1. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(3):141-54. DOI:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
2. Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B, et al. Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:767-83. DOI:10.1016/ S1474-4422(20)30221-0
3. Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Gomez-Mayordomo V, Cuadrado ML, et al. The presence of headache at onset in SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with long-term post-COVID headache and fatigue: A case-control study. Cephalalgia. 2021;41(13):1332-41.
4. Machado C, Gutierrez JV. Brainstem Dysfunction in SARS-COV2 Infection Can Be a Potential Cause of Respiratory Distress. Preprints. 2020:2020040330. DOI:10.20944/preprints202004.0330.v1 
5. Haidar MA, Shakkour Z, Reslan MA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 involvement in central nervous system tissue damage. Neural Regen Res. 2022;17(6):1228-1239.
6. COVID Symptom Study. How long does COVID-19 last? Kings College, London, 2020. Available at: https://covid19.joinzoe.com/post/covid-long-term?fbclid=IwAR1RxIcmmdL-EFjh_aI-. Accessed: 15.03.2021.
7. Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A'Court C, et al. Management of post-acute COVID-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020;370:m3026.
8. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2021.
9. Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, et al. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020;324:782-93.
10. Tenforde M, Kim S, Lindsell C, et al. Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network – United States. MMWR. 2020;69:993-8.
11. Covid-19-long-term-health-effects. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-long-term-health-effects/covid-19-long-term-heal.... Accessed: 15.03.2021. 
12. Moreno-Pérez O, Merino E, Leon-Ramirez JM, et al. COVID19-ALC research Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome. Incidence and risk factors: a Mediterranean cohort study. J Infect. 2021;82(3):378-83. DOI:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.004
13. Le Bon SD, Pisarski N, Verbeke J, et al. Psychophysical evaluation of chemosensory functions 5 weeks after olfactory loss due to COVID-19: a prospective cohort study on 72 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;278:101-8.
14. Garg P, Arora U, Kumar A, et al. The “post-COVID” syndrome: How deep is the damage? J Med Virol. 2021;93:673-4.
15. Marcora SM, Staiano W, Manning V. Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;106(3):857-64. DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.91324.2008
16. Katz BZ, Collin SM, Murphy G, et al. The international collaborative on fatigue following infection (COFFI). Fatigue. 2018;6(2):106-21.
17. Oliviero A, de Castro F, Coperchini F, et al. COVID-19 pulmonary and olfactory dysfunctions: is the chemokine CXCL10 the common denominator? Neuroscientist. 2020;27(3):214-21. DOI:10.1177/1073858420939033
18. Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021.
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8 
19. Logue JK, Franko NM, McCulloch DJ, et al. Sequelae in adults at 6 months after COVID-19 infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e210830.
20. Graham EL, Clark JR, Orban ZS, et al. Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized Covid-19 “long haulers”. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2021;8:1073-85.
21. Islam MA, Alam SS, Kundu S, et al. Prevalence of headache in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 14,275 patients. Front Neurol. 2020;11:562634.
22. Carfi A, Bernabei R, Landi F. Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;324:603-5.
23. Arnold DT, Hamilton FW, Milne A, et al. Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort. Thorax. 2020;76:399-401.
