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Миокардит: диагностика и лечение в период пандемии
Миокардит: диагностика и лечение в период пандемии
Благова О.В., Коган Е.А. Миокардит: диагностика и лечение в период пандемии. Consilium Medicum. 2021; 23 (10): 742–749. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2021.10.200668
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Аннотация
Пандемия новой коронавирусной инфекции, официально объявленная в начале 2020 г. и продолжающаяся до сих пор, привела к существенному росту числа миокардитов, привлекла внимание специалистов широкого профиля к этой проблеме и расставила в ней новые акценты.
В острую фазу COVID-19 частота миокардита у наиболее тяжелых (погибших) больных оценивается на уровне 7,2%, однако его истинная частота при разных вариантах течения болезни неизвестна, прижизненная диагностика затруднена сложностями транспортировки пациентов в экспертные центры с целью выполнения магнитно-резонансной томографии сердца и эндомиокардиальной биопсии. Определение уровня тропонина недостаточно специфично, из клинических признаков поражения сердца чаще всего регистрируются боли в грудной клетке, аритмии, выпот в полости перикарда (до 20%). Сердечно-сосудистые проявления в целом коррелируют с уровнем D-димера и прогнозом. Почти у 3/4 больных в острую фазу болезни выявляются повышенные титры антикардиальных антител, которые отражают системный иммунный ответ и являются одним из важных механизмов повреждения сердца. РНК SARS-CoV-2 обнаруживается в миокарде как во время COVID-19, так и в сроки до 6–8 мес после него, что сопровождается морфологической и клинической картиной подострого/хронического постковидного миокардита. Его основными проявлениями являются аритмии и дилатация камер сердца с падением сократимости. COVID-19 может приводить к существенному утяжелению течения предшествующего миокардита в отсутствие базисной терапии, но у больных, получающих иммуносупрессивную терапию, протекает относительно благоприятно и, как правило, не приводит к обострению миокардита. Коронавирус нового типа (SARS-CoV-2) является этиологическим фактором не только острого миокардита в исходную (собственно инфекционную) фазу болезни, но и подострого (в сроки от 1 до 3 мес), а также хронического постковидного миокардита, обусловленных не только персистенцией вируса в миокарде, но в первую очередь – выраженными аутоиммунными реакциями, что требует определения показаний к иммуносупрессивной терапии, ее объема и длительности.
Ключевые слова: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, миокардит, антикардиальные антитела, эндомиокардиальная биопсия, иммуносупрессивная терапия
Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, myocarditis, anticardiac antibody, endomyocardial biopsy, immunosuppressive therapy
В острую фазу COVID-19 частота миокардита у наиболее тяжелых (погибших) больных оценивается на уровне 7,2%, однако его истинная частота при разных вариантах течения болезни неизвестна, прижизненная диагностика затруднена сложностями транспортировки пациентов в экспертные центры с целью выполнения магнитно-резонансной томографии сердца и эндомиокардиальной биопсии. Определение уровня тропонина недостаточно специфично, из клинических признаков поражения сердца чаще всего регистрируются боли в грудной клетке, аритмии, выпот в полости перикарда (до 20%). Сердечно-сосудистые проявления в целом коррелируют с уровнем D-димера и прогнозом. Почти у 3/4 больных в острую фазу болезни выявляются повышенные титры антикардиальных антител, которые отражают системный иммунный ответ и являются одним из важных механизмов повреждения сердца. РНК SARS-CoV-2 обнаруживается в миокарде как во время COVID-19, так и в сроки до 6–8 мес после него, что сопровождается морфологической и клинической картиной подострого/хронического постковидного миокардита. Его основными проявлениями являются аритмии и дилатация камер сердца с падением сократимости. COVID-19 может приводить к существенному утяжелению течения предшествующего миокардита в отсутствие базисной терапии, но у больных, получающих иммуносупрессивную терапию, протекает относительно благоприятно и, как правило, не приводит к обострению миокардита. Коронавирус нового типа (SARS-CoV-2) является этиологическим фактором не только острого миокардита в исходную (собственно инфекционную) фазу болезни, но и подострого (в сроки от 1 до 3 мес), а также хронического постковидного миокардита, обусловленных не только персистенцией вируса в миокарде, но в первую очередь – выраженными аутоиммунными реакциями, что требует определения показаний к иммуносупрессивной терапии, ее объема и длительности.
