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Лекарственно-индуцированное удлинение интервала QT: распространенность, факторы риска, лечение и профилактика
Лекарственно-индуцированное удлинение интервала QT: распространенность, факторы риска, лечение и профилактика
Остроумова О.Д., Голобородова И.В. Лекарственно-индуцированное удлинение интервала QT: распространенность, факторы риска, лечение и профилактика. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 21 (5): 62–67. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2019.5.190415
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Аннотация
Удлинение интервала QT – одна из наиболее острых проблем, стоящих на повестке дня в научных и практических медицинских сообществах. Известно, что удлинение интервала QT является фактором риска и предиктором развития жизнеугрожающих желудочковых аритмий, в том числе тахикардии типа пируэт, способной к трансформации в фибрилляцию желудочков с развитием летального исхода. Среди причин, способствующих развитию приобретенного удлинения интервала QT, лидирует его лекарственная обусловленность. В настоящее время большинство групп лекарственных средств имеют представителей, влияющих на продолжительность интервала QT: антипсихотики, антидепрессанты, антиаритмики, антибактериальные, противогрибковые и противоопухолевые препараты, диуретики (кроме калийсберегающих) и др. Развитию клинически-значимого удлинения QT, в том числе с фатальным исходом, способствуют определенные факторы риска, к которым относят женский пол, старший возраст, наследственную обусловленность, наличие структурной патологии сердца, заболевания печени и/или почек, а также брадикардию, нарушения электролитного обмена, лекарственные взаимодействия (использование одновременно 2 QT-удлиняющих лекарственных средств и более, препаратов с QT-удлиняющим действием в комбинации с препаратами, замедляющими их метаболизм и/или нарушающими электролитный обмен, и/или нарушающими функцию печени/почек), передозировку QT-удлиняющих лекарственных средств. Основными условиями профилактики лекарственно-индуцированного удлинения интервала QT являются, с одной стороны, отказ от использования препаратов с данным побочным эффектом, при невозможности – выбор наиболее безопасного в минимально эффективной дозировке. С другой стороны, важным элементом профилактики являются мониторирование и коррекция факторов риска удлинения интервала QT, а также – электрокардиографический контроль. При развитии лекарственно-индуцированного удлинения интервала QT необходима немедленная отмена всех подозрительных в этом отношении препаратов. Возможность их возвращения в состав терапии следует рассматривать только после нормализации продолжительности интервала QT.
Ключевые слова: удлинение интервала QT, лекарственно-индуцированное удлинение интервала QT, тахикардия типа пируэт, факторы риска, электрокардиография, фармакотерапия, нежелательные побочные реакции, безопасность лекарственных средств.
Ключевые слова: удлинение интервала QT, лекарственно-индуцированное удлинение интервала QT, тахикардия типа пируэт, факторы риска, электрокардиография, фармакотерапия, нежелательные побочные реакции, безопасность лекарственных средств.
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Prolongation the QT interval is one of the most important problems in the scientific and practical medical communities. It is known that QT prolongation is a risk factor and a predictor of the life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, including polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (torsade de pointes), capable of transformation into ventricular fibrillation with fatal outcome. Among the reasons contributing to the development of acquired prolongation the QT interval, the absolute leader is drug-induced prolongation the QT. Currently, most of the known groups of drugs have representatives that affect the duration of the QT interval: antipsychotics, antidepressants, antiarrhythmics, antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer drugs, diuretics (except potassium-sparing), ect. The development of clinically significant QT prolongation, including fatal outcomes, is promoted by certain risk factors, which include female gender, older age, hereditary conditionality, the presence of a structural heart disease, liver and/or kidney disease, as well as bradycardia, electrolyte abnormalities, drug interactions (use of simultaneously ≥2 QT-lengthening drugs, use of drugs with QT-lengthening action in combination with drugs that slow down their metabolism and/or violate and electrolyte metabolism, and/or impaired liver/kidney function), an overdose of QT-prolonged drugs. The main conditions for the prevention of drug-induced prolongation the QT interval are, on the one hand, the rejection of the use of drugs with this side effect, if it is impossible, the choice of the safest in the minimum effective dose. On the other hand, an important element of prevention is the monitoring and feasible correction of risk factors for prolongation the QT interval, with the third – ECG control. With the development of drug-induced prolongation the QT interval, immediate withdrawal of all suspicious drugs is necessary. The possibility of their return to the therapy should be considered only after the normalization the QT interval.
Key words: long QT interval, drug-induced long QT interval, torsade de pointes, risk factors, еlectrocardiography, drug therapy, adverse drug reactions, drug safety.
