1. Gyawali CP, Kahrilas PJ, Savarino E et al. Modern diagnosis of GERD: the Lyon Consensus. Gut 2018; 67: 1351–62.
2. El-Serag HB, Sweet S, Winchester CC et al. Update on the epidemiology of gastrooesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut 2014; 63: 871–80.
3. Ивашкин В.Т., Маев И.В., Трухманов А.С. и др. Клинические рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по диагностике и лечению гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни. Рос. журн. гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2017; 27 (4): 75–95. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-4-75-95 / Ivashkin V.T., Maev I.V., Trukhmanov A.S. i dr. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii Rossiiskoi gastroenterologicheskoi assotsiatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu gastroezofageal'noi refliuksnoi bolezni. Ros. zhurn. gastroenterologii, gepatologii, koloproktologii. 2017; 27 (4): 75–95. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-4-75-95 [in Russian]
4. Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1900–20.
5. Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 308–28.
6. Tack J, Pandolfino JE. Pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 277–88.
7. Kahrilas PJ, Boeckxstaens G, Smout AJ. Management of the patient with incomplete response to PPI therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27: 401–14.
8. Dent J, Vakil N, Jones R et al. Accuracy of the diagnosis of GORD by questionnaire, physicians and a trial of proton pump inhibitor treatment: the Diamond Study. Gut 2010; 59: 714–21.
9. Bytzer P, Jones R, Vakil N et al. Limited ability of the proton-pump inhibitor test to identify patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 1360–6.
10. Sifrim D, Zerbib F. Diagnosis and management of patients with reflux symptoms refractory to proton pump inhibitors. Gut 2012; 61: 1340–54.
11. Roman S, Keefer L, Imam H et al. Majority of symptoms in esophageal reflux PPI non-responders are not related to reflux. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27: 1667–74.
12. Weijenborg PW, Smout AJ, Verseijden C et al. Hypersensitivity to acid is associated with impaired esophageal mucosal integrity in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease with and without esophagitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307: G323–9.
13. Akdamar K, Ertan A, Agrawal NM et al. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in normal asymptomatic volunteers. Gastrointest Endosc 1986; 32: 78–80.
14. Takashima T, Iwakiri R, Sakata Y et al. Endoscopic reflux esophagitis and Helicobacter pylori infection in young healthy Japanese volunteers. Digestion 2012; 86: 55–8.
15. Zagari RM, Fuccio L, Wallander MA et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms, oesophagitis and Barrett’s oesophagus in the general population: the Loiano-Monghidoro study. Gut 2008; 57: 1354–9.
16. Rex DK, Cummings OW, Shaw M et al. Screening for Barrett’s esophagus in colonoscopy patients with and without heartburn. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1670–7.
17. Sharma P. Review article: prevalence of Barrett’s oesophagus and metaplasia at the gastro-oesophageal junction. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20 (Suppl. 5): 48–54.
18. Johansson J, Håkansson HO, Mellblom L et al. Prevalence of precancerous and other metaplasia in the distal oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal junction. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 893–902.
19. Sweis R, Fox M, Anggiansah A et al. Prolonged, wireless pH-studies have a high diagnostic yield in patients with reflux symptoms and negative 24-h catheter-based pH-studies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23: 419–26.
20. Prakash C, Clouse RE. Value of extended recording time with wireless pH monitoring in evaluating gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 329–34.
21. Ayazi S, Lipham JC, Portale G et al. Bravo catheter-free pH monitoring: normal values, concordance, optimal diagnostic thresholds, and accuracy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 60–7.
22. Scarpulla G, Camilleri S, Galante P et al. The impact of prolonged pH measurements on the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease: 4-day wireless pH studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 2642–7.
23. Sifrim D, Castell D, Dent J et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux monitoring: review and consensus report on detection and definitions of acid, non-acid, and gas reflux. Gut 2004; 53: 1024–31.
24. Roman S, Gyawali CP, Savarino E et al. Ambulatory reflux monitoring for diagnosis of gastro-esophageal reflux disease: update of the Porto consensus and recommendations from an international consensus group. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29: 1–15.
25. Charbel S, Khandwala F, Vaezi MF. The role of esophageal pH monitoring in symptomatic patients on PPI therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 283–9.
26. Vela MF, Camacho-Lobato L, Srinivasan R et al. Simultaneous intraesophageal impedance and pH measurement of acid and nonacid gastroesophageal reflux: effect of omeprazole. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1599–606.
27. Bredenoord AJ, Weusten BL, Smout AJ. Symptom association analysis in ambulatory astro-oesophageal reflux monitoring. Gut 2005; 54: 1810–7.
