический антиген как маркер заболеваний предстательной железы и мишень для лекарственных препаратов (обзор литературы)
Простат-специфический антиген как маркер заболеваний предстательной железы и мишень для лекарственных препаратов (обзор литературы)
Ахвледиани Н.Д., Алленов С.Н., Матюхов И.П. Простат-специфический антиген как маркер заболеваний предстательной железы и мишень для лекарственных препаратов (обзор литературы). Consilium Medicum. 2017; 19 (7): 35–40. DOI: 10.26442/2075-1753_19.7.35-40
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Аннотация
Простат-специфический антиген (ПСА) не только является параметром диагностики заболеваний предстательной железы (ПЖ), но и предоставляет возможность влияния на течение таких заболеваний, как доброкачественная гиперплазия ПЖ и синдром хронической тазовой боли при регулировании его активности. Функция ПСА в организме не ограничена его основной биологической ролью – снижением коагуляционных свойств спермы, ПСА вовлечен в различные каскады реакций, в том числе патологические. Препарат Афалаза, содержащий аффинно очищенные антитела к ПСА и эндотелиальной NO-синтазе в релиз-активной форме, модулирует активность ПСА и эндотелиальной NO-синтазы, оказывая антипролиферативное, противоотечное, противовоспалительное и эндотелиопротективное действие, обеспечивая улучшение показателей уродинамики и качества жизни у пациентов с доброкачественной гиперплазией ПЖ и синдромом хронической тазовой боли.
Ключевые слова: простат-специфический антиген, Афалаза, аффинно очищенные антитела к простат-сцецифическому антигену в релиз-активной форме, аффинно очищенные антитела к эндотелиальной NO-синтазе в релиз-активной форме.
Key words: prostate-specific antigen, Afalaza, affinity purified antibodies to prostate-specific antigen in released-active forms, affinity purified antibodies to endothelial NO-synthase in released-active forms.
Ключевые слова: простат-специфический антиген, Афалаза, аффинно очищенные антитела к простат-сцецифическому антигену в релиз-активной форме, аффинно очищенные антитела к эндотелиальной NO-синтазе в релиз-активной форме.
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Key words: prostate-specific antigen, Afalaza, affinity purified antibodies to prostate-specific antigen in released-active forms, affinity purified antibodies to endothelial NO-synthase in released-active forms.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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2. Roehrborn CG, McConnell JD. Etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology and natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughn EB Jr et al., editors. Campbell’s urology. 8. Vol. 38. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2002; p. 1297–330.
3. Lepor H. Pathophysiology, epidemiology, and natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Rev Urol 2004; 6: 3–S10.
4. Pushkar' D.Iu., Rasner P.I. Differentsial'naia diagnostika raka i dobrokachestvennoi giperplazii predstatel'noi zhelezy. Rus. med. zhurn. 2014; 17: 1298. [in Russian]
5. Ayyıldız SN, Ayyıldız A. PSA, PSA derivatives, proPSA and prostate health index in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Turk J Urol 2014; 40 (2): 82–8.
6. Belanger A, van Halbeek H, Graves HC et al. Molecular mass and carbohydrate structure of prostate specific antigen: studies for establishment of an International PSA standard. Prostate 1995; 27: 187–97.
7. Lundwall A, Lilja H. Molecular cloning of human prostate specific antigen cDNA. FEBS Lett 1987; 214: 317–22.
8. Watt KW, Lee PJ, M’Timkulu T et al. Human prostate specific antigen: structural and functional similarity with serine proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 3166–70.
9. Regiman PH, Vlietstra RJ, Suurmeijer L et al. Characterization of the human kallikrein locus. Genomics 1992; 14: 6–11.
10. Borgono CA, Diamandis EP. The emerging roles of human tissue kallikreins in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4 (11): 876–90.
11. Klokk TI, Xi Z, Saatcioglu F. Human tissue kallikrein – a family with many surprises. Turk J Biochem 2006; 31 (2): 69–71.
12. Zhang W-M, Leinonen J, Kalkkinen N et al. Purification and characterization of different molecular forms of prostate specific antigen in human seminal fluid. Clin Chem 1995; 41: 1567–73.
13. Wang MC, Papsidero LC, Kuriyama M et al. Prostate antigen: a new potential marker for prostatic cancer. Prostate 1981; 2: 89–96.
14. Brawer MK, Rennels MA, Nagle RB et al. Serum prostate specific antigen and prostate pathology in men having a simple prostatectomy. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 92: 760–4.