Key words: long QT interval, drug-induced long QT interval, torsade de pointes, risk factors, еlectrocardiography, drug therapy, adverse drug reactions, drug safety.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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23. Lehmann MH, Timothy KW, Frankovich D et al. Age-gender influence on the rate-corrected QT interval and the QT-heart rate relation in families with genotypically characterized long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29 (1): 93–9.
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2. Ageeva L.I., Aleksandrova G.A., Zaichenko N.M. et al. Zdravookhranenie v Rossii. 2017. Moscow: Stat. sb./Rosstat, 2017 (in Russian).
3. Iakushin S.S., Boitsov S.A., Furmenko G.I. et al. Vnezapnaia serdechnaia smert' u bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa po rezul'tatam Rossiiskogo mnogotsentrovogo epidemiologicheskogo issledovaniia Zabolevaemosti, smertnosti, kachestva diagnostiki i lecheniia ostrykh form IBS (REZONANS). Ros. kardiol. zhurn. 2011; 2: 59–64 (in Russian).
4. Solokhin Iu.A., Makarov L.M., Komoliatova V.N. Vnezapnaia vnegospital'naia serdechnaia smert' v molodom vozraste (analiz za 5 let po dannym 2-go tanatologicheskogo otdeleniia biuro Sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy Departamenta zdravookhraneniia g. Moskvy). Med. ekspertiza i pravo. 2013; 4: 16–23 (in Russian).
5. Vnezapnaia serdechnaia smert'. Rekomendatsii Evropeiskogo kardiologicheskogo obshchestva. Moscow: Medpraktika-M, 2003 (in Russian).
6. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM. Castellanos A. Sudden cardiac death. Structure, function, and timedependence of risk. Circulation 1992; 85: 12–20.
7. Bayes de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF. Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 1989; 117: 151–9.
8. Leclercq JF, Coumel P, Maison-Blanche P et al. Mechanisms determining sudden death. A cooperative study of 69 cases recorded using the Holter method. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1986; 79 (7): 1024–33.
9. Shliakhto E.V., Arutiunov G.P., Belenkov Iu.N., Boitsov S.A. Natsional'nye rekomendatsii po opredeleniiu riska i profilaktike vnezapnoi serdechnoi smerti (2-e izd.). Moscow: Medpraktika-M, 2018 (in Russian).
10. Burton F, Cobbe SM. Dispersion of ventricular repolarization and refractoriness. Cardiovas Res 2001; 50: 10–23.
11. Dekker JM, Schouten EG, Klootwijk P et al. Association between QT interval and coronary heart disease in middle-aged and elderly men. The Zutphen Study. Circulation 1994; 90: 779–85.
12. Tsibul'kin N.A. Sindrom udlinennogo intervala QT – osnovnye kliniko-patofiziologicheskie aspekty. Prakt. meditsina. 2012; 5 (60): 98–103 (in Russian).
13. Haddad PM, Anderson IM. Antipsychotic-Related QTc Prolongation, Torsade de Pointes and Sudden Death. Drugs 2002; 62 (11): 1649–71.
14. Ostroumova O.D. Udlinenie intervala QT. RMZh. 2001; 18: 750–4 (in Russian).
15. Salle P, Rey JL, Bernasconi P et al. Torsades de pointe. Aapropos of 60 cases. Ann Cardiol Angerol 1985; 34: 341–8.
16. Clinical overview of Long QT Syndrome and Torsades de Pointes. www.crediblemeds.org. https://crediblemeds.org/healthcare-providers/practical-approach/
17. Molokhia M, Pathak A, Lapeyre-Mestre M et al. Case ascertainment and estimated incidence of drug-induced long-QT syndrome: study in Southwest France. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 66: 386–95.
18. Darpo B. Spectrum of drugs prolonging QT interval and the incidence of torsade de pointes. Eur Heart J 2001; 3: 70–80.
19. Sarganas G, Garbe Е, Klimpel А et al. Haverkamp, Epidemiology of symptomatic drug-induced long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes in Germany. Europace 2014; 16: 101–8. DOI: 10.1093/ europace/ eut214
20. Yap YG, Camm AJ. Drug induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. Heart 2003; 89 (11): 1363–72. DOI: 10.1136/heart.89.11.1363.
21. US FDA. Drags@FDA. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm
22. Wysowski DK, Bacsanyi J. Cisapride and fatal arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 290–301.
23. Lehmann MH, Timothy KW, Frankovich D et al. Age-gender influence on the rate-corrected QT interval and the QT-heart rate relation in families with genotypically characterized long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29 (1): 93–9.