24. Lombardo MDM, Foppiani A, Peretti GM, et al. Long-Term Coronavirus Disease 2019 Complications in Inpatients and Outpatients: A One-Year Follow-up Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(8):ofab384. DOI:10.1093/ofid/ofab384
25. Ortelli P, Ferrazzoli D, Sebastianelli L, et al. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological correlates of fatigue in post-acute patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19: Insights into a challenging symptom. J Neurol Sci. 2021;420:117271. DOI:10.1016/j.jns.2020.117271
26. Crunfli F, Carregari VC, Veras FP, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects brain astrocytes of COVID-19 patients and impairs neuronal viability. medRxiv preprint. 2021. DOI:10.1101/2020.10.09.20207464
27. Meinhardt J, Radke J, Dittmayer C, et al. Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24(2):168-75. DOI:10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5
28. Duan K, Premi E, Pilotto A, et al. Alterations of frontal-temporal gray matter volume associate with clinical measures of older adults with COVID-19. Calhoun. Neurobiol Stress. 2021;14:100326. DOI:10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100326
29. Karimi-Galougahi M, Yousefi-Koma A, Bakhshayeshkaram M, et al. 18FDG PET/CT Scan Reveals Hypoactive Orbitofrontal Cortex in Anosmia of COVID-19. Acad Radiol. 2020;27(7):1042-3. DOI:10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.030
30. Bellan M, Soddu D, Balbo PE, et al. Respiratory and Psychophysical Sequelae Among Patients With COVID-19 Four Months After Hospital Discharge. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(1):e2036142. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36142 
31. Chang D, Park D. Park Incidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Coronavirus Disease. Healthcare (Basel). 2020;8(4):373. DOI:10.3390/health care8040373
32. Taquet M, Geddes JR, Husain M, et al. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8:416-27.
33. Taquet M, Luciano S, Geddes JR, Harrison PJ. Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8:130-40.
34. Watson CJ, Thomas RH, Solomon T, et al. COVID-19 and psychosis risk: real or delusional concern? Neurosci Lett. 2021;741:135491.
35. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277:2251-61.
36. Addison AB, Wong B, Ahmed T, et al. Clinical Olfactory Working Group Consensus Statement on the Treatment of Post Infectious Olfactory Dysfunction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(5):1704-19. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.641 
37. Emamikhah M, Babadi M, Mehrabani M, et al. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, a post-infectious neurologic complication of COVID-19: case series and review of literature. J Neurovirol. 2021;27(1):26-34. DOI:10.1007/s13365-020-00941-1 
38. Scoppettuolo P, Borrelli S, Naeije G. Neurological involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A clinical systematic review. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2020;5:100094. DOI:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100094
39. Fotuhi M, Mian A, Meysami S, Raji CA. Neurobiology of COVID-19. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;76:3-19. 
40. Kakumoto T, Kobayashi S, Yuuki H, et al. Cranial Nerve Involvement and Dysautonomia in Post-COVID-19 Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Intern Med. 2021;60:3477-80. DOI:10.2169/internalmedicine.7355-21
41. Trujillo Gittermann LM, Valenzuela Feris SN, von Oetinger Giacoman A. Relation between COVID-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Systematic review. Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2020;35(9):646-54. DOI:10.1016/j.nrl.2020.07.004
42. Гимоян Л.Г., Силванян Г.Г. Применение милдроната в лечении когнитивных нарушений при сосудистой деменции. РМЖ. 2017;21:1518-24 [Gimoian LG, Silvanian GG. Primenenie mildronata v lechenii kognitivnykh narushenii pri sosudistoi dementsii. RMZh. 2017;21:1518-24 (in Russian)].
43. Недогода С.В. Мельдоний как наднозологический препарат. Consilium Medicum. 
2020;22(5):57-61 [Nedogoda SV. Meldonium as a supernosological drug. Consilium Medicum. 2020;22(5):57-61 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/20751753.2020.5.200208
44. Танашян М.М., Максимова М.Ю., Шабалина А.А., и др. Хронические формы нарушений мозгового кровообращения и нейропротекция: клиническая эффективность применения мельдония (Милдронат). Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2020;120(10):14-21 [Tanashian MM, Maksimova MIu, Shabalina AA, et al. Khronicheskie formy narushenii mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniia i neiroprotektsiia: klinicheskaia effektivnost' primeneniia mel'doniia (Mildronat). Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(10):14-21 (in Russian)].
