Возможности дуплексного сканирования брахиоцефальных сосудов у пациентов с тромбоз-ассоциированными заболеваниями сердечно-сосудистой системы

1. Фонякин А.В., Гераскина Л.А. Профилактика ишемического инсульта. Рекомендации по антитромботической терапии. Под ред. З.А.Суслиной. М.: ИМА-пресс, 2014. / Foniakin A.V., Geraskina L.A. Profilaktika ishemicheskogo insul'ta. Rekomendatsii po antitromboticheskoi terapii. Pod red. Z.A.Suslinoi. M.: IMA-press, 2014. [in Russian]
2. Широков Е.А. Первичная профилактика ишемического инсульта: антитромботическая терапия. РМЖ. 2014; 22 (10): 718–21. / Shirokov E.A. Pervichnaia profilaktika ishemicheskogo insul'ta: antitromboticheskaia terapiia. RMZh. 2014; 22 (10): 718–21. [in Russian]
3. Никифоров В.С., Свистов А.С. Эхокардиографическая диагностика потенциальных источников тромбоэмболий. Журн. неврологии и психиатрии им. C.C.Корсакова. Инсульт (Прил.). 2007; 107: 249. / Nikiforov V.S., Svistov A.S. Ekhokardiograficheskaia diagnostika potentsial'nykh istochnikov tromboembolii. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. C.C.Korsakova. Insul't (Pril.). 2007; 107: 249. [in Russian]
4. Вознюк И.А., Савелло В.Е., Шумакова Т.А. Неотложная клиническая нейрорадиология. Инсульт. СПб.: Фолиант, 2016. / Vozniuk I.A., Savello V.E., Shumakova T.A. Neotlozhnaia klinicheskaia neiroradiologiia. Insul't. SPb.: Foliant, 2016. [in Russian]
5. Аблякимов Р.Э., Ануфриев П.Л., Танашян М.М. Патогенетические подтипы инсульта и критерии их диагностики у больных с ишемической болезнью сердца и церебральным атеросклерозом (клинико-морфологическое исследование). Анналы неврологии. 2016; 10 (4): 5–10. / Abliakimov R.E., Anufriev P.L., Tanashian M.M. Patogeneticheskie podtipy insul'ta i kriterii ikh diagnostiki u bol'nykh s ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa i tserebral'nym aterosklerozom (kliniko-morfologicheskoe issledovanie). Annaly nevrologii. 2016; 10 (4): 5–10. [in Russian]
6. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J 2016; 37 (38): 2893–962.
7. Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR et al. Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack. A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014; 45 (7): 2160–236.
8. Максимова М.Ю., Домашенко М.А., Брюхов В.В. Трудности диагностики тромбоза мозговых вен и венозных синусов. РМЖ. 2015; 23 (24): 1476–82. / Maksimova M.Yu., Domashenko M.A., Briukhov V.V. Trudnosti diagnostiki tromboza mozgovykh ven i venoznykh sinusov. RMZh. 2015; 23 (24): 1476–82. [in Russian]
9. Васильев И.А., Ступак В.В., Черных В.А. и др. Патогенетические аспекты нарушения венозного кровообращения головного мозга. Междунар. журн. прикл. и фунд. исследований. 2014; (9–3): 23–26. / Vasil'ev I.A., Stupak V.V., Chernykh V.A. i dr. Patogeneticheskie aspekty narusheniia venoznogo krovoobrashcheniia golovnogo mozga. Mezhdunar. zhurn. prikl. i fund. issledovanii. 2014; (9–3): 23–26. [in Russian]
10. Российские клинические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике венозных тромбоэмболических осложнений (ВТЭО). Флебология. 2015; 9 (4–2): 1–52. / Rossiiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike, lecheniiu i profilaktike venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii (VTEO). Flebologiia. 2015; 9 (4–2): 1–52. [in Russian]
11. Филиппов А.Е., Ханджян А.М., Солодухин К.А. и др. Дисфункция эндотелия и факторы риска при ишемической болезни сердца. Клин. медицина. 2006; 84 (2): 28–32. / Filippov A.E., Khandzhian A.M., Solodukhin K.A. i dr. Disfunktsiia endoteliia i faktory riska pri ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa. Klin. meditsina. 2006; 84 (2): 28–32. [in Russian]
12. Signori LU, de Quadros AS, Sbruzzi G et al. Endothelial function in patients with slow coronary flow and normal coronary angiography. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67 (6): 677–80.