15. Loran O.B. Diagnostika i differentsial'naya diagnostika dobrokachestvennoy giperplazii predstatel'noy zhelezy. V kn.: Dobrokachestvennaya giperplaziya predstatel'noy zhelezy. Pod red. N.A.Lopatkina. M., 1999; s. 56–69. [in Russian]
16. Morgan TO, Jacobsen SJ, McCarthy WF et al. Age-specific reference ranges for prostate-specific antigen in black men. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 304–10.
17. Baillargeon J, Pollock BH, Kristal AR et al. The association of body mass index and prostate-specific antigen in a population-based study. Cancer 2005; 103: 1092–5.
18. Arab D, Ardestani Zadeh A, Mirmohammadkhani M et al. Prostate-specific antigen rising in Iranian men in correlation with body mass index, fasting blood sugar and blood lipid profile. J Nephropathol 2016; 5 (4): 134–8.
19. Lilja H, Abrahamsson PA. Three predominant proteins secreted by the human prostate gland. Prostate 1988; 12: 29–38.
20. Nadler RB, Humphrey PA, Smith DS et al. Effect of inflammation and benign prostatic hyperplasia on elevated serum prostate specific antigen levels. J Urol 1995; 154 (2 Pt. 1): 407–13.
21. Polascik TJ, Oesterling JE, Partin AW. Prostate specific antigen: a decade of discovery – what we have learned and where we are going. J Urol 1999; 162 (2): 293–306.
22. Irani J, Millet C, Levillain P et al. Serum-to-urinary prostate-specific antigen ratio: a potential means of distinguishing benign prostatic hyperplasia from prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1996; 29 (4): 407–12.
23. Christensson A, Laurell CB, Lilja H. Enzymatic activity of prostate specific antigen and its reaction with extracellular protease inhibitors. Eur J Biochem 1990; 194: 755–63.
24. Björk T, Ljungberg B, Piironen T et al. Rapid exponential elimination of free prostate-specific antigen contrasts the slow, capacity-limited elimination of PSA complexed to alpha 1-antichymotrypsin from serum. Urology 1998; 51: 57–62.
25. Mikolajczyk SD, Millar LS, Wang TJ et al. “BPSA”, a specific molecular form of free prostate-specific antigen, is found predominantly in the transition zone of patients with nodular benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2000; 55: 41–5.
26. Peyromaure M, Fulla Y, Debre B, Dinh-Xuan AT. Pro PSA: a “pro cancer” form of PSA? Medical Hypotheses 2005; 64: 92–5.
27. Filella X, Gimenez N. Evaluation of [-2] proPSA and prostate health index (phi) for the detection of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 51: 729–39.
28. Li TS, Beling CG. Isolation and characterization of two specific antigens of human seminal plasma. Fertil Steril 1973; 24: 134–44.
29. Filella X, Foj L. Prostate Cancer Detection and Prognosis: From Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) to Exosomal Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17 (11): 1784.
30. Nelson PS, Gan L, Ferguson C et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of prostase, an androgen-regulated serine protease with prostate-restricted expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 3114–9.
31. Cleutjens KBJM, van Eekelen CCEM, Van der Korput HAGM et al. Two androgen response regions cooperate in steroid hormone regulated activity of the prostate-specific antigen promoter. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 6379–88.
32. Boyle P, Koechlin A, Bota M et al. Endogenous and exogenous testosterone and the risk of prostate cancer and increased prostate specific antigen (PSA): a meta-analysis. BJU Int 2016.
33. Lilja H, Oldbring J, Rannevik G, Laurell C-B. Seminal vesicle-secreted proteins and their reactions during gelation and liquefaction of human semen. J Clin Invest 1987; 80: 281–5.
34. Cohen P, Graves HCB, Peehl DM et al. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease found in seminal plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 401–7.
35. Lilja H. A kallikrein-like serine protease in prostatic fluid cleaves the predominant seminal vesicle protein. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 1899–903.
36. Webber MM, Waghray A, Bello D. Prostate-specific antigen, a serine protease, facilitates human prostate cancer cell invasion. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 1089–94.
37. Michael IP, Pampalakis G, Mikolajczyk SD et al. Human tissue kallikrein 5 is a member of a proteolytic cascade pathway involved in seminal clot liquefaction and potentially in prostate cancer progression. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 12743–50.
