1. Eaton SB, Konner M. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 283–9. 
2. Keys A, Menotti A, Karvonen MJ et al. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124: 903–15. 
3. Konner M, Eaton SB. Paleolithic nutrition: twenty-five years later. Nutr Clinicl Pract 2010; 25: 594–602. 
4. WHO. Library cataloguing-in-publication data global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. 1. Chronic disease – prevention and control. 2. Chronic disease – epidemiology. 3. Chronic disease – mortality. 4. Cost of illness. 5. Delivery of health care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
5. OMS. Prevenção de doenças crônicas: um investimento vital. Brasília: Organização Mundial da Saúde, 2005. 
6. Friedman M. The paleo diet and the insanity workout dominated Google search in 2014. http://www.redbookmag.com/body/news/a19569/paleodietinsanity workout-top-google-search-2014/ (Acesso em setembro de 2016).
7. Otten J, Stomby A, Waling M et al. Benefits of a Paleolithic diet with and without supervised exercise on fat mass, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control: a randomized controlled trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Metab Res Rev 2017; 33 (1). 
8. Manheimer EW, van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z et al. Paleolithic nutrition for metabolic syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis, 2. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102: 922–32.
9. Ruiz-Nuñez B, Pruimboom L et al. Lifestyle and nutritional imbalances associated with Western diseases: causes and consequences of chronic systemic low-grade inflammation in an evolutionary context. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24: 1183–201. 
10. Rodrigo R, Libuy M, Feliu F et al. Oxidative stress-related biomarkers in essential hypertension and ischemia-reperfusion myocardial damage. Disease markers 2013; 35: 773–90. 
11. Barocas DA, Motley S, Cookson MS et al. Oxidative stress measured by urine F2-isoprostane level is associated with prostate cancer. World J Urol 2011; 185: 2102–7. 
12. Nowsheen S, Aziz K, Kryston TB et al. The interplay between inflammation and oxidative stress in carcinogenesis. Curr Molecular Med 2012; 12: 672–80. 
13. Lindeberg S, Jonsson T, Granfeldt Y et al. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 1795–807. 
14. Kritharides L, Stocker R. The use of antioxidant supplements in coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2002; 164: 211–9. 
15. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG et al. Systematic review: primary and secondary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers with antioxidant supplements. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28:689–703. 
16. Albanes D, Malila N, Taylor PR et al. Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer: results from a controlled trial (Finland). 2000; 11: 197–205. 
17. Kowalshi LM, Bujko J. Evaluation of biological and clinical potential of paleolithic diet. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2012; 63 (1): 9–15. 
18. Pastore RL, Brooks JT, Carbone JW. Paleolithic nutrition improves plasma lipid concentrations of hypercholesterolemic adults to a greater extent than traditional heart-healthy dietary recommendations. Nutrit Res Rev 2015; 35: 474–9. 
19. Smith MM, Trexler ET, Sommer AJ et al. Unrestricted Paleolithic diet is associated with unfavorable changes to blood lipids in healthy subjects. Int J Exercise Sci 2014; 7 (2): 128–39.
20. Frassetto LA, Schloetter M, Mietus-Synder M et al. Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63 (8): 947–55. 
21. Mellberg C, Sandberg S, Ryberg M et al. Long-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in obese postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68: 350–7. 
22. Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Ahren B et al. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabet 2009; 8: 35–49. 
23. Boers I, Muskiet FA, Berkelaar E et al. Favourable effects of consuming a Palaeolithic-type diet on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot-study. Lipids in Health and Disease 2014; 13: 160. 
24. Smith M, Trexler E, Sommer A et al. Unrestricted Paleolithic diet is associated with unfavorable changes to blood lipids in healthy subjects. Int J Exercise Sci 2014; 7: 128–39. 
25. Snowling NJ, Hopkins WG. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (11): 2518–27. 
26. Campbell IW, Howlett HC. Worldwide experience of metformin as an effective glucose-lowering agent: a meta-analysis. Diabet Metab Res Rev 1995; 11 (Suppl. 1): S57–62. 
27. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. Brit Med J 2000; 321 (7258): 405–12. 
28. Seckold R, Fisher E, de Bock M et al. The ups and downs of low-carbohydrate diets in the management of Type 1 diabetes: a review of clinical outcomes. Diabet Med 2019; 36: 326–34.
29. Brouns F. Overweight and diabetes prevention: is a low-carbohydrate–high-fat diet recommendable? Eur J Nutr 2018; 57: 1301–12.
30. Otamiri T, Sjodahl R. Increased lipid peroxidation in malignant tissues of patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer 1989; 64: 422–5. 
31. Morrow JD, Roberts LJ 2nd. The isoprostanes. Current knowledge and directions for future research. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 51: 1–9. 
32. Federico A, Morgillo F, Tuccillo C et al. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in human carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2381–6. 
33. Bosma-den Boer MM, van Wetten ML, Pruimboom L. Chronic inflammatory diseases are stimulated by current lifestyle: how diet, stress levels and medication prevent our body from recovering. Nutr Metab 2012; 9: 32. 
34. Katz DL, Meller S. Can we say what diet is best for health? Ann Rev Public Health 2014; 35: 83–103. 
35. Whalen KA, McCullough ML, Flanders WD et al. Paleolithic and Mediterranean Diet Pattern Scores Are Inversely Associated with Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Balance in Adults. J Nutr 2016; 146 (6): 1217–26.
36. Uusitupa M, Hermansen K, Savolainen MJ et al. Effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and inflammation markers in metabolic syndrome–a randomized study (SYSDIET). J Intern Med 2013; 274: 52–66. 
37. Asemi Z, Samimi M, Tabassi Z et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial investigating the effect of DASH diet on insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes. Nutrition 2013; 29: 619–24. 
38. Hummel SL, Seymour EM, Brook RD et al. Low-sodium dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet reduces blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and oxidative stress in hypertensive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Hypertension 2012; 60: 1200–6. 
39. Saneei P, Hashemipour M, Kelishadi R et al. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet affects inflammation in childhood metabolic syndrome: a randomized cross-over clinical trial. Ann Nutr Metabol 2014; 64: 20–7. 
40. Barbaresko J, Koch M, Schulze MB et al. Dietary pattern analysis and biomarkers of low-grade inflammation: a systematic literature review. Nutr Rev 2013; 71: 511–27. 
41. Nanri H, Nakamura K, Hara M et al. Association between dietary pattern and serum C-reactive protein in Japanese men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 21: 122–31.
42. Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2008; 372: 1502–17. 
43. Olsson T, Barcellos LF, Alfredsson L. Interactions between genetic, lifestyle and environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurology 2017; 13: 25–36. 
44. Roman C, Menning K. Treatment and disease management of multiple sclerosis patients: A review for nurse practitioners. J Am Assoc Nurs Pract 2017; 29: 629–38. 
45. Dunn M, Bhargava P, Kalb R. Your patients with multiple sclerosis have set wellness as a high priority—and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society is responding American Academy of Neurology 2015; 11: 80–6. 
46. The Wahls Diet for multiple sclerosis: A clinical conversation with Terry Wahls, MD, and Robert Rountree, MD. J Alternative and Complementary Medicine: Research on Paradigm, Practice, and Policy 2017; 23: 79–86. 
47. Bisht B, Darling WG, Grossmann RE et al. A multimodal intervention for patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Feasibility and effect on fatigue. J Alternative and Complementary Medicine: Research on Paradigm, Practice, and Policy 2014; 20: 347–55. 
48. Wahls T, Adamson E. The Wahls Protocol: How I Beat Progressive MS Using Paleo Principles and Functional Medicine. Avery; New York, NY, USA, 2014. 
49. Reese D, Shivapour ET, Wahls TL et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary interventions to reduce oxidative stress in a secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patient leads to marked gains in function: A case report. Cases J 2009; 2: 7601. 