13. Ройтман Е.В. Know-how лабораторной диагностики состояния системы свертывания крови. Рос. журн. детской гематологии и онкологии. 2015; (1): 27–50. / Roitman E.V. Know-how laboratornoi diagnostiki sostoianiia sistemy svertyvaniia krovi. Ros. zhurn. detskoi gematologii i onkologii. 2015; (1): 27–50. [in Russian]
14. Момот А.П., Тараненко И.А., Цывкина Л.П. Состояние тромботической готовности – возможности современной диагностики и перспективы. Мед. алфавит. Соврем. лаборатория. 2013; 1: 20–3. / Momot A.P., Taranenko I.A., Tsyvkina L.P. Sostoianie tromboticheskoi gotovnosti – vozmozhnosti sovremennoi diagnostiki i perspektivy. Med. alfavit. Sovrem. laboratoriia. 2013; 1: 20–3. [in Russian]
15. Никифоров B.C. Реология крови в процессе терапии больных ишемической болезнью сердца. Регионарн. кровообращение и микроциркуляция. 2002; 1 (1): 60–5. / Nikiforov B.C. Reologiia krovi v protsesse terapii bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa. Regionarn. krovoobrashchenie i mikrotsirkuliatsiia. 2002; 1 (1): 60–5. [in Russian]
16. Никифоров В.С. Реологические свойства крови и состояние центральной и периферической гемодинамики у больных ишемической болезнью сердца в процессе консервативного и оперативного лечения. Автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук. СПб., 2000. / Nikiforov V.S. Reologicheskie svoistva krovi i sostoianie tsentral'noi i perifericheskoi gemodinamiki u bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa v protsesse konservativnogo i operativnogo lecheniia. Avtoref. dis. ... kand. med. nauk. SPb., 2000. [in Russian]
17. Никифоров В.С. Вязкость крови как мишень терапевтического воздействия при сердечно-сосудистой патологии. Фарматека. 2015; 13 (306): 59–63. / Nikiforov V.S. Viazkost' krovi kak mishen' terapevticheskogo vozdeistviia pri serdechno-sosudistoi patologii. Farmateka. 2015; 13 (306): 59–63. [in Russian]
18. Bernhardt P, Schmidt H, Hammerstingl C et al. Patients with atrial fibrillation and dense spontaneous echo contrast at high risk a prospective and serial follow-up over 12 months with transesophageal echocardiography and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45 (11): 1807–12.
19. Kupczyńska K, Kasprzak JD, Michalski B et al. Prognostic significance of spontaneous echocardiographic contrast detected by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the era of harmonic imaging. Arch Med Sci 2013; 9 (5): 808–14.
20. Saric M, Armour AC, Arnaout MS et al. Guidelines for the use of echocardiography in the evaluation of a cardiac source of embolism. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29 (1): 1–42.
21. Black IW, Fatkin D, Sagar KB et al. Exclusion of atrial thrombusby transesophageal echocardiography does not preclude embolism after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. A multicenter study. Circulation 1994; 89 (6): 2509–13.
22. Fatkin D, Kuchar DL, Thorburn CW et al. Transesophageal echocardiography before and during direct current cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: evidence for «atrial stunning» as a mechanism of thromboembolic complications. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23 (2): 307–16.
23. Wan H, Wu S, Yang Y et al. Plasma fibrin D-dimer and the risk of left atrial thrombus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12 (2): e0172272.