24. Jackobson G, Carmel NN, Lotan D et al. Reckless administration of QT interval-prolonging agents in elderly patients with drug-induced torsade de pointes. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 51 (1): 41–7.
25. Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Napolitano C et al. Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (19): 1866–74.
26. Zeltser D, Justo D, Halkin A et al. Torsade de pointes due to noncardiac drugs: most patients have easily identifiable risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003; 82: 282–90.
27. Soyka LF, Wirtz C, Spangenberg RB. Clinical safety profile of sotalol in patients with arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 74A–81A.
28. Hohnloser SH, van de Loo A, Baedeker F. Efficacy and proarrhythmic hazards of pharmacologic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: prospective comparison of sotalol versus quinidine. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 852–8.
29. Torp-Pedersen C, Mоller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 857–65.
30. Hollister LE, Kosek JC. Sudden death during treatment with phenothiazine derivatives. JAMA 1965; 192: 1035–8.
31. Woosley RL, Heise CW, Gallo T et al. CredibleMeds. https://crediblemeds.org/
32. Camm AJ, Malik M, Yap YG. Acquired long QT syndrome. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
33. FDA. Tikosyn (dofetilide), NDA 20-931. Risk evaluation and mitigation strategy document, 2013; NDA 20-931/S-007.
34. Tisdale JE. Drug-induced QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue Des Pharmaciens Du Canada 2016; 149 (3): 139–52. DOI: 10.1177/1715163516641136
[Serdechno-sosudistye zabolevaniia. www.who.int; https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) (in Russian).]
2. Агеева Л.И., Александрова Г.А., Зайченко Н.М. и др. Здравоохранение в России. 2017. М.: Стат. сб./Росстат, 2017.
[Ageeva L.I., Aleksandrova G.A., Zaichenko N.M. et al. Zdravookhranenie v Rossii. 2017. Moscow: Stat. sb./Rosstat, 2017 (in Russian).]
3. Якушин С.С., Бойцов С.А., Фурменко Г.И. и др. Внезапная сердечная смерть у больных ишемической болезнью сердца по результатам Российского многоцентрового эпидемиологического исследования Заболеваемости, смертности, качества диагностики и лечения острых форм ИБС (РЕЗОНАНС). Рос. кардиол. журн. 2011; 2: 59–64.
[Iakushin S.S., Boitsov S.A., Furmenko G.I. et al. Vnezapnaia serdechnaia smert' u bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa po rezul'tatam Rossiiskogo mnogotsentrovogo epidemiologicheskogo issledovaniia Zabolevaemosti, smertnosti, kachestva diagnostiki i lecheniia ostrykh form IBS (REZONANS). Ros. kardiol. zhurn. 2011; 2: 59–64 (in Russian).]
4. Солохин Ю.А., Макаров Л.М., Комолятова В.Н. Внезапная внегоспитальная сердечная смерть в молодом возрасте (анализ за 5 лет по данным 2-го танатологического отделения бюро Судебно-медицинской экспертизы Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы). Мед. экспертиза и право. 2013; 4: 16–23.
[Solokhin Iu.A., Makarov L.M., Komoliatova V.N. Vnezapnaia vnegospital'naia serdechnaia smert' v molodom vozraste (analiz za 5 let po dannym 2-go tanatologicheskogo otdeleniia biuro Sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy Departamenta zdravookhraneniia g. Moskvy). Med. ekspertiza i pravo. 2013; 4: 16–23 (in Russian).]
5. Внезапная сердечная смерть. Рекомендации Европейского кардиологического общества. М.: Медпрактика-М, 2003.
[Vnezapnaia serdechnaia smert'. Rekomendatsii Evropeiskogo kardiologicheskogo obshchestva. Moscow: Medpraktika-M, 2003 (in Russian).]
6. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM. Castellanos A. Sudden cardiac death. Structure, function, and timedependence of risk. Circulation 1992; 85: 12–20.
7. Bayes de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF. Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 1989; 117: 151–9.
8. Leclercq JF, Coumel P, Maison-Blanche P et al. Mechanisms determining sudden death. A cooperative study of 69 cases recorded using the Holter method. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1986; 79 (7): 1024–33.
9. Шляхто Е.В., Арутюнов Г.П., Беленков Ю.Н., Бойцов С.А. Национальные рекомендации по определению риска и профилактике внезапной сердечной смерти (2-е изд.). М.: Медпрактика-М, 2018.