38. Jonsson M, Lundwall A, Linse S et al. Truncated semenogelin I binds zinc and is cleaved by prostate-specific antigen. J Androl 2006; 27: 542–7.
39. Malm J, Hellman J, Hogg P et al. Enzymatic action of prostate-specific antigen (PSA or KLK3): substrate specificity and regulation by Zn2+, a tight-binding inhibitor. Prostate 2000; 45: 132–9.
40. Killian CS, Corral DA, Kawinski E et al. Mitogenic response of osteoblast cells to prostate-specific antigen suggests an activation of latent TGF-b and a proteolytic modulation of cell adhesion receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 192: 940–7.
41. Cramer SD, Chen Z, Peehl DM. Prostate specific antigen cleaves parathyroid hormone-related protein in the PTH-like domain: inactivation of PTHrP-stimulated cAMP accumulation in mouse osteo-blasts. J Urol 1996; 156: 526–31.
42. Fortier AH, Nelson BJ, Grella DK et al. Antiangiogenic activity of prostate-specific antigen. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 1635–40.
43. Pretlow TG, Pretlow TP, Yang B et al. Tissue concentrations of prostate-specific antigen in Prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Cancer 1991; 49: 645–9.
44. Waheed A, Van Etten RL. The biosynthesis of prostate-specific antigen in non prostatic cell lines. Clin Biochem 2001; 34 (8): 617–21.
45. Heidtmann HH, Nettelbeck DM, Mingels A et al. Generation of angiostatinlike fragments from plasminogen by prostate-specific antigen. Br J Cancer 1999; 81 (8): 1269–73.
46. Papadopoulos I, Sivridis E, Giatromanolaki A et al. Tumor angiogenesis is associated with MUC1 overexpression and loss of prostate-specific antigen expression in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7 (6): 1533–8.
47. Olsson AY, Bjartell A, Lilja H et al. Expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) in ileum and other extraprostatic tissues. Int J Cancer 2005; 113 (2): 290–7.
48. Filella X, Molina R, Alcover J et al. Detection of nonprostatic PSA in serum and nonserum samples from women. Int J Cancer 1996; 68 (4): 424–7.
49. Diamandis P, Yu H. Nonprostatic sources of prostate-specific antigen. Urol Clin North Am 1997; 24 (2): 275–82.
50. Fortier AH, Nelson BJ, Grella DK et al. Antiangiogenic Activity of Prostate-Specific Antigen. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 1635–40.
51. Sivkov A.V. Medikamentoznaya terapiya dobrokachestvennoy giperplazii predstatel'noy zhelezy. V kn.: Dobrokachestvennaya giperplaziya predstatel'noy zhelezy. Pod red. N.A.Lopatkina. M., 1999; s. 91–116. [in Russian]
52. Nickel JC. Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 31 (Suppl. 1): 112–6.
53. Ushakova G.V., Paskhina O.E. Kompleksnye gomeopaticheskie sredstva v lechenii dobrokachestvennoy giperplazii predstatel'noy zhelezy. Tezisy dokladov XII Rossiyskogo natsional'nogo kongressa “Chelovek i lekarstvo”. M., 2005; s. 267–8. [in Russian]
54. Iurmazov Z.A., Sergeeva S.A., Savel'eva K.V. i dr. Novye metodologii v lechenii dobrokachestvennoi giperplazii predstatel'noi zhelezy. V kn.: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov “Aktual'nye voprosy detskoi i vzrosloi urologii”. Tomsk, 2006; s. 252–3. [in Russian]
55. Savel'eva K.V., Kachanova M.V., Dugina Iu.L. i dr. Novye vozmozhnosti lekarstvennoi terapii dobrokachestvennoi giperplazii predstatel'noi zhelezy. Signatura. 2007; s. 81–6. [in Russian]
56. Kul'chavenia E.V. Effektivnost' afaly v kompleksnom lechenii bol'nykh khronicheskim prostatitom. Vrachebnoe soslovie. 2007; 5: 20–3. [in Russian]
57. Usupbaev A.Ch., Khakimkhodzhaev Z.Sh., Evsyukov V.N. Sovremennye vzglyady na lechenie, profilaktiku i povyshenie kachestva zhizni bol'nykh s khronicheskim prostatitom: metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Bishkek, 2012. [in Russian]
58. Tsybdenov A.G. Klinicheskaia effektivnost' preparatov “Afala” i “Impaza” v lechenii giperplazii predstatel'noi zhelezy v sochetanii s erektil'noi disfunktsiei. Vestn. Buriatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2009; 12: 129–30. [in Russian]