45. Верткин А.Л., Шишкова В.Н., Сычева А.С., и др. Возможности метаболической поддержки при коронавирусной инфекции. Терапия. 2020;7(41):68-76 [Vertkin AL, Shishkova VN, Sycheva AS, et al. Vozmozhnosti metabolicheskoi podderzhki pri koronavirusnoi infektsii. Terapiia. 2020;7(41):68-76 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/therapy.2020.7.146-155
46. Sellers SA, Hagan RS, Hayden FG, Fischer WA. The hidden burden of influenza: a review of the extra-pulmonary complications of influenza infection. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2017;11(5):372-93. DOI:10.1111/irv.12470

________________________________________________

1. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(3):141-54. DOI:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
2. Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B, et al. Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:767-83. DOI:10.1016/ S1474-4422(20)30221-0
3. Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Gomez-Mayordomo V, Cuadrado ML, et al. The presence of headache at onset in SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with long-term post-COVID headache and fatigue: A case-control study. Cephalalgia. 2021;41(13):1332-41.
4. Machado C, Gutierrez JV. Brainstem Dysfunction in SARS-COV2 Infection Can Be a Potential Cause of Respiratory Distress. Preprints. 2020:2020040330. DOI:10.20944/preprints202004.0330.v1 
5. Haidar MA, Shakkour Z, Reslan MA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 involvement in central nervous system tissue damage. Neural Regen Res. 2022;17(6):1228-1239.
6. COVID Symptom Study. How long does COVID-19 last? Kings College, London, 2020. Available at: https://covid19.joinzoe.com/post/covid-long-term?fbclid=IwAR1RxIcmmdL-EFjh_aI-. Accessed: 15.03.2021.
7. Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A'Court C, et al. Management of post-acute COVID-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020;370:m3026.
8. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2021.
9. Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, et al. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020;324:782-93.
10. Tenforde M, Kim S, Lindsell C, et al. Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network – United States. MMWR. 2020;69:993-8.
11. Covid-19-long-term-health-effects. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-long-term-health-effects/covid-19-long-term-heal.... Accessed: 15.03.2021. 
12. Moreno-Pérez O, Merino E, Leon-Ramirez JM, et al. COVID19-ALC research Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome. Incidence and risk factors: a Mediterranean cohort study. J Infect. 2021;82(3):378-83. DOI:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.004
13. Le Bon SD, Pisarski N, Verbeke J, et al. Psychophysical evaluation of chemosensory functions 5 weeks after olfactory loss due to COVID-19: a prospective cohort study on 72 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;278:101-8.
14. Garg P, Arora U, Kumar A, et al. The “post-COVID” syndrome: How deep is the damage? J Med Virol. 2021;93:673-4.
15. Marcora SM, Staiano W, Manning V. Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;106(3):857-64. DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.91324.2008
16. Katz BZ, Collin SM, Murphy G, et al. The international collaborative on fatigue following infection (COFFI). Fatigue. 2018;6(2):106-21.
17. Oliviero A, de Castro F, Coperchini F, et al. COVID-19 pulmonary and olfactory dysfunctions: is the chemokine CXCL10 the common denominator? Neuroscientist. 2020;27(3):214-21. DOI:10.1177/1073858420939033
18. Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021.
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8 
19. Logue JK, Franko NM, McCulloch DJ, et al. Sequelae in adults at 6 months after COVID-19 infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e210830.
20. Graham EL, Clark JR, Orban ZS, et al. Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized Covid-19 “long haulers”. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2021;8:1073-85.
21. Islam MA, Alam SS, Kundu S, et al. Prevalence of headache in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 14,275 patients. Front Neurol. 2020;11:562634.
22. Carfi A, Bernabei R, Landi F. Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;324:603-5.
23. Arnold DT, Hamilton FW, Milne A, et al. Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort. Thorax. 2020;76:399-401.