24. Belen E, Ozal E, Pusuroglu H. Association of the CHA2DC2-VASс score with left atrial spontaneous echo contrast: a cross-sectional study of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm. Heart Vessels 2016; 31 (9): 1537–43.
25. Watanabe T, Shinoda Y, Ikeoka K et al. Dabigatran exhibits low intensity of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation as compared with warfarin. Heart Vessels 2017; 32 (3): 326–32.
26. Kaymaz C, Ozdemir N, Kırma C et al. Spontaneous echo contrast in the descending aorta in patients without aortic dissection: associated clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. Int J Cardiol 2003; 90 (2–3): 147–52.
27. Steinberg EH, Madmon L, Wesolowsky H et al. Prognostic significance of spontaneous echo contrast in the thoracic aorta: relation with accelerated clinical progression of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30 (1): 71–5.
28. Velho FJ, Dotta F, Scherer L et al. Association between the effect of spontaneous contrast in the thoracic aorta and recent ischemic stroke determined by transesophageal echocardiography. Arq Bras Cardiol 2004; 82 (1): 52–6.
29. Manual of Neurosonology. Ed. by Laszlo Csiba and Claudio Baracchini. Cambridge University Press, 2016.
30. Вальдуэза Х.М., Шрайбер С.Й., Рель Й-Э., Клингебиль Р. Нейросонология и нейровизуализация при инсульте. М.: МЕДпресс-информ. 2012. / Val'dueza Kh.M., Shraiber S.I., Rel' I-E., Klingebil' R. Neirosonologiia i neirovizualizatsiia pri insul'te. M.: MEDpress-inform. 2012. [in Russian]
31. Бутина Е.К., Бочкарева Е.В. Значение субклинического атеросклероза сонных артерий для первичной профилактики сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Обзор основных международных исследований. Рацион. фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2016; 12 (5): 558–66. / Butina E.K., Bochkareva E.V. Znachenie subklinicheskogo ateroskleroza sonnykh arterii dlia pervichnoi profilaktiki serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii. Obzor osnovnykh mezhdunarodnykh issledovanii. Ratsion. farmakoterapiia v kardiologii. 2016; 12 (5): 558–66. [in Russian]
32. Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). An update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th watching the risk symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, and Hamburg, Germany, 2011. Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 34 (4): 290–6.
33. Ho SS. Current status of carotid ultrasound in atherosclerosis. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2016; 6 (3): 285–96.
34. Лысова Н.Л., Трусов О.А., Щеголев А.И., Мишнев О.Д. Патологическая анатомия нестабильной атеросклеротической бляшки при ишемической болезни сердца. Арх. патологии. 2007; 69 (4): 22–5. / Lysova N.L., Trusov O.A., Shchegolev A.I., Mishnev O.D. Patologicheskaia anatomiia nestabil'noi ateroskleroticheskoi bliashki pri ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa. Arkh. patologii. 2007; 69 (4): 22–5. [in Russian]
35. Gupta A, Kesavabhotla K, Baradaran H et al. Plaque echolucency and stroke risk in asymptomatic carotid stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 2015; 46 (1): 91–7.
36. Skagen K, Skjelland M, Zamani M, Russell D. Unstable carotid artery plaque: new insights and controversies in diagnostics and treatment. Croat Med J 2016; 57 (4): 311–20.
37. Brinjikji W, Huston J, Rabinstein AA et al. Contemporary carotid imaging: from degree of stenosis to plaque vulnerability. J Neurosurg 2016; 2016 (1): 27–42.
38. Porretta AP, Bianda N, Di Valentino M et al. A combined "in vivo" noninvasive evaluation of carotid plaques using ultrasonography and high-resolution magnetic resonance – new insight into plaque burden and vulnerability. Vasa 2016; 45 (6): 471–77.