59. Yakovets Ya.V., Neymark A.I., Yakovets E.A. Vozmozhnosti i pokazaniya k provedeniyu kompleksnoy terapii v lechenii bol'nykh dobrokachestvennoy giperplaziey prostaty (DGP), oslozhnennoy erektil'noy disfunktsiey. Kh Regional'naya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya urologov Zapadnoy Sibiri “Aktual'nye voprosy diagnostiki i lecheniya urologicheskikh zabolevaniy”. Barnaul, 2011; s. 182–4. [in Russian]
60. Usupbaev A.Ch., Khakimkhodzhaev Z.Sh. Effektivnost' kombinirovannogo primeneniya preparatov “Impaza” i “Afala” kak protivoretsidivnogo lecheniya u patsientov s sindromom khronicheskoy tazovoy boli. Kh Regional'naya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya urologov Zapadnoy Sibiri “Aktual'nye voprosy diagnostiki i lecheniya urologicheskikh zabolevaniy”. Barnaul, 2011; s. 276–8. [in Russian]
2. Roehrborn CG, McConnell JD. Etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology and natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughn EB Jr et al., editors. Campbell’s urology. 8. Vol. 38. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2002; p. 1297–330.
3. Lepor H. Pathophysiology, epidemiology, and natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Rev Urol 2004; 6: 3–S10.
4. Пушкарь Д.Ю., Раснер П.И. Дифференциальная диагностика рака и доброкачественной гиперплазии предстательной железы. Рус. мед. журн. 2014; 17: 1298. / Pushkar' D.Iu., Rasner P.I. Differentsial'naia diagnostika raka i dobrokachestvennoi giperplazii predstatel'noi zhelezy. Rus. med. zhurn. 2014; 17: 1298. [in Russian]
5. Ayyıldız SN, Ayyıldız A. PSA, PSA derivatives, proPSA and prostate health index in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Turk J Urol 2014; 40 (2): 82–8.
6. Belanger A, van Halbeek H, Graves HC et al. Molecular mass and carbohydrate structure of prostate specific antigen: studies for establishment of an International PSA standard. Prostate 1995; 27: 187–97.
7. Lundwall A, Lilja H. Molecular cloning of human prostate specific antigen cDNA. FEBS Lett 1987; 214: 317–22.
8. Watt KW, Lee PJ, M’Timkulu T et al. Human prostate specific antigen: structural and functional similarity with serine proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 3166–70.
9. Regiman PH, Vlietstra RJ, Suurmeijer L et al. Characterization of the human kallikrein locus. Genomics 1992; 14: 6–11.
10. Borgono CA, Diamandis EP. The emerging roles of human tissue kallikreins in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4 (11): 876–90.
11. Klokk TI, Xi Z, Saatcioglu F. Human tissue kallikrein – a family with many surprises. Turk J Biochem 2006; 31 (2): 69–71.
12. Zhang W-M, Leinonen J, Kalkkinen N et al. Purification and characterization of different molecular forms of prostate specific antigen in human seminal fluid. Clin Chem 1995; 41: 1567–73.
13. Wang MC, Papsidero LC, Kuriyama M et al. Prostate antigen: a new potential marker for prostatic cancer. Prostate 1981; 2: 89–96.
14. Brawer MK, Rennels MA, Nagle RB et al. Serum prostate specific antigen and prostate pathology in men having a simple prostatectomy. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 92: 760–4.
15. Лоран О.Б. Диагностика и дифференциальная диагностика доброкачественной гиперплазии предстательной железы. В кн.: Доброкачественная гиперплазия предстательной железы. Под ред. Н.А.Лопаткина. М., 1999; с. 56–69. / Loran O.B. Diagnostika i differentsial'naya diagnostika dobrokachestvennoy giperplazii predstatel'noy zhelezy. V kn.: Dobrokachestvennaya giperplaziya predstatel'noy zhelezy. Pod red. N.A.Lopatkina. M., 1999; s. 56–69. [in Russian]
16. Morgan TO, Jacobsen SJ, McCarthy WF et al. Age-specific reference ranges for prostate-specific antigen in black men. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 304–10.
17. Baillargeon J, Pollock BH, Kristal AR et al. The association of body mass index and prostate-specific antigen in a population-based study. Cancer 2005; 103: 1092–5.