28. Lam HG, Breumelhof R, Roelofs JM et al. What is the optimal time window in symptom analysis of 24-hour esophageal pressure and pH data? Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 402–9.
29. Herregods TVK, Pauwels A, Tack J et al. Reflux-cough syndrome: assessment of temporal association between reflux episodes and cough bursts. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29: e13129.
30. Wiener GJ, Richter JE, Copper JB et al. The symptom index: a clinically important parameter of ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83: 358–61.
31. Singh S, Richter JE, Bradley LA et al. The symptom index. Differential usefulness in suspected acid-related complaints of heartburn and chest pain. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1402–8.
32. Martinucci I, de Bortoli N, Savarino E et al. Esophageal baseline impedance levels in patients with pathophysiological characteristics of functional heartburn. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26: 546–55.
33. Frazzoni M, Bertani H, Manta R et al. Impairment of chemical clearance is relevant to the pathogenesis of refractory reflux oesophagitis. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46: 596–602.
34. Frazzoni M, Savarino E, de Bortoli N et al. Analyses of the post-reflux swallowinduced peristaltic wave index and nocturnal baseline impedance parameters increase the diagnostic yield of impedance-pH monitoring of patients with reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 40–6.
35. Frazzoni L, Frazzoni M, de Bortoli N et al. Postreflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave index and nocturnal baseline impedance can link PPI-responsive heartburn to reflux better than acid exposure time. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29: e13116.
36. Saritas Yuksel E, Higginbotham T, Slaughter JC et al. Use of direct, endoscopicguided measurements of mucosal impedance in diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 1110–6.
37. Katzka DA, Ravi K, Geno DM et al. Endoscopic mucosal impedance measurements correlate with eosinophilia and dilation of intercellular spaces in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1242–8.
38. Ates F, Yuksel ES, Higginbotham T et al. Mucosal impedance discriminates GERD from non-GERD conditions. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 334–43.
39. Gyawali CP, Roman S, Bredenoord AJ et al. Classification of esophageal motor findings in gastro-esophageal reflux disease: conclusions from an international consensus group. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29: e13104.
40. Маев И.В., Баркалова Е.В., Овсепян М.А. и др. Возможности рН-импедансометрии и манометрии высокого разрешения при ведении пациентов с рефрактерной 
гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезнью. Терапевтический архив. 2017; 89 (2): 76–83. / Maev I.V., Barkalova E.V., Ovsepyan M.A. i dr. Vozmozhnosti rN-impedansometrii i manometrii vysokogo razresheniia pri vedenii patsientov s refrakternoi gastroezofageal'noi refliuksnoi bolezn'iu. Therapeutic archive. 2017; 89 (2): 76–83. [in Russian]
41. Sandhu DS, Fass R. Current Trends in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Gut and Liver 2018; 12 (1): 7–16.
42. Kaltenbach T, Crockett S, Gerson LB. Are lifestyle measures ef¬fective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? An evidence-based approach. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 965–71.
43. Khan M, Santana J, Donnellan C et al. Medical treatments in the shortterm management of reflux oesophagitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 2: CD:003244.
44. Fass R. Therapeutic options for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27 (Suppl. 3): 3–7.
45. Rickenbacher N, Kötter T, Kochen MM et al. Fundoplication versus medical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2014; 28: 143–55.
46. Garg SK, Gurusamy KS. Laparoscopic fundoplication surgery versus medical management for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 11: CD003243.
47. Hatlebakk JG, Zerbib F, Bruley des Varannes S et al. Gastroesophageal acid reflux control 5 years after antireflux surgery, com¬pared with long-term esomeprazole therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 678–85.
48. Ganz RA, Peters JH, Horgan S et al. Esophageal sphincter device for gastroesophageal reflux disease. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 719–27.
49. Trad KS, Barnes WE, Simoni G et al. Transoral incisionless fun¬doplication effective in eliminating GERD symptoms in partial responders to proton pump inhibitor therapy at 
6 months: the TEMPO Randomized Clinical Trial. Surg Innov 2015; 22: 26–40.
50. Trad KS, Simoni G, Barnes WE et al. Efficacy of transoral fundo¬plication for treatment of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease incompletely controlled with high-dose proton-pump inhibitors therapy: a randomized, multicenter, open label, crossover study. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14: 174.
51. Richards WO, Scholz S, Khaitan L et al. Initial experience with the stretta procedure for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2001; 11: 267–73.
52. Sandhu DS, Fass R. Current Trends in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Gut and Liver 2018; 12 (1): 7–16.