39. Howard DP, van Lammeren GW, Rothwell PM et al. Symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease: correlations between plaque composition and ipsilateral stroke risk. Stroke 2015; 46 (1): 182–9.
40. Rafailidis V, Chryssogonidis I, Tegos T et al. Imaging of the ulcerated carotid atherosclerotic plaque: a review of the literature. Insights Imaging 2017; 8 (2): 213–25.
41. Roy M, Roy AK, DeSanto JR, Abdelsalam M. Free floating thrombus in carotid artery in a patient with recurrent strokes. Case Rep Med 2017; 2017: 4932567.
42. Kawabori M, Yoshimoto T, Ito M et al. Spontaneous echo contrast and thrombus formation at the carotid bifurcation after carotid endarterectomy. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2012; 52 (12): 885–91.
43. Onozuka H, Muraki M, Mikami T et al. Prevalence and clinical importance of spontaneous echo contrast within the carotid artery in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. J Ultrasound Med 2007; 26 (2): 169–77.
44. Akiyama H, Hoshino M, Shimizu T, Hasegawa Y. Resolution of internal carotid arterial thrombus by the thrombolytic action of dabigatran: A first case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95 (14): e3215.
45. Hsu HY, Chung CP, Chen SY et al. Spontaneous echo contrast in internal jugular veins: a probable indicator for systemic inflammation and a prothrombotic state. Ultrasound Med Biol 2012; 38 (6): 926–32.
46. Hsu HY, Lee YS, Ou MC et al. Severity of spontaneous echo contrast in the jugular vein associated with ischemic stroke. Ultrasound Med Biol 2014; 40 (7): 1427–33.

________________________________________________

1. Foniakin A.V., Geraskina L.A. Profilaktika ishemicheskogo insul'ta. Rekomendatsii po antitromboticheskoi terapii. Pod red. Z.A.Suslinoi. M.: IMA-press, 2014. [in Russian]
2. Shirokov E.A. Pervichnaia profilaktika ishemicheskogo insul'ta: antitromboticheskaia terapiia. RMZh. 2014; 22 (10): 718–21. [in Russian]
3. Nikiforov V.S., Svistov A.S. Ekhokardiograficheskaia diagnostika potentsial'nykh istochnikov tromboembolii. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. C.C.Korsakova. Insul't (Pril.). 2007; 107: 249. [in Russian]
4. Vozniuk I.A., Savello V.E., Shumakova T.A. Neotlozhnaia klinicheskaia neiroradiologiia. Insul't. SPb.: Foliant, 2016. [in Russian]
5. Abliakimov R.E., Anufriev P.L., Tanashian M.M. Patogeneticheskie podtipy insul'ta i kriterii ikh diagnostiki u bol'nykh s ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa i tserebral'nym aterosklerozom (kliniko-morfologicheskoe issledovanie). Annaly nevrologii. 2016; 10 (4): 5–10. [in Russian]
6. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J 2016; 37 (38): 2893–962.
7. Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR et al. Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack. A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014; 45 (7): 2160–236.
8. Maksimova M.Yu., Domashenko M.A., Briukhov V.V. Trudnosti diagnostiki tromboza mozgovykh ven i venoznykh sinusov. RMZh. 2015; 23 (24): 1476–82. [in Russian]
9. Vasil'ev I.A., Stupak V.V., Chernykh V.A. i dr. Patogeneticheskie aspekty narusheniia venoznogo krovoobrashcheniia golovnogo mozga. Mezhdunar. zhurn. prikl. i fund. issledovanii. 2014; (9–3): 23–26. [in Russian]
10. Rossiiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike, lecheniiu i profilaktike venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii (VTEO). Flebologiia. 2015; 9 (4–2): 1–52. [in Russian]
11. Filippov A.E., Khandzhian A.M., Solodukhin K.A. i dr. Disfunktsiia endoteliia i faktory riska pri ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa. Klin. meditsina. 2006; 84 (2): 28–32. [in Russian]
12. Signori LU, de Quadros AS, Sbruzzi G et al. Endothelial function in patients with slow coronary flow and normal coronary angiography. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67 (6): 677–80.