18. Arab D, Ardestani Zadeh A, Mirmohammadkhani M et al. Prostate-specific antigen rising in Iranian men in correlation with body mass index, fasting blood sugar and blood lipid profile. J Nephropathol 2016; 5 (4): 134–8.
19. Lilja H, Abrahamsson PA. Three predominant proteins secreted by the human prostate gland. Prostate 1988; 12: 29–38.
20. Nadler RB, Humphrey PA, Smith DS et al. Effect of inflammation and benign prostatic hyperplasia on elevated serum prostate specific antigen levels. J Urol 1995; 154 (2 Pt. 1): 407–13.
21. Polascik TJ, Oesterling JE, Partin AW. Prostate specific antigen: a decade of discovery – what we have learned and where we are going. J Urol 1999; 162 (2): 293–306.
22. Irani J, Millet C, Levillain P et al. Serum-to-urinary prostate-specific antigen ratio: a potential means of distinguishing benign prostatic hyperplasia from prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1996; 29 (4): 407–12.
23. Christensson A, Laurell CB, Lilja H. Enzymatic activity of prostate specific antigen and its reaction with extracellular protease inhibitors. Eur J Biochem 1990; 194: 755–63.
24. Björk T, Ljungberg B, Piironen T et al. Rapid exponential elimination of free prostate-specific antigen contrasts the slow, capacity-limited elimination of PSA complexed to alpha 1-antichymotrypsin from serum. Urology 1998; 51: 57–62.
25. Mikolajczyk SD, Millar LS, Wang TJ et al. “BPSA”, a specific molecular form of free prostate-specific antigen, is found predominantly in the transition zone of patients with nodular benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2000; 55: 41–5.
26. Peyromaure M, Fulla Y, Debre B, Dinh-Xuan AT. Pro PSA: a “pro cancer” form of PSA? Medical Hypotheses 2005; 64: 92–5.
27. Filella X, Gimenez N. Evaluation of [-2] proPSA and prostate health index (phi) for the detection of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 51: 729–39.
28. Li TS, Beling CG. Isolation and characterization of two specific antigens of human seminal plasma. Fertil Steril 1973; 24: 134–44.
29. Filella X, Foj L. Prostate Cancer Detection and Prognosis: From Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) to Exosomal Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17 (11): 1784.
30. Nelson PS, Gan L, Ferguson C et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of prostase, an androgen-regulated serine protease with prostate-restricted expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 3114–9.
31. Cleutjens KBJM, van Eekelen CCEM, Van der Korput HAGM et al. Two androgen response regions cooperate in steroid hormone regulated activity of the prostate-specific antigen promoter. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 6379–88.
32. Boyle P, Koechlin A, Bota M et al. Endogenous and exogenous testosterone and the risk of prostate cancer and increased prostate specific antigen (PSA): a meta-analysis. BJU Int 2016.
33. Lilja H, Oldbring J, Rannevik G, Laurell C-B. Seminal vesicle-secreted proteins and their reactions during gelation and liquefaction of human semen. J Clin Invest 1987; 80: 281–5.
34. Cohen P, Graves HCB, Peehl DM et al. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease found in seminal plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 401–7.
35. Lilja H. A kallikrein-like serine protease in prostatic fluid cleaves the predominant seminal vesicle protein. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 1899–903.
36. Webber MM, Waghray A, Bello D. Prostate-specific antigen, a serine protease, facilitates human prostate cancer cell invasion. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 1089–94.
37. Michael IP, Pampalakis G, Mikolajczyk SD et al. Human tissue kallikrein 5 is a member of a proteolytic cascade pathway involved in seminal clot liquefaction and potentially in prostate cancer progression. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 12743–50.
38. Jonsson M, Lundwall A, Linse S et al. Truncated semenogelin I binds zinc and is cleaved by prostate-specific antigen. J Androl 2006; 27: 542–7.
39. Malm J, Hellman J, Hogg P et al. Enzymatic action of prostate-specific antigen (PSA or KLK3): substrate specificity and regulation by Zn2+, a tight-binding inhibitor. Prostate 2000; 45: 132–9.
40. Killian CS, Corral DA, Kawinski E et al. Mitogenic response of osteoblast cells to prostate-specific antigen suggests an activation of latent TGF-b and a proteolytic modulation of cell adhesion receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 192: 940–7.