50. Wahls TL. The seventy percent solution. J Gen Intern Med 2011; 26: 1215–6. 
51. Cordain L, Toohey L, Smith MJ et al. Modulation of immune function by dietary lectins in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Nutr 2000; 83: 207–17. 
52. Vojdani A, Kharrazian D, Mukherjee P. The prevalence of antibodies against wheat and milk proteins in blood donors and their contribution to neuroimmune reactivities. Nutrients 2014; 6: 15–36. 
53. Guggenmos J, Schubart AS, Ogg S et al. Antibody cross-reactivity between myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and the milk protein butyrophilin in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol Res 2004; 172: 661–8. 
54. Bisht B, Darling WG, Shivapour ET et al. Multimodal intervention improves fatigue and quality of life in subjects with progressive multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Degenerative Neurological Neuromuscular Dis 2015; 5: 19–35.
55. Irish AK, Erickson CM, Wahls TL et al. Randomized control trial evaluation of a modified Paleolithic dietary intervention in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Degenerative Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2017; 7: 1–18. 
56. Swank RL, Goodwin J. Review of MS patient survival on a Swank low saturated fat diet. Nutrition 2003; 19: 161–2. 
57. Yadav V, Marracci G, Kim E et al. Low-fat, plant-based diet in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler Relat Dis 2016; 9: 80–90. 
58. Katz Sand I. The role of diet in multiple sclerosis: Mechanistic connections and current evidence. Curr Nutr Rep 2018; 7: 150–60. 
59. Storoni M, Plant GT. The therapeutic potential of the ketogenic diet in treating progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Intern 2015; 2015: 681289. 
60. Chenard СА, Rubenstein LM, Snetselaar LG et al. Nutrient Composition Comparison between a Modified Paleolithic Diet for Multiple Sclerosis and the Recommended Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern. Nutrients 2019; 11(3): 537.

________________________________________________

1. Eaton SB, Konner M. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 283–9. 
2. Keys A, Menotti A, Karvonen MJ et al. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124: 903–15. 
3. Konner M, Eaton SB. Paleolithic nutrition: twenty-five years later. Nutr Clinicl Pract 2010; 25: 594–602. 
4. WHO. Library cataloguing-in-publication data global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. 1. Chronic disease – prevention and control. 2. Chronic disease – epidemiology. 3. Chronic disease – mortality. 4. Cost of illness. 5. Delivery of health care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
5. OMS. Prevenção de doenças crônicas: um investimento vital. Brasília: Organização Mundial da Saúde, 2005. 
6. Friedman M. The paleo diet and the insanity workout dominated Google search in 2014. http://www.redbookmag.com/body/news/a19569/paleodietinsanity workout-top-google-search-2014/ (Acesso em setembro de 2016).
7. Otten J, Stomby A, Waling M et al. Benefits of a Paleolithic diet with and without supervised exercise on fat mass, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control: a randomized controlled trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Metab Res Rev 2017; 33 (1). 
8. Manheimer EW, van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z et al. Paleolithic nutrition for metabolic syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis, 2. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102: 922–32.
9. Ruiz-Nuñez B, Pruimboom L et al. Lifestyle and nutritional imbalances associated with Western diseases: causes and consequences of chronic systemic low-grade inflammation in an evolutionary context. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24: 1183–201. 
10. Rodrigo R, Libuy M, Feliu F et al. Oxidative stress-related biomarkers in essential hypertension and ischemia-reperfusion myocardial damage. Disease markers 2013; 35: 773–90. 
11. Barocas DA, Motley S, Cookson MS et al. Oxidative stress measured by urine F2-isoprostane level is associated with prostate cancer. World J Urol 2011; 185: 2102–7. 
12. Nowsheen S, Aziz K, Kryston TB et al. The interplay between inflammation and oxidative stress in carcinogenesis. Curr Molecular Med 2012; 12: 672–80. 
13. Lindeberg S, Jonsson T, Granfeldt Y et al. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 1795–807. 
14. Kritharides L, Stocker R. The use of antioxidant supplements in coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2002; 164: 211–9. 
15. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG et al. Systematic review: primary and secondary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers with antioxidant supplements. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28:689–703. 
16. Albanes D, Malila N, Taylor PR et al. Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer: results from a controlled trial (Finland). 2000; 11: 197–205. 
17. Kowalshi LM, Bujko J. Evaluation of biological and clinical potential of paleolithic diet. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2012; 63 (1): 9–15. 
18. Pastore RL, Brooks JT, Carbone JW. Paleolithic nutrition improves plasma lipid concentrations of hypercholesterolemic adults to a greater extent than traditional heart-healthy dietary recommendations. Nutrit Res Rev 2015; 35: 474–9. 
19. Smith MM, Trexler ET, Sommer AJ et al. Unrestricted Paleolithic diet is associated with unfavorable changes to blood lipids in healthy subjects. Int J Exercise Sci 2014; 7 (2): 128–39.
20. Frassetto LA, Schloetter M, Mietus-Synder M et al. Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63 (8): 947–55. 
21. Mellberg C, Sandberg S, Ryberg M et al. Long-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in obese postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68: 350–7. 
22. Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Ahren B et al. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabet 2009; 8: 35–49. 
23. Boers I, Muskiet FA, Berkelaar E et al. Favourable effects of consuming a Palaeolithic-type diet on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot-study. Lipids in Health and Disease 2014; 13: 160. 
24. Smith M, Trexler E, Sommer A et al. Unrestricted Paleolithic diet is associated with unfavorable changes to blood lipids in healthy subjects. Int J Exercise Sci 2014; 7: 128–39. 
25. Snowling NJ, Hopkins WG. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (11): 2518–27. 
26. Campbell IW, Howlett HC. Worldwide experience of metformin as an effective glucose-lowering agent: a meta-analysis. Diabet Metab Res Rev 1995; 11 (Suppl. 1): S57–62. 
27. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. Brit Med J 2000; 321 (7258): 405–12. 
28. Seckold R, Fisher E, de Bock M et al. The ups and downs of low-carbohydrate diets in the management of Type 1 diabetes: a review of clinical outcomes. Diabet Med 2019; 36: 326–34.
29. Brouns F. Overweight and diabetes prevention: is a low-carbohydrate–high-fat diet recommendable? Eur J Nutr 2018; 57: 1301–12.
30. Otamiri T, Sjodahl R. Increased lipid peroxidation in malignant tissues of patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer 1989; 64: 422–5. 
31. Morrow JD, Roberts LJ 2nd. The isoprostanes. Current knowledge and directions for future research. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 51: 1–9. 
32. Federico A, Morgillo F, Tuccillo C et al. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in human carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2381–6. 
33. Bosma-den Boer MM, van Wetten ML, Pruimboom L. Chronic inflammatory diseases are stimulated by current lifestyle: how diet, stress levels and medication prevent our body from recovering. Nutr Metab 2012; 9: 32. 
34. Katz DL, Meller S. Can we say what diet is best for health? Ann Rev Public Health 2014; 35: 83–103. 
35. Whalen KA, McCullough ML, Flanders WD et al. Paleolithic and Mediterranean Diet Pattern Scores Are Inversely Associated with Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Balance in Adults. J Nutr 2016; 146 (6): 1217–26.
36. Uusitupa M, Hermansen K, Savolainen MJ et al. Effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and inflammation markers in metabolic syndrome–a randomized study (SYSDIET). J Intern Med 2013; 274: 52–66. 
37. Asemi Z, Samimi M, Tabassi Z et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial investigating the effect of DASH diet on insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes. Nutrition 2013; 29: 619–24. 
38. Hummel SL, Seymour EM, Brook RD et al. Low-sodium dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet reduces blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and oxidative stress in hypertensive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Hypertension 2012; 60: 1200–6. 
39. Saneei P, Hashemipour M, Kelishadi R et al. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet affects inflammation in childhood metabolic syndrome: a randomized cross-over clinical trial. Ann Nutr Metabol 2014; 64: 20–7. 