13. Roitman E.V. Know-how laboratornoi diagnostiki sostoianiia sistemy svertyvaniia krovi. Ros. zhurn. detskoi gematologii i onkologii. 2015; (1): 27–50. [in Russian]
14. Momot A.P., Taranenko I.A., Tsyvkina L.P. Sostoianie tromboticheskoi gotovnosti – vozmozhnosti sovremennoi diagnostiki i perspektivy. Med. alfavit. Sovrem. laboratoriia. 2013; 1: 20–3. [in Russian]
15. Nikiforov B.C. Reologiia krovi v protsesse terapii bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa. Regionarn. krovoobrashchenie i mikrotsirkuliatsiia. 2002; 1 (1): 60–5. [in Russian]
16. Nikiforov V.S. Reologicheskie svoistva krovi i sostoianie tsentral'noi i perifericheskoi gemodinamiki u bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa v protsesse konservativnogo i operativnogo lecheniia. Avtoref. dis. ... kand. med. nauk. SPb., 2000. [in Russian]
17. Nikiforov V.S. Viazkost' krovi kak mishen' terapevticheskogo vozdeistviia pri serdechno-sosudistoi patologii. Farmateka. 2015; 13 (306): 59–63. [in Russian]
18. Bernhardt P, Schmidt H, Hammerstingl C et al. Patients with atrial fibrillation and dense spontaneous echo contrast at high risk a prospective and serial follow-up over 12 months with transesophageal echocardiography and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45 (11): 1807–12.
19. Kupczyńska K, Kasprzak JD, Michalski B et al. Prognostic significance of spontaneous echocardiographic contrast detected by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the era of harmonic imaging. Arch Med Sci 2013; 9 (5): 808–14.
20. Saric M, Armour AC, Arnaout MS et al. Guidelines for the use of echocardiography in the evaluation of a cardiac source of embolism. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29 (1): 1–42.
21. Black IW, Fatkin D, Sagar KB et al. Exclusion of atrial thrombusby transesophageal echocardiography does not preclude embolism after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. A multicenter study. Circulation 1994; 89 (6): 2509–13.
22. Fatkin D, Kuchar DL, Thorburn CW et al. Transesophageal echocardiography before and during direct current cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: evidence for «atrial stunning» as a mechanism of thromboembolic complications. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23 (2): 307–16.
23. Wan H, Wu S, Yang Y et al. Plasma fibrin D-dimer and the risk of left atrial thrombus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12 (2): e0172272.
24. Belen E, Ozal E, Pusuroglu H. Association of the CHA2DC2-VASс score with left atrial spontaneous echo contrast: a cross-sectional study of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm. Heart Vessels 2016; 31 (9): 1537–43.
25. Watanabe T, Shinoda Y, Ikeoka K et al. Dabigatran exhibits low intensity of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation as compared with warfarin. Heart Vessels 2017; 32 (3): 326–32.
26. Kaymaz C, Ozdemir N, Kırma C et al. Spontaneous echo contrast in the descending aorta in patients without aortic dissection: associated clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. Int J Cardiol 2003; 90 (2–3): 147–52.
27. Steinberg EH, Madmon L, Wesolowsky H et al. Prognostic significance of spontaneous echo contrast in the thoracic aorta: relation with accelerated clinical progression of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30 (1): 71–5.
28. Velho FJ, Dotta F, Scherer L et al. Association between the effect of spontaneous contrast in the thoracic aorta and recent ischemic stroke determined by transesophageal echocardiography. Arq Bras Cardiol 2004; 82 (1): 52–6.