41. Cramer SD, Chen Z, Peehl DM. Prostate specific antigen cleaves parathyroid hormone-related protein in the PTH-like domain: inactivation of PTHrP-stimulated cAMP accumulation in mouse osteo-blasts. J Urol 1996; 156: 526–31.
42. Fortier AH, Nelson BJ, Grella DK et al. Antiangiogenic activity of prostate-specific antigen. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 1635–40.
43. Pretlow TG, Pretlow TP, Yang B et al. Tissue concentrations of prostate-specific antigen in Prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Cancer 1991; 49: 645–9.
44. Waheed A, Van Etten RL. The biosynthesis of prostate-specific antigen in non prostatic cell lines. Clin Biochem 2001; 34 (8): 617–21.
45. Heidtmann HH, Nettelbeck DM, Mingels A et al. Generation of angiostatinlike fragments from plasminogen by prostate-specific antigen. Br J Cancer 1999; 81 (8): 1269–73.
46. Papadopoulos I, Sivridis E, Giatromanolaki A et al. Tumor angiogenesis is associated with MUC1 overexpression and loss of prostate-specific antigen expression in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7 (6): 1533–8.
47. Olsson AY, Bjartell A, Lilja H et al. Expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) in ileum and other extraprostatic tissues. Int J Cancer 2005; 113 (2): 290–7.
48. Filella X, Molina R, Alcover J et al. Detection of nonprostatic PSA in serum and nonserum samples from women. Int J Cancer 1996; 68 (4): 424–7.
49. Diamandis P, Yu H. Nonprostatic sources of prostate-specific antigen. Urol Clin North Am 1997; 24 (2): 275–82.
50. Fortier AH, Nelson BJ, Grella DK et al. Antiangiogenic Activity of Prostate-Specific Antigen. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 1635–40.
51. Сивков А.В. Медикаментозная терапия доброкачественной гиперплазии предстательной железы. В кн.: Доброкачественная гиперплазия предстательной железы. Под ред. Н.А.Лопаткина. М., 1999; с. 91–116. / Sivkov A.V. Medikamentoznaya terapiya dobrokachestvennoy giperplazii predstatel'noy zhelezy. V kn.: Dobrokachestvennaya giperplaziya predstatel'noy zhelezy. Pod red. N.A.Lopatkina. M., 1999; s. 91–116. [in Russian]
52. Nickel JC. Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 31 (Suppl. 1): 112–6.
53. Ушакова Г.В., Пасхина О.Е. Комплексные гомеопатические средства в лечении доброкачественной гиперплазии предстательной железы. Тезисы докладов XII Российского национального конгресса «Человек и лекарство». М., 2005; с. 267–8. / Ushakova G.V., Paskhina O.E. Kompleksnye gomeopaticheskie sredstva v lechenii dobrokachestvennoy giperplazii predstatel'noy zhelezy. Tezisy dokladov XII Rossiyskogo natsional'nogo kongressa “Chelovek i lekarstvo”. M., 2005; s. 267–8. [in Russian]
54. Юрмазов З.А., Сергеева С.А., Савельева К.В. и др. Новые методологии в лечении доброкачественной гиперплазии предстательной железы. В кн.: Сборник научных трудов «Актуальные вопросы детской и взрослой урологии». Томск, 2006; с. 252–3. / Iurmazov Z.A., Sergeeva S.A., Savel'eva K.V. i dr. Novye metodologii v lechenii dobrokachestvennoi giperplazii predstatel'noi zhelezy. V kn.: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov “Aktual'nye voprosy detskoi i vzrosloi urologii”. Tomsk, 2006; s. 252–3. [in Russian]
55. Савельева К.В., Качанова М.В., Дугина Ю.Л. и др. Новые возможности лекарственной терапии доброкачественной гиперплазии предстательной железы. Signatura. 2007; с. 81–6. / Savel'eva K.V., Kachanova M.V., Dugina Iu.L. i dr. Novye vozmozhnosti lekarstvennoi terapii dobrokachestvennoi giperplazii predstatel'noi zhelezy. Signatura. 2007; s. 81–6. [in Russian]
56. Кульчавеня Е.В. Эффективность афалы в комплексном лечении больных хроническим простатитом. Врачебное сословие. 2007; 5: 20–3. / Kul'chavenia E.V. Effektivnost' afaly v kompleksnom lechenii bol'nykh khronicheskim prostatitom. Vrachebnoe soslovie. 2007; 5: 20–3. [in Russian]