[Shliakhto E.V., Arutiunov G.P., Belenkov Iu.N., Boitsov S.A. Natsional'nye rekomendatsii po opredeleniiu riska i profilaktike vnezapnoi serdechnoi smerti (2-e izd.). Moscow: Medpraktika-M, 2018 (in Russian).]
10. Burton F, Cobbe SM. Dispersion of ventricular repolarization and refractoriness. Cardiovas Res 2001; 50: 10–23.
11. Dekker JM, Schouten EG, Klootwijk P et al. Association between QT interval and coronary heart disease in middle-aged and elderly men. The Zutphen Study. Circulation 1994; 90: 779–85.
12. Цибулькин Н.А. Синдром удлиненного интервала QT – основные клинико-патофизиологические аспекты. Практ. медицина. 2012; 5 (60): 98–103.
[Tsibul'kin N.A. Sindrom udlinennogo intervala QT – osnovnye kliniko-patofiziologicheskie aspekty. Prakt. meditsina. 2012; 5 (60): 98–103 (in Russian).]
13. Haddad PM, Anderson IM. Antipsychotic-Related QTc Prolongation, Torsade de Pointes and Sudden Death. Drugs 2002; 62 (11): 1649–71.
14. Остроумова О.Д. Удлинение интервала QT. РМЖ. 2001; 18: 750–4.
[Ostroumova O.D. Udlinenie intervala QT. RMZh. 2001; 18: 750–4 (in Russian).]
15. Salle P, Rey JL, Bernasconi P et al. Torsades de pointe. Aapropos of 60 cases. Ann Cardiol Angerol 1985; 34: 341–8.
16. Clinical overview of Long QT Syndrome and Torsades de Pointes. www.crediblemeds.org. https://crediblemeds.org/healthcare-providers/practical-approach/
17. Molokhia M, Pathak A, Lapeyre-Mestre M et al. Case ascertainment and estimated incidence of drug-induced long-QT syndrome: study in Southwest France. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 66: 386–95.
18. Darpo B. Spectrum of drugs prolonging QT interval and the incidence of torsade de pointes. Eur Heart J 2001; 3: 70–80.
19. Sarganas G, Garbe Е, Klimpel А et al. Haverkamp, Epidemiology of symptomatic drug-induced long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes in Germany. Europace 2014; 16: 101–8. DOI: 10.1093/ europace/ eut214
20. Yap YG, Camm AJ. Drug induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. Heart 2003; 89 (11): 1363–72. DOI: 10.1136/heart.89.11.1363.
21. US FDA. Drags@FDA. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm
22. Wysowski DK, Bacsanyi J. Cisapride and fatal arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 290–301.
23. Lehmann MH, Timothy KW, Frankovich D et al. Age-gender influence on the rate-corrected QT interval and the QT-heart rate relation in families with genotypically characterized long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29 (1): 93–9.
24. Jackobson G, Carmel NN, Lotan D et al. Reckless administration of QT interval-prolonging agents in elderly patients with drug-induced torsade de pointes. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 51 (1): 41–7.
25. Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Napolitano C et al. Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (19): 1866–74.
26. Zeltser D, Justo D, Halkin A et al. Torsade de pointes due to noncardiac drugs: most patients have easily identifiable risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003; 82: 282–90.
27. Soyka LF, Wirtz C, Spangenberg RB. Clinical safety profile of sotalol in patients with arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 74A–81A.
28. Hohnloser SH, van de Loo A, Baedeker F. Efficacy and proarrhythmic hazards of pharmacologic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: prospective comparison of sotalol versus quinidine. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 852–8.
29. Torp-Pedersen C, Mоller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 857–65.
30. Hollister LE, Kosek JC. Sudden death during treatment with phenothiazine derivatives. JAMA 1965; 192: 1035–8.
31. Woosley RL, Heise CW, Gallo T et al. CredibleMeds. https://crediblemeds.org/
32. Camm AJ, Malik M, Yap YG. Acquired long QT syndrome. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
33. FDA. Tikosyn (dofetilide), NDA 20-931. Risk evaluation and mitigation strategy document, 2013; NDA 20-931/S-007.
34. Tisdale JE. Drug-induced QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue Des Pharmaciens Du Canada 2016; 149 (3): 139–52. DOI: 10.1177/1715163516641136
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5. Vnezapnaia serdechnaia smert'. Rekomendatsii Evropeiskogo kardiologicheskogo obshchestva. Moscow: Medpraktika-M, 2003 (in Russian).
6. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM. Castellanos A. Sudden cardiac death. Structure, function, and timedependence of risk. Circulation 1992; 85: 12–20.
7. Bayes de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF. Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 1989; 117: 151–9.