Ключевые слова: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, миокардит, антикардиальные антитела, эндомиокардиальная биопсия, иммуносупрессивная терапия
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Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, myocarditis, anticardiac antibody, endomyocardial biopsy, immunosuppressive therapy
Полный текст
Список литературы
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2. Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, et al.; European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(33):2636-48, 2648a-2648d. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/eht210
3. Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J, et al.; American Heart Association Committee on Heart Failure and Transplantation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Current Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for Specific Dilated Cardiomyopathies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(23):e579-e646. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000455
4. Myocarditis. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment. Ed. ALP Caforio. Springer Verlag, 2020. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-35276-9
5. Winter MP, Sulzgruber P, Koller L, et al. Immunomodulatory treatment for lymphocytic myocarditis – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev. 2018;23(4):573-81.
DOI:10.1007/s10741-018-9709-9
6. Escher F, Kühl U, Lassner D, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with virus-negative chronic myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy after immunosuppressive therapy. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105(12):1011-20. DOI:10.1007/s00392-016-1011-z
7. Merken J, Hazebroek M, Van Paassen P, et al. Immunosuppressive Therapy Improves Both Short- and Long-Term Prognosis in Patients With Virus-Negative Nonfulminant Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2018;11(2):e004228. DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004228
8. Tschöpe C, Elsanhoury A, Schlieker S, et al. Immunosuppression in inflammatory cardiomyopathy and parvovirus B19 persistence. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(11):1468-9. DOI:10.1002/ejhf.1560
9. Tschöpe C, Ammirati E, Bozkurt B, et al. Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020 Oct 12:1-25. DOI:10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x
10. Rigopoulos AG, Klutt B, Matiakis M, et al. Systematic Review of PCR Proof of Parvovirus B19 Genomes in Endomyocardial Biopsies of Patients Presenting with Myocarditis or Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Viruses. 2019;11(6):566. DOI:10.3390/v11060566
11. Greulich S, Kindermann I, Schumm J, et al. Predictors of outcome in patients with parvovirus B19 positive endomyocardial biopsy. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105(1):37-52.
DOI:10.1007/s00392-015-0884-6
12. Pietsch H, Escher FE, Aleshcheva GA, et al. Parvovirus B19 NS1 and VP1/2 mRNAs expression indicates viral activity in endomyocardial biopsy-based diagnosis of patients with unexplained heart failure. Available at: https://esc365.escardio.org/Congress/ESC-CONGRESS-2020-The-Digital-Experience/Myocardial-Disease-ePo.... Accessed: 01.02.2021.
13. Ammirati E, Frigerio M, Adler ED, et al. Management of Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: An Expert Consensus Document. Circ Heart Fail. 2020;13(11):e007405. DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007405
14. Fine NM. Giant Cell Myocarditis: Still the Deadly Giant. JACC Case Rep. 2020;2(10):1489-91. DOI:10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.07.001
15. Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, et al. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(5):911-5. DOI:10.1002/ejhf.1828
16. Sala S, Peretto G, Gramegna M, et al. Acute Myocarditis Presenting as a Reverse Tako-Tsubo Syndrome in a Patient With SARS-CoV-2 Respiratory Infection. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1861-2. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa286
17. Craver R, Huber S, Sandomirsky M, et al. Fatal Eosinophilic Myocarditis in a Healthy 17-Year-Old Male with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2c). Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2020;39(3):263-8. DOI:10.1080/15513815.2020.1761491
18. Van Linthout S, Klingel K, Tschöpe C. SARS-CoV-2-related myocarditis-like syndromes Shakespeare's question: what's in a name? Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(6):922-5. DOI:10.1002/ejhf.1899
19. Escher F, Pietsch H, Aleshcheva G, et al. Detection of viral SARS-CoV-2 genomes and histopathological changes in endomyocardial biopsies. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(5):2440-7. DOI:10.1002/ehf2.12805
20. Wenzel P, Kopp S, Göbel S, et al. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA in endomyocardial biopsies of patients with clinically suspected myocarditis tested negative for COVID-19 in nasopharyngeal swab. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116(10):1661-3. DOI:10.1093/cvr/cvaa160
21. Kogan EA, Berezovskii IuS, Kukleva AD, et al. Limfotsitarnyi miokardit u patsientov s COVID-19 (4 autopsiinykh nabliudeniia). Arkhiv patologii. 2020;82(5):57-62 (in Russian). DOI:10.17116/patol20208205157
22. Blagova OV, Varionchik NV, Zaydenov VA, et al. Anticardiac antibodies in patients with severe and moderate COVID-19 (correlations with the clinical performance and prognosis). Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):4054 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/29/1560-4071-2020-4054
23. Imazio M, Klingel K, Kindermann I, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and troponin: indirect myocardial injury, myocardial inflammation or myocarditis? Heart. 2020;106(15):1127-31.
DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317186
24. Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G, et al. Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):819-24. DOI:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096
25. Agdamag ACC, Edmiston JB, Charpentier V, et al. Update on COVID-19 Myocarditis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020;56(12):678. DOI:10.3390/medicina56120678
26. Ozieranski K, Tyminska A, Jonik S, et al. Clinically Suspected Myocarditis in the Course of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Novel Coronavirus-2 Infection: Fact or Fiction? J Card Fail. 2021;27(1):92-6. DOI:10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.11.002
27. Halushka MK, Vander Heide RS. Myocarditis is rare in COVID-19 autopsies: cardiovascular findings across 277 postmortem examinations. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2021;50:107300. DOI:10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107300
28. Tissières P, Teboul JL. SARS-CoV-2 post-infective myocarditis: the tip of COVID-19 immune complications? Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):98. DOI:10.1186/s13613-020-00717-0
29. Pietsch H, Escher F, Aleshcheva G, et al. Proof of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in endomyocardial biopsy with latency after acute infection. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:70-2. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.012
30. Nicol M, Cacoub L, Baudet M, et al. Delayed acute myocarditis and COVID-19-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(6):4371-6. DOI:10.1002/ehf2.13047
31. Hudowenz O, Klemm P, Lange U, et al. Case report of severe PCR-confirmed COVID-19 myocarditis in a European patient manifesting in mid January 2020. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2020;4(6):1-6. DOI:10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa286
32. Mantovani Cardoso E, Hundal J, Feterman D, Magaldi J. Concomitant new diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus and COVID-19 with possible antiphospholipid syndrome. Just a coincidence? A case report and review of intertwining pathophysiology. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(9):2811-5. DOI:10.1007/s10067-020-05310-1
33. WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group, Sterne JAC, Murthy S, Diaz JV, et al. Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;324(13):1330-41. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.17023
34. Imazio M, Brucato A, Lazaros G, et al. Anti-inflammatory therapies for pericardial diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic: safety and potentiality. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2020;21(9):625-9. DOI:10.2459/JCM.0000000000001059
35. Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, et al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1265-73. DOI:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557
36. Ferri C, Giuggioli D, Raimondo V, et al.; COVID-19 & ASD Italian Study Group. COVID-19 and rheumatic autoimmune systemic diseases: report of a large Italian patients series. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(11):3195-204. DOI:10.1007/s10067-020-05334-7
37. Gianfrancesco M, Hyrich KL, Al-Adely S, et al.; COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance. Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(7):859-66. DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217871
38. Caraffa R, Marcolongo R, Bottio T, et al. Recurrent autoimmune myocarditis in a young woman during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8(1):756-60. DOI:10.1002/ehf2.13028
39. Blagova OV, Varionchik NV, Beraia MM, et al. COVID-19 Pneumonia in Patients with Chronic Myocarditis (Recurrent Infectious Immune): Specifics of the Diseases Course, the Role of Basic Therapy (Part 1). Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2020;16(4):550-6 (in Russian). DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2020-08-16
40. Blagova OV, Varionchik NV, Beraia MM, et al. COVID-19 Pneumonia in Patients with Chronic Myocarditis (HBV-Associated with Infarct-Like Debute): Specifics of the Diseases Course, the Role of the Basic Therapy (Part II). Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2020;16(5):730-6 (in Russian). DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2020-10-03
2. Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, et al.; European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(33):2636-48, 2648a-2648d. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/eht210
3. Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J, et al.; American Heart Association Committee on Heart Failure and Transplantation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Current Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for Specific Dilated Cardiomyopathies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(23):e579-e646. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000455
4. Myocarditis. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment. Ed. ALP Caforio. Springer Verlag, 2020. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-35276-9
5. Winter MP, Sulzgruber P, Koller L, et al. Immunomodulatory treatment for lymphocytic myocarditis – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev. 2018;23(4):573-81.