57. Усупбаев А.Ч., Хакимходжаев З.Ш., Евсюков В.Н. Современные взгляды на лечение, профилактику и повышение качества жизни больных с хроническим простатитом: методические рекомендации. Бишкек, 2012. / Usupbaev A.Ch., Khakimkhodzhaev Z.Sh., Evsyukov V.N. Sovremennye vzglyady na lechenie, profilaktiku i povyshenie kachestva zhizni bol'nykh s khronicheskim prostatitom: metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Bishkek, 2012. [in Russian]
58. Цыбденов А.Г. Клиническая эффективность препаратов «Афала» и «Импаза» в лечении гиперплазии предстательной железы в сочетании с эректильной дисфункцией. Вестн. Бурятского государственного университета. 2009; 12: 129–30. / Tsybdenov A.G. Klinicheskaia effektivnost' preparatov “Afala” i “Impaza” v lechenii giperplazii predstatel'noi zhelezy v sochetanii s erektil'noi disfunktsiei. Vestn. Buriatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2009; 12: 129–30. [in Russian]
59. Яковец Я.В., Неймарк А.И., Яковец Е.А. Возможности и показания к проведению комплексной терапии в лечении больных доброкачественной гиперплазией простаты (ДГП), осложненной эректильной дисфункцией. Х Региональная научно-практическая конференция урологов Западной Сибири «Актуальные вопросы диагностики и лечения урологических заболеваний». Барнаул, 2011; с. 182–4. / Yakovets Ya.V., Neymark A.I., Yakovets E.A. Vozmozhnosti i pokazaniya k provedeniyu kompleksnoy terapii v lechenii bol'nykh dobrokachestvennoy giperplaziey prostaty (DGP), oslozhnennoy erektil'noy disfunktsiey. Kh Regional'naya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya urologov Zapadnoy Sibiri “Aktual'nye voprosy diagnostiki i lecheniya urologicheskikh zabolevaniy”. Barnaul, 2011; s. 182–4. [in Russian]
60. Усупбаев А.Ч., Хакимходжаев З.Ш. Эффективность комбинированного применения препаратов «Импаза» и «Афала» как противорецидивного лечения у пациентов с синдромом хронической тазовой боли. Х Региональная научно-практическая конференция урологов Западной Сибири «Актуальные вопросы диагностики и лечения урологических заболеваний». Барнаул, 2011; с. 276–8. / Usupbaev A.Ch., Khakimkhodzhaev Z.Sh. Effektivnost' kombinirovannogo primeneniya preparatov “Impaza” i “Afala” kak protivoretsidivnogo lecheniya u patsientov s sindromom khronicheskoy tazovoy boli. Kh Regional'naya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya urologov Zapadnoy Sibiri “Aktual'nye voprosy diagnostiki i lecheniya urologicheskikh zabolevaniy”. Barnaul, 2011; s. 276–8. [in Russian]
________________________________________________
2. Roehrborn CG, McConnell JD. Etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology and natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughn EB Jr et al., editors. Campbell’s urology. 8. Vol. 38. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2002; p. 1297–330.
3. Lepor H. Pathophysiology, epidemiology, and natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Rev Urol 2004; 6: 3–S10.
4. Pushkar' D.Iu., Rasner P.I. Differentsial'naia diagnostika raka i dobrokachestvennoi giperplazii predstatel'noi zhelezy. Rus. med. zhurn. 2014; 17: 1298. [in Russian]
5. Ayyıldız SN, Ayyıldız A. PSA, PSA derivatives, proPSA and prostate health index in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Turk J Urol 2014; 40 (2): 82–8.
6. Belanger A, van Halbeek H, Graves HC et al. Molecular mass and carbohydrate structure of prostate specific antigen: studies for establishment of an International PSA standard. Prostate 1995; 27: 187–97.
7. Lundwall A, Lilja H. Molecular cloning of human prostate specific antigen cDNA. FEBS Lett 1987; 214: 317–22.
8. Watt KW, Lee PJ, M’Timkulu T et al. Human prostate specific antigen: structural and functional similarity with serine proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 3166–70.
9. Regiman PH, Vlietstra RJ, Suurmeijer L et al. Characterization of the human kallikrein locus. Genomics 1992; 14: 6–11.
10. Borgono CA, Diamandis EP. The emerging roles of human tissue kallikreins in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4 (11): 876–90.