8. Leclercq JF, Coumel P, Maison-Blanche P et al. Mechanisms determining sudden death. A cooperative study of 69 cases recorded using the Holter method. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1986; 79 (7): 1024–33.
9. Shliakhto E.V., Arutiunov G.P., Belenkov Iu.N., Boitsov S.A. Natsional'nye rekomendatsii po opredeleniiu riska i profilaktike vnezapnoi serdechnoi smerti (2-e izd.). Moscow: Medpraktika-M, 2018 (in Russian).
10. Burton F, Cobbe SM. Dispersion of ventricular repolarization and refractoriness. Cardiovas Res 2001; 50: 10–23.
11. Dekker JM, Schouten EG, Klootwijk P et al. Association between QT interval and coronary heart disease in middle-aged and elderly men. The Zutphen Study. Circulation 1994; 90: 779–85.
12. Tsibul'kin N.A. Sindrom udlinennogo intervala QT – osnovnye kliniko-patofiziologicheskie aspekty. Prakt. meditsina. 2012; 5 (60): 98–103 (in Russian).
13. Haddad PM, Anderson IM. Antipsychotic-Related QTc Prolongation, Torsade de Pointes and Sudden Death. Drugs 2002; 62 (11): 1649–71.
14. Ostroumova O.D. Udlinenie intervala QT. RMZh. 2001; 18: 750–4 (in Russian).
15. Salle P, Rey JL, Bernasconi P et al. Torsades de pointe. Aapropos of 60 cases. Ann Cardiol Angerol 1985; 34: 341–8.
16. Clinical overview of Long QT Syndrome and Torsades de Pointes. www.crediblemeds.org. https://crediblemeds.org/healthcare-providers/practical-approach/
17. Molokhia M, Pathak A, Lapeyre-Mestre M et al. Case ascertainment and estimated incidence of drug-induced long-QT syndrome: study in Southwest France. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 66: 386–95.
18. Darpo B. Spectrum of drugs prolonging QT interval and the incidence of torsade de pointes. Eur Heart J 2001; 3: 70–80.
19. Sarganas G, Garbe Е, Klimpel А et al. Haverkamp, Epidemiology of symptomatic drug-induced long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes in Germany. Europace 2014; 16: 101–8. DOI: 10.1093/ europace/ eut214
20. Yap YG, Camm AJ. Drug induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. Heart 2003; 89 (11): 1363–72. DOI: 10.1136/heart.89.11.1363.
21. US FDA. Drags@FDA. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm
22. Wysowski DK, Bacsanyi J. Cisapride and fatal arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 290–301.
23. Lehmann MH, Timothy KW, Frankovich D et al. Age-gender influence on the rate-corrected QT interval and the QT-heart rate relation in families with genotypically characterized long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29 (1): 93–9.
24. Jackobson G, Carmel NN, Lotan D et al. Reckless administration of QT interval-prolonging agents in elderly patients with drug-induced torsade de pointes. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 51 (1): 41–7.
25. Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Napolitano C et al. Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (19): 1866–74.
26. Zeltser D, Justo D, Halkin A et al. Torsade de pointes due to noncardiac drugs: most patients have easily identifiable risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003; 82: 282–90.
27. Soyka LF, Wirtz C, Spangenberg RB. Clinical safety profile of sotalol in patients with arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 74A–81A.
28. Hohnloser SH, van de Loo A, Baedeker F. Efficacy and proarrhythmic hazards of pharmacologic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: prospective comparison of sotalol versus quinidine. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 852–8.
29. Torp-Pedersen C, Mоller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 857–65.
30. Hollister LE, Kosek JC. Sudden death during treatment with phenothiazine derivatives. JAMA 1965; 192: 1035–8.
31. Woosley RL, Heise CW, Gallo T et al. CredibleMeds. https://crediblemeds.org/
32. Camm AJ, Malik M, Yap YG. Acquired long QT syndrome. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
33. FDA. Tikosyn (dofetilide), NDA 20-931. Risk evaluation and mitigation strategy document, 2013; NDA 20-931/S-007.
34. Tisdale JE. Drug-induced QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue Des Pharmaciens Du Canada 2016; 149 (3): 139–52. DOI: 10.1177/1715163516641136
Авторы
О.Д. Остроумова*1,2, И.В. Голобородова1
1 ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
1 ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*ostroumova.olga@mail.ru
*ostroumova.olga@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Olga D. Ostroumova*1,2, Irina V. Goloborodova1
1 A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia;
1 A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia;
2 Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
*ostroumova.olga@mail.ru
*ostroumova.olga@mail.ru
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