DOI:10.1007/s10741-018-9709-9
6. Escher F, Kühl U, Lassner D, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with virus-negative chronic myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy after immunosuppressive therapy. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105(12):1011-20. DOI:10.1007/s00392-016-1011-z
7. Merken J, Hazebroek M, Van Paassen P, et al. Immunosuppressive Therapy Improves Both Short- and Long-Term Prognosis in Patients With Virus-Negative Nonfulminant Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2018;11(2):e004228. DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004228
8. Tschöpe C, Elsanhoury A, Schlieker S, et al. Immunosuppression in inflammatory cardiomyopathy and parvovirus B19 persistence. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(11):1468-9. DOI:10.1002/ejhf.1560
9. Tschöpe C, Ammirati E, Bozkurt B, et al. Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020 Oct 12:1-25. DOI:10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x
10. Rigopoulos AG, Klutt B, Matiakis M, et al. Systematic Review of PCR Proof of Parvovirus B19 Genomes in Endomyocardial Biopsies of Patients Presenting with Myocarditis or Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Viruses. 2019;11(6):566. DOI:10.3390/v11060566
11. Greulich S, Kindermann I, Schumm J, et al. Predictors of outcome in patients with parvovirus B19 positive endomyocardial biopsy. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105(1):37-52.
DOI:10.1007/s00392-015-0884-6
12. Pietsch H, Escher FE, Aleshcheva GA, et al. Parvovirus B19 NS1 and VP1/2 mRNAs expression indicates viral activity in endomyocardial biopsy-based diagnosis of patients with unexplained heart failure. Available at: https://esc365.escardio.org/Congress/ESC-CONGRESS-2020-The-Digital-Experience/Myocardial-Disease-ePo.... Accessed: 01.02.2021.
13. Ammirati E, Frigerio M, Adler ED, et al. Management of Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: An Expert Consensus Document. Circ Heart Fail. 2020;13(11):e007405. DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007405
14. Fine NM. Giant Cell Myocarditis: Still the Deadly Giant. JACC Case Rep. 2020;2(10):1489-91. DOI:10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.07.001
15. Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, et al. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(5):911-5. DOI:10.1002/ejhf.1828
16. Sala S, Peretto G, Gramegna M, et al. Acute Myocarditis Presenting as a Reverse Tako-Tsubo Syndrome in a Patient With SARS-CoV-2 Respiratory Infection. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1861-2. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa286
17. Craver R, Huber S, Sandomirsky M, et al. Fatal Eosinophilic Myocarditis in a Healthy 17-Year-Old Male with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2c). Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2020;39(3):263-8. DOI:10.1080/15513815.2020.1761491
18. Van Linthout S, Klingel K, Tschöpe C. SARS-CoV-2-related myocarditis-like syndromes Shakespeare's question: what's in a name? Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(6):922-5. DOI:10.1002/ejhf.1899
19. Escher F, Pietsch H, Aleshcheva G, et al. Detection of viral SARS-CoV-2 genomes and histopathological changes in endomyocardial biopsies. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(5):2440-7. DOI:10.1002/ehf2.12805
20. Wenzel P, Kopp S, Göbel S, et al. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA in endomyocardial biopsies of patients with clinically suspected myocarditis tested negative for COVID-19 in nasopharyngeal swab. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116(10):1661-3. DOI:10.1093/cvr/cvaa160
21. Коган Е.А., Березовский Ю.С., Куклева А.Д., и др. Лимфоцитарный миокардит у пациентов с COVID-19 (4 аутопсийных наблюдения). Архив патологии. 2020;82(5):57-62 [Kogan EA, Berezovskii IuS, Kukleva AD, et al. Limfotsitarnyi miokardit u patsientov s COVID-19 (4 autopsiinykh nabliudeniia). Arkhiv patologii. 2020;82(5):57-62 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17116/patol20208205157
22. Благова О.В., Вариончик Н.В., Зайденов В.А., и др. Оценка уровня антикардиальных антител у больных с тяжелым и среднетяжелым течением COVID-19 (корреляции с клинической картиной и прогнозом). Рос. кардиол. журн. 2020;25(11):4054 [Blagova OV, Varionchik NV, Zaydenov VA, et al. Anticardiac antibodies in patients with severe and moderate COVID-19 (correlations with the clinical performance and prognosis). Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):4054 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/29/1560-4071-2020-4054
23. Imazio M, Klingel K, Kindermann I, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and troponin: indirect myocardial injury, myocardial inflammation or myocarditis? Heart. 2020;106(15):1127-31.
DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317186
24. Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G, et al. Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):819-24. DOI:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096
25. Agdamag ACC, Edmiston JB, Charpentier V, et al. Update on COVID-19 Myocarditis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020;56(12):678. DOI:10.3390/medicina56120678
26. Ozieranski K, Tyminska A, Jonik S, et al. Clinically Suspected Myocarditis in the Course of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Novel Coronavirus-2 Infection: Fact or Fiction? J Card Fail. 2021;27(1):92-6. DOI:10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.11.002
27. Halushka MK, Vander Heide RS. Myocarditis is rare in COVID-19 autopsies: cardiovascular findings across 277 postmortem examinations. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2021;50:107300. DOI:10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107300
28. Tissières P, Teboul JL. SARS-CoV-2 post-infective myocarditis: the tip of COVID-19 immune complications? Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):98. DOI:10.1186/s13613-020-00717-0
29. Pietsch H, Escher F, Aleshcheva G, et al. Proof of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in endomyocardial biopsy with latency after acute infection. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:70-2. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.012
30. Nicol M, Cacoub L, Baudet M, et al. Delayed acute myocarditis and COVID-19-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(6):4371-6. DOI:10.1002/ehf2.13047
31. Hudowenz O, Klemm P, Lange U, et al. Case report of severe PCR-confirmed COVID-19 myocarditis in a European patient manifesting in mid January 2020. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2020;4(6):1-6. DOI:10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa286
32. Mantovani Cardoso E, Hundal J, Feterman D, Magaldi J. Concomitant new diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus and COVID-19 with possible antiphospholipid syndrome. Just a coincidence? A case report and review of intertwining pathophysiology. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(9):2811-5. DOI:10.1007/s10067-020-05310-1
33. WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group, Sterne JAC, Murthy S, Diaz JV, et al. Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;324(13):1330-41. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.17023
34. Imazio M, Brucato A, Lazaros G, et al. Anti-inflammatory therapies for pericardial diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic: safety and potentiality. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2020;21(9):625-9. DOI:10.2459/JCM.0000000000001059
35. Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, et al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1265-73. DOI:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557
36. Ferri C, Giuggioli D, Raimondo V, et al.; COVID-19 & ASD Italian Study Group. COVID-19 and rheumatic autoimmune systemic diseases: report of a large Italian patients series. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(11):3195-204. DOI:10.1007/s10067-020-05334-7
37. Gianfrancesco M, Hyrich KL, Al-Adely S, et al.; COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance. Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(7):859-66. DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217871
38. Caraffa R, Marcolongo R, Bottio T, et al. Recurrent autoimmune myocarditis in a young woman during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8(1):756-60. DOI:10.1002/ehf2.13028
39. Благова О.В., Вариончик Н.В., Берая М.М., и др. COVID-19 пневмония у больных с хроническими миокардитами (рецидивирующий инфекционно-иммунный): особенности течения заболеваний, роль базисной терапии (Часть 1). Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2020;16(4):550-6 [Blagova OV, Varionchik NV, Beraia MM, et al. COVID-19 Pneumonia in Patients with Chronic Myocarditis (Recurrent Infectious Immune): Specifics of the Diseases Course, the Role of Basic Therapy (Part 1). Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2020;16(4):550-6 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2020-08-16
40. Благова О.В., Вариончик Н.В., Берая М.М., и др. COVID-19 пневмония у больных с хроническими миокардитами (HBV-ассоциированным с инфаркто-подобным дебютом): особенности течения заболеваний, роль базисной терапии (Часть II). Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2020;16(5):730-6 [Blagova OV, Varionchik NV, Beraia MM, et al. COVID-19 Pneumonia in Patients with Chronic Myocarditis (HBV-Associated with Infarct-Like Debute): Specifics of the Diseases Course, the Role of the Basic Therapy (Part II). Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2020;16(5):730-6 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2020-10-03
________________________________________________
2. Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, et al.; European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(33):2636-48, 2648a-2648d. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/eht210
3. Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J, et al.; American Heart Association Committee on Heart Failure and Transplantation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Current Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for Specific Dilated Cardiomyopathies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(23):e579-e646. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000455
4. Myocarditis. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment. Ed. ALP Caforio. Springer Verlag, 2020. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-35276-9
5. Winter MP, Sulzgruber P, Koller L, et al. Immunomodulatory treatment for lymphocytic myocarditis – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev. 2018;23(4):573-81.