________________________________________________

1. Gyawali CP, Kahrilas PJ, Savarino E et al. Modern diagnosis of GERD: the Lyon Consensus. Gut 2018; 67: 1351–62.
2. El-Serag HB, Sweet S, Winchester CC et al. Update on the epidemiology of gastrooesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut 2014; 63: 871–80.
3. Ivashkin V.T., Maev I.V., Trukhmanov A.S. i dr. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii Rossiiskoi gastroenterologicheskoi assotsiatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu gastroezofageal'noi refliuksnoi bolezni. Ros. zhurn. gastroenterologii, gepatologii, koloproktologii. 2017; 27 (4): 75–95. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-4-75-95 [in Russian]
4. Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1900–20.
5. Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 308–28.
6. Tack J, Pandolfino JE. Pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 277–88.
7. Kahrilas PJ, Boeckxstaens G, Smout AJ. Management of the patient with incomplete response to PPI therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27: 401–14.
8. Dent J, Vakil N, Jones R et al. Accuracy of the diagnosis of GORD by questionnaire, physicians and a trial of proton pump inhibitor treatment: the Diamond Study. Gut 2010; 59: 714–21.
9. Bytzer P, Jones R, Vakil N et al. Limited ability of the proton-pump inhibitor test to identify patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 1360–6.
10. Sifrim D, Zerbib F. Diagnosis and management of patients with reflux symptoms refractory to proton pump inhibitors. Gut 2012; 61: 1340–54.
11. Roman S, Keefer L, Imam H et al. Majority of symptoms in esophageal reflux PPI non-responders are not related to reflux. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27: 1667–74.
12. Weijenborg PW, Smout AJ, Verseijden C et al. Hypersensitivity to acid is associated with impaired esophageal mucosal integrity in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease with and without esophagitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307: G323–9.
13. Akdamar K, Ertan A, Agrawal NM et al. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in normal asymptomatic volunteers. Gastrointest Endosc 1986; 32: 78–80.
14. Takashima T, Iwakiri R, Sakata Y et al. Endoscopic reflux esophagitis and Helicobacter pylori infection in young healthy Japanese volunteers. Digestion 2012; 86: 55–8.
15. Zagari RM, Fuccio L, Wallander MA et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms, oesophagitis and Barrett’s oesophagus in the general population: the Loiano-Monghidoro study. Gut 2008; 57: 1354–9.
16. Rex DK, Cummings OW, Shaw M et al. Screening for Barrett’s esophagus in colonoscopy patients with and without heartburn. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1670–7.
17. Sharma P. Review article: prevalence of Barrett’s oesophagus and metaplasia at the gastro-oesophageal junction. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20 (Suppl. 5): 48–54.
18. Johansson J, Håkansson HO, Mellblom L et al. Prevalence of precancerous and other metaplasia in the distal oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal junction. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 893–902.
19. Sweis R, Fox M, Anggiansah A et al. Prolonged, wireless pH-studies have a high diagnostic yield in patients with reflux symptoms and negative 24-h catheter-based pH-studies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23: 419–26.
20. Prakash C, Clouse RE. Value of extended recording time with wireless pH monitoring in evaluating gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 329–34.
21. Ayazi S, Lipham JC, Portale G et al. Bravo catheter-free pH monitoring: normal values, concordance, optimal diagnostic thresholds, and accuracy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 60–7.
22. Scarpulla G, Camilleri S, Galante P et al. The impact of prolonged pH measurements on the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease: 4-day wireless pH studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 2642–7.
23. Sifrim D, Castell D, Dent J et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux monitoring: review and consensus report on detection and definitions of acid, non-acid, and gas reflux. Gut 2004; 53: 1024–31.
24. Roman S, Gyawali CP, Savarino E et al. Ambulatory reflux monitoring for diagnosis of gastro-esophageal reflux disease: update of the Porto consensus and recommendations from an international consensus group. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29: 1–15.
25. Charbel S, Khandwala F, Vaezi MF. The role of esophageal pH monitoring in symptomatic patients on PPI therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 283–9.
26. Vela MF, Camacho-Lobato L, Srinivasan R et al. Simultaneous intraesophageal impedance and pH measurement of acid and nonacid gastroesophageal reflux: effect of omeprazole. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1599–606.
27. Bredenoord AJ, Weusten BL, Smout AJ. Symptom association analysis in ambulatory astro-oesophageal reflux monitoring. Gut 2005; 54: 1810–7.
28. Lam HG, Breumelhof R, Roelofs JM et al. What is the optimal time window in symptom analysis of 24-hour esophageal pressure and pH data? Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 402–9.