40. Barbaresko J, Koch M, Schulze MB et al. Dietary pattern analysis and biomarkers of low-grade inflammation: a systematic literature review. Nutr Rev 2013; 71: 511–27. 
41. Nanri H, Nakamura K, Hara M et al. Association between dietary pattern and serum C-reactive protein in Japanese men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 21: 122–31.
42. Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2008; 372: 1502–17. 
43. Olsson T, Barcellos LF, Alfredsson L. Interactions between genetic, lifestyle and environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurology 2017; 13: 25–36. 
44. Roman C, Menning K. Treatment and disease management of multiple sclerosis patients: A review for nurse practitioners. J Am Assoc Nurs Pract 2017; 29: 629–38. 
45. Dunn M, Bhargava P, Kalb R. Your patients with multiple sclerosis have set wellness as a high priority—and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society is responding American Academy of Neurology 2015; 11: 80–6. 
46. The Wahls Diet for multiple sclerosis: A clinical conversation with Terry Wahls, MD, and Robert Rountree, MD. J Alternative and Complementary Medicine: Research on Paradigm, Practice, and Policy 2017; 23: 79–86. 
47. Bisht B, Darling WG, Grossmann RE et al. A multimodal intervention for patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Feasibility and effect on fatigue. J Alternative and Complementary Medicine: Research on Paradigm, Practice, and Policy 2014; 20: 347–55. 
48. Wahls T, Adamson E. The Wahls Protocol: How I Beat Progressive MS Using Paleo Principles and Functional Medicine. Avery; New York, NY, USA, 2014. 
49. Reese D, Shivapour ET, Wahls TL et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary interventions to reduce oxidative stress in a secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patient leads to marked gains in function: A case report. Cases J 2009; 2: 7601. 
50. Wahls TL. The seventy percent solution. J Gen Intern Med 2011; 26: 1215–6. 
51. Cordain L, Toohey L, Smith MJ et al. Modulation of immune function by dietary lectins in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Nutr 2000; 83: 207–17. 
52. Vojdani A, Kharrazian D, Mukherjee P. The prevalence of antibodies against wheat and milk proteins in blood donors and their contribution to neuroimmune reactivities. Nutrients 2014; 6: 15–36. 
53. Guggenmos J, Schubart AS, Ogg S et al. Antibody cross-reactivity between myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and the milk protein butyrophilin in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol Res 2004; 172: 661–8. 
54. Bisht B, Darling WG, Shivapour ET et al. Multimodal intervention improves fatigue and quality of life in subjects with progressive multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Degenerative Neurological Neuromuscular Dis 2015; 5: 19–35.
55. Irish AK, Erickson CM, Wahls TL et al. Randomized control trial evaluation of a modified Paleolithic dietary intervention in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Degenerative Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2017; 7: 1–18. 
56. Swank RL, Goodwin J. Review of MS patient survival on a Swank low saturated fat diet. Nutrition 2003; 19: 161–2. 
57. Yadav V, Marracci G, Kim E et al. Low-fat, plant-based diet in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler Relat Dis 2016; 9: 80–90. 
58. Katz Sand I. The role of diet in multiple sclerosis: Mechanistic connections and current evidence. Curr Nutr Rep 2018; 7: 150–60. 
59. Storoni M, Plant GT. The therapeutic potential of the ketogenic diet in treating progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Intern 2015; 2015: 681289. 
60. Chenard СА, Rubenstein LM, Snetselaar LG et al. Nutrient Composition Comparison between a Modified Paleolithic Diet for Multiple Sclerosis and the Recommended Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern. Nutrients 2019; 11(3): 537.

М.В. Алташина*, Е.В. Иванникова, Е.А. Трошина

ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии», Москва, Россия
*alt-mar@mail.ru

________________________________________________

Marina V. Altashina*, Ekaterina V. Ivannikova, Ekaterina A. Troshina

Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
*alt-mar@mail.ru