DOI:10.1007/s10741-018-9709-9
6. Escher F, Kühl U, Lassner D, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with virus-negative chronic myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy after immunosuppressive therapy. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105(12):1011-20. DOI:10.1007/s00392-016-1011-z
7. Merken J, Hazebroek M, Van Paassen P, et al. Immunosuppressive Therapy Improves Both Short- and Long-Term Prognosis in Patients With Virus-Negative Nonfulminant Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2018;11(2):e004228. DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004228
8. Tschöpe C, Elsanhoury A, Schlieker S, et al. Immunosuppression in inflammatory cardiomyopathy and parvovirus B19 persistence. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(11):1468-9. DOI:10.1002/ejhf.1560
9. Tschöpe C, Ammirati E, Bozkurt B, et al. Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020 Oct 12:1-25. DOI:10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x
10. Rigopoulos AG, Klutt B, Matiakis M, et al. Systematic Review of PCR Proof of Parvovirus B19 Genomes in Endomyocardial Biopsies of Patients Presenting with Myocarditis or Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Viruses. 2019;11(6):566. DOI:10.3390/v11060566
11. Greulich S, Kindermann I, Schumm J, et al. Predictors of outcome in patients with parvovirus B19 positive endomyocardial biopsy. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105(1):37-52.
DOI:10.1007/s00392-015-0884-6
12. Pietsch H, Escher FE, Aleshcheva GA, et al. Parvovirus B19 NS1 and VP1/2 mRNAs expression indicates viral activity in endomyocardial biopsy-based diagnosis of patients with unexplained heart failure. Available at: https://esc365.escardio.org/Congress/ESC-CONGRESS-2020-The-Digital-Experience/Myocardial-Disease-ePo.... Accessed: 01.02.2021.
13. Ammirati E, Frigerio M, Adler ED, et al. Management of Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: An Expert Consensus Document. Circ Heart Fail. 2020;13(11):e007405. DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007405
14. Fine NM. Giant Cell Myocarditis: Still the Deadly Giant. JACC Case Rep. 2020;2(10):1489-91. DOI:10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.07.001
15. Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, et al. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(5):911-5. DOI:10.1002/ejhf.1828
16. Sala S, Peretto G, Gramegna M, et al. Acute Myocarditis Presenting as a Reverse Tako-Tsubo Syndrome in a Patient With SARS-CoV-2 Respiratory Infection. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1861-2. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa286
17. Craver R, Huber S, Sandomirsky M, et al. Fatal Eosinophilic Myocarditis in a Healthy 17-Year-Old Male with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2c). Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2020;39(3):263-8. DOI:10.1080/15513815.2020.1761491
18. Van Linthout S, Klingel K, Tschöpe C. SARS-CoV-2-related myocarditis-like syndromes Shakespeare's question: what's in a name? Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(6):922-5. DOI:10.1002/ejhf.1899
19. Escher F, Pietsch H, Aleshcheva G, et al. Detection of viral SARS-CoV-2 genomes and histopathological changes in endomyocardial biopsies. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(5):2440-7. DOI:10.1002/ehf2.12805
20. Wenzel P, Kopp S, Göbel S, et al. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA in endomyocardial biopsies of patients with clinically suspected myocarditis tested negative for COVID-19 in nasopharyngeal swab. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116(10):1661-3. DOI:10.1093/cvr/cvaa160
21. Kogan EA, Berezovskii IuS, Kukleva AD, et al. Limfotsitarnyi miokardit u patsientov s COVID-19 (4 autopsiinykh nabliudeniia). Arkhiv patologii. 2020;82(5):57-62 (in Russian). DOI:10.17116/patol20208205157
22. Blagova OV, Varionchik NV, Zaydenov VA, et al. Anticardiac antibodies in patients with severe and moderate COVID-19 (correlations with the clinical performance and prognosis). Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):4054 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/29/1560-4071-2020-4054
23. Imazio M, Klingel K, Kindermann I, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and troponin: indirect myocardial injury, myocardial inflammation or myocarditis? Heart. 2020;106(15):1127-31.
DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317186
24. Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G, et al. Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):819-24. DOI:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096
25. Agdamag ACC, Edmiston JB, Charpentier V, et al. Update on COVID-19 Myocarditis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020;56(12):678. DOI:10.3390/medicina56120678
26. Ozieranski K, Tyminska A, Jonik S, et al. Clinically Suspected Myocarditis in the Course of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Novel Coronavirus-2 Infection: Fact or Fiction? J Card Fail. 2021;27(1):92-6. DOI:10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.11.002
27. Halushka MK, Vander Heide RS. Myocarditis is rare in COVID-19 autopsies: cardiovascular findings across 277 postmortem examinations. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2021;50:107300. DOI:10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107300
28. Tissières P, Teboul JL. SARS-CoV-2 post-infective myocarditis: the tip of COVID-19 immune complications? Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):98. DOI:10.1186/s13613-020-00717-0
29. Pietsch H, Escher F, Aleshcheva G, et al. Proof of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in endomyocardial biopsy with latency after acute infection. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:70-2. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.012
30. Nicol M, Cacoub L, Baudet M, et al. Delayed acute myocarditis and COVID-19-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(6):4371-6. DOI:10.1002/ehf2.13047
31. Hudowenz O, Klemm P, Lange U, et al. Case report of severe PCR-confirmed COVID-19 myocarditis in a European patient manifesting in mid January 2020. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2020;4(6):1-6. DOI:10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa286
32. Mantovani Cardoso E, Hundal J, Feterman D, Magaldi J. Concomitant new diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus and COVID-19 with possible antiphospholipid syndrome. Just a coincidence? A case report and review of intertwining pathophysiology. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(9):2811-5. DOI:10.1007/s10067-020-05310-1
33. WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group, Sterne JAC, Murthy S, Diaz JV, et al. Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;324(13):1330-41. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.17023
34. Imazio M, Brucato A, Lazaros G, et al. Anti-inflammatory therapies for pericardial diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic: safety and potentiality. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2020;21(9):625-9. DOI:10.2459/JCM.0000000000001059
35. Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, et al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1265-73. DOI:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557
36. Ferri C, Giuggioli D, Raimondo V, et al.; COVID-19 & ASD Italian Study Group. COVID-19 and rheumatic autoimmune systemic diseases: report of a large Italian patients series. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(11):3195-204. DOI:10.1007/s10067-020-05334-7
37. Gianfrancesco M, Hyrich KL, Al-Adely S, et al.; COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance. Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(7):859-66. DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217871
38. Caraffa R, Marcolongo R, Bottio T, et al. Recurrent autoimmune myocarditis in a young woman during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8(1):756-60. DOI:10.1002/ehf2.13028
39. Blagova OV, Varionchik NV, Beraia MM, et al. COVID-19 Pneumonia in Patients with Chronic Myocarditis (Recurrent Infectious Immune): Specifics of the Diseases Course, the Role of Basic Therapy (Part 1). Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2020;16(4):550-6 (in Russian). DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2020-08-16
40. Blagova OV, Varionchik NV, Beraia MM, et al. COVID-19 Pneumonia in Patients with Chronic Myocarditis (HBV-Associated with Infarct-Like Debute): Specifics of the Diseases Course, the Role of the Basic Therapy (Part II). Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2020;16(5):730-6 (in Russian). DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2020-10-03
Авторы
О.В. Благова*, Е.А. Коган
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*blagovao@mail.ru
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*blagovao@mail.ru
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*blagovao@mail.ru
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Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*blagovao@mail.ru
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