11. Klokk TI, Xi Z, Saatcioglu F. Human tissue kallikrein – a family with many surprises. Turk J Biochem 2006; 31 (2): 69–71.
12. Zhang W-M, Leinonen J, Kalkkinen N et al. Purification and characterization of different molecular forms of prostate specific antigen in human seminal fluid. Clin Chem 1995; 41: 1567–73.
13. Wang MC, Papsidero LC, Kuriyama M et al. Prostate antigen: a new potential marker for prostatic cancer. Prostate 1981; 2: 89–96.
14. Brawer MK, Rennels MA, Nagle RB et al. Serum prostate specific antigen and prostate pathology in men having a simple prostatectomy. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 92: 760–4.
15. Loran O.B. Diagnostika i differentsial'naya diagnostika dobrokachestvennoy giperplazii predstatel'noy zhelezy. V kn.: Dobrokachestvennaya giperplaziya predstatel'noy zhelezy. Pod red. N.A.Lopatkina. M., 1999; s. 56–69. [in Russian]
16. Morgan TO, Jacobsen SJ, McCarthy WF et al. Age-specific reference ranges for prostate-specific antigen in black men. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 304–10.
17. Baillargeon J, Pollock BH, Kristal AR et al. The association of body mass index and prostate-specific antigen in a population-based study. Cancer 2005; 103: 1092–5.
18. Arab D, Ardestani Zadeh A, Mirmohammadkhani M et al. Prostate-specific antigen rising in Iranian men in correlation with body mass index, fasting blood sugar and blood lipid profile. J Nephropathol 2016; 5 (4): 134–8.
19. Lilja H, Abrahamsson PA. Three predominant proteins secreted by the human prostate gland. Prostate 1988; 12: 29–38.
20. Nadler RB, Humphrey PA, Smith DS et al. Effect of inflammation and benign prostatic hyperplasia on elevated serum prostate specific antigen levels. J Urol 1995; 154 (2 Pt. 1): 407–13.
21. Polascik TJ, Oesterling JE, Partin AW. Prostate specific antigen: a decade of discovery – what we have learned and where we are going. J Urol 1999; 162 (2): 293–306.
22. Irani J, Millet C, Levillain P et al. Serum-to-urinary prostate-specific antigen ratio: a potential means of distinguishing benign prostatic hyperplasia from prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1996; 29 (4): 407–12.
23. Christensson A, Laurell CB, Lilja H. Enzymatic activity of prostate specific antigen and its reaction with extracellular protease inhibitors. Eur J Biochem 1990; 194: 755–63.
24. Björk T, Ljungberg B, Piironen T et al. Rapid exponential elimination of free prostate-specific antigen contrasts the slow, capacity-limited elimination of PSA complexed to alpha 1-antichymotrypsin from serum. Urology 1998; 51: 57–62.
25. Mikolajczyk SD, Millar LS, Wang TJ et al. “BPSA”, a specific molecular form of free prostate-specific antigen, is found predominantly in the transition zone of patients with nodular benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2000; 55: 41–5.
26. Peyromaure M, Fulla Y, Debre B, Dinh-Xuan AT. Pro PSA: a “pro cancer” form of PSA? Medical Hypotheses 2005; 64: 92–5.
27. Filella X, Gimenez N. Evaluation of [-2] proPSA and prostate health index (phi) for the detection of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 51: 729–39.
28. Li TS, Beling CG. Isolation and characterization of two specific antigens of human seminal plasma. Fertil Steril 1973; 24: 134–44.
29. Filella X, Foj L. Prostate Cancer Detection and Prognosis: From Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) to Exosomal Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17 (11): 1784.
30. Nelson PS, Gan L, Ferguson C et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of prostase, an androgen-regulated serine protease with prostate-restricted expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 3114–9.
31. Cleutjens KBJM, van Eekelen CCEM, Van der Korput HAGM et al. Two androgen response regions cooperate in steroid hormone regulated activity of the prostate-specific antigen promoter. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 6379–88.
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Авторы
Н.Д.Ахвледиани*, С.Н.Алленов, И.П.Матюхов
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова» Минздрава России. 119991, Россия, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2
*nikandro@mail.ru
I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow,ul. Trubetskaia, d. 8, str. 2
*nikandro@mail.ru
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова» Минздрава России. 119991, Россия, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2
*nikandro@mail.ru
________________________________________________
I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow,ul. Trubetskaia, d. 8, str. 2
*nikandro@mail.ru
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