29. Manual of Neurosonology. Ed. by Laszlo Csiba and Claudio Baracchini. Cambridge University Press, 2016.
30. Val'dueza Kh.M., Shraiber S.I., Rel' I-E., Klingebil' R. Neirosonologiia i neirovizualizatsiia pri insul'te. M.: MEDpress-inform. 2012. [in Russian]
31. Butina E.K., Bochkareva E.V. Znachenie subklinicheskogo ateroskleroza sonnykh arterii dlia pervichnoi profilaktiki serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii. Obzor osnovnykh mezhdunarodnykh issledovanii. Ratsion. farmakoterapiia v kardiologii. 2016; 12 (5): 558–66. [in Russian]
32. Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). An update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th watching the risk symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, and Hamburg, Germany, 2011. Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 34 (4): 290–6.
33. Ho SS. Current status of carotid ultrasound in atherosclerosis. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2016; 6 (3): 285–96.
34. Lysova N.L., Trusov O.A., Shchegolev A.I., Mishnev O.D. Patologicheskaia anatomiia nestabil'noi ateroskleroticheskoi bliashki pri ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa. Arkh. patologii. 2007; 69 (4): 22–5. [in Russian]
35. Gupta A, Kesavabhotla K, Baradaran H et al. Plaque echolucency and stroke risk in asymptomatic carotid stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 2015; 46 (1): 91–7.
36. Skagen K, Skjelland M, Zamani M, Russell D. Unstable carotid artery plaque: new insights and controversies in diagnostics and treatment. Croat Med J 2016; 57 (4): 311–20.
37. Brinjikji W, Huston J, Rabinstein AA et al. Contemporary carotid imaging: from degree of stenosis to plaque vulnerability. J Neurosurg 2016; 2016 (1): 27–42.
38. Porretta AP, Bianda N, Di Valentino M et al. A combined "in vivo" noninvasive evaluation of carotid plaques using ultrasonography and high-resolution magnetic resonance – new insight into plaque burden and vulnerability. Vasa 2016; 45 (6): 471–77.
39. Howard DP, van Lammeren GW, Rothwell PM et al. Symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease: correlations between plaque composition and ipsilateral stroke risk. Stroke 2015; 46 (1): 182–9.
40. Rafailidis V, Chryssogonidis I, Tegos T et al. Imaging of the ulcerated carotid atherosclerotic plaque: a review of the literature. Insights Imaging 2017; 8 (2): 213–25.
41. Roy M, Roy AK, DeSanto JR, Abdelsalam M. Free floating thrombus in carotid artery in a patient with recurrent strokes. Case Rep Med 2017; 2017: 4932567.
42. Kawabori M, Yoshimoto T, Ito M et al. Spontaneous echo contrast and thrombus formation at the carotid bifurcation after carotid endarterectomy. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2012; 52 (12): 885–91.
43. Onozuka H, Muraki M, Mikami T et al. Prevalence and clinical importance of spontaneous echo contrast within the carotid artery in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. J Ultrasound Med 2007; 26 (2): 169–77.
44. Akiyama H, Hoshino M, Shimizu T, Hasegawa Y. Resolution of internal carotid arterial thrombus by the thrombolytic action of dabigatran: A first case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95 (14): e3215.
45. Hsu HY, Chung CP, Chen SY et al. Spontaneous echo contrast in internal jugular veins: a probable indicator for systemic inflammation and a prothrombotic state. Ultrasound Med Biol 2012; 38 (6): 926–32.
46. Hsu HY, Lee YS, Ou MC et al. Severity of spontaneous echo contrast in the jugular vein associated with ischemic stroke. Ultrasound Med Biol 2014; 40 (7): 1427–33.

В.С.Никифоров, М.Д.Лунина*, Н.С.Балясина

ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И.Мечникова» Минздрава России. 191015, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41
*marina.lunina@szgmu.ru

________________________________________________

V.S.Nikiforov, M.D.Lunina*, N.S.Balyasina

I.I.Mechnikov State Northwestern Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 191015, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, ul. Kirochnaia, d. 41
*marina.lunina@szgmu.ru