29. Herregods TVK, Pauwels A, Tack J et al. Reflux-cough syndrome: assessment of temporal association between reflux episodes and cough bursts. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29: e13129.
30. Wiener GJ, Richter JE, Copper JB et al. The symptom index: a clinically important parameter of ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83: 358–61.
31. Singh S, Richter JE, Bradley LA et al. The symptom index. Differential usefulness in suspected acid-related complaints of heartburn and chest pain. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1402–8.
32. Martinucci I, de Bortoli N, Savarino E et al. Esophageal baseline impedance levels in patients with pathophysiological characteristics of functional heartburn. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26: 546–55.
33. Frazzoni M, Bertani H, Manta R et al. Impairment of chemical clearance is relevant to the pathogenesis of refractory reflux oesophagitis. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46: 596–602.
34. Frazzoni M, Savarino E, de Bortoli N et al. Analyses of the post-reflux swallowinduced peristaltic wave index and nocturnal baseline impedance parameters increase the diagnostic yield of impedance-pH monitoring of patients with reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 40–6.
35. Frazzoni L, Frazzoni M, de Bortoli N et al. Postreflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave index and nocturnal baseline impedance can link PPI-responsive heartburn to reflux better than acid exposure time. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29: e13116.
36. Saritas Yuksel E, Higginbotham T, Slaughter JC et al. Use of direct, endoscopicguided measurements of mucosal impedance in diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 1110–6.
37. Katzka DA, Ravi K, Geno DM et al. Endoscopic mucosal impedance measurements correlate with eosinophilia and dilation of intercellular spaces in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1242–8.
38. Ates F, Yuksel ES, Higginbotham T et al. Mucosal impedance discriminates GERD from non-GERD conditions. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 334–43.
39. Gyawali CP, Roman S, Bredenoord AJ et al. Classification of esophageal motor findings in gastro-esophageal reflux disease: conclusions from an international consensus group. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29: e13104.
40. Maev I.V., Barkalova E.V., Ovsepyan M.A. i dr. Vozmozhnosti rN-impedansometrii i manometrii vysokogo razresheniia pri vedenii patsientov s refrakternoi gastroezofageal'noi refliuksnoi bolezn'iu. Therapeutic archive. 2017; 89 (2): 76–83. [in Russian]
41. Sandhu DS, Fass R. Current Trends in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Gut and Liver 2018; 12 (1): 7–16.
42. Kaltenbach T, Crockett S, Gerson LB. Are lifestyle measures ef¬fective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? An evidence-based approach. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 965–71.
43. Khan M, Santana J, Donnellan C et al. Medical treatments in the shortterm management of reflux oesophagitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 2: CD:003244.
44. Fass R. Therapeutic options for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27 (Suppl. 3): 3–7.
45. Rickenbacher N, Kötter T, Kochen MM et al. Fundoplication versus medical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2014; 28: 143–55.
46. Garg SK, Gurusamy KS. Laparoscopic fundoplication surgery versus medical management for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 11: CD003243.
47. Hatlebakk JG, Zerbib F, Bruley des Varannes S et al. Gastroesophageal acid reflux control 5 years after antireflux surgery, com¬pared with long-term esomeprazole therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 678–85.
48. Ganz RA, Peters JH, Horgan S et al. Esophageal sphincter device for gastroesophageal reflux disease. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 719–27.
49. Trad KS, Barnes WE, Simoni G et al. Transoral incisionless fun¬doplication effective in eliminating GERD symptoms in partial responders to proton pump inhibitor therapy at 
6 months: the TEMPO Randomized Clinical Trial. Surg Innov 2015; 22: 26–40.
50. Trad KS, Simoni G, Barnes WE et al. Efficacy of transoral fundo¬plication for treatment of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease incompletely controlled with high-dose proton-pump inhibitors therapy: a randomized, multicenter, open label, crossover study. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14: 174.
51. Richards WO, Scholz S, Khaitan L et al. Initial experience with the stretta procedure for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2001; 11: 267–73.
52. Sandhu DS, Fass R. Current Trends in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Gut and Liver 2018; 12 (1): 7–16.

С.В.Лямина, О.В.Кладовикова 

ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И.Евдокимова» Минздрава России. 127473, Россия, Москва, ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1

*svlvs@mail.ru

________________________________________________

S.V.Lyamina, O.V.Kladovikova

A.I.Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 127473, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Delegatskaia, d. 20, str. 1

*svlvs@mail.ru