24. Lombardo MDM, Foppiani A, Peretti GM, et al. Long-Term Coronavirus Disease 2019 Complications in Inpatients and Outpatients: A One-Year Follow-up Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(8):ofab384. DOI:10.1093/ofid/ofab384
25. Ortelli P, Ferrazzoli D, Sebastianelli L, et al. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological correlates of fatigue in post-acute patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19: Insights into a challenging symptom. J Neurol Sci. 2021;420:117271. DOI:10.1016/j.jns.2020.117271
26. Crunfli F, Carregari VC, Veras FP, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects brain astrocytes of COVID-19 patients and impairs neuronal viability. medRxiv preprint. 2021. DOI:10.1101/2020.10.09.20207464
27. Meinhardt J, Radke J, Dittmayer C, et al. Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24(2):168-75. DOI:10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5
28. Duan K, Premi E, Pilotto A, et al. Alterations of frontal-temporal gray matter volume associate with clinical measures of older adults with COVID-19. Calhoun. Neurobiol Stress. 2021;14:100326. DOI:10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100326
29. Karimi-Galougahi M, Yousefi-Koma A, Bakhshayeshkaram M, et al. 18FDG PET/CT Scan Reveals Hypoactive Orbitofrontal Cortex in Anosmia of COVID-19. Acad Radiol. 2020;27(7):1042-3. DOI:10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.030
30. Bellan M, Soddu D, Balbo PE, et al. Respiratory and Psychophysical Sequelae Among Patients With COVID-19 Four Months After Hospital Discharge. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(1):e2036142. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36142 
31. Chang D, Park D. Park Incidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Coronavirus Disease. Healthcare (Basel). 2020;8(4):373. DOI:10.3390/health care8040373
32. Taquet M, Geddes JR, Husain M, et al. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8:416-27.
33. Taquet M, Luciano S, Geddes JR, Harrison PJ. Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8:130-40.
34. Watson CJ, Thomas RH, Solomon T, et al. COVID-19 and psychosis risk: real or delusional concern? Neurosci Lett. 2021;741:135491.
35. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277:2251-61.
36. Addison AB, Wong B, Ahmed T, et al. Clinical Olfactory Working Group Consensus Statement on the Treatment of Post Infectious Olfactory Dysfunction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(5):1704-19. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.641 
37. Emamikhah M, Babadi M, Mehrabani M, et al. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, a post-infectious neurologic complication of COVID-19: case series and review of literature. J Neurovirol. 2021;27(1):26-34. DOI:10.1007/s13365-020-00941-1 
38. Scoppettuolo P, Borrelli S, Naeije G. Neurological involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A clinical systematic review. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2020;5:100094. DOI:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100094
39. Fotuhi M, Mian A, Meysami S, Raji CA. Neurobiology of COVID-19. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;76:3-19. 
40. Kakumoto T, Kobayashi S, Yuuki H, et al. Cranial Nerve Involvement and Dysautonomia in Post-COVID-19 Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Intern Med. 2021;60:3477-80. DOI:10.2169/internalmedicine.7355-21
41. Trujillo Gittermann LM, Valenzuela Feris SN, von Oetinger Giacoman A. Relation between COVID-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Systematic review. Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2020;35(9):646-54. DOI:10.1016/j.nrl.2020.07.004
42. Gimoian LG, Silvanian GG. Primenenie mildronata v lechenii kognitivnykh narushenii pri sosudistoi dementsii. RMZh. 2017;21:1518-24 (in Russian).
43. Nedogoda SV. Meldonium as a supernosological drug. Consilium Medicum. 2020;22(5):57-61 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/20751753.2020.5.200208
44. Tanashian MM, Maksimova MIu, Shabalina AA, et al. Khronicheskie formy narushenii mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniia i neiroprotektsiia: klinicheskaia effektivnost' primeneniia mel'doniia (Mildronat). Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(10):14-21 (in Russian).
45. Vertkin AL, Shishkova VN, Sycheva AS, et al. Vozmozhnosti metabolicheskoi podderzhki pri koronavirusnoi infektsii. Terapiia. 2020;7(41):68-76 (in Russian). DOI:10.18565/therapy.2020.7.146-155
46. Sellers SA, Hagan RS, Hayden FG, Fischer WA. The hidden burden of influenza: a review of the extra-pulmonary complications of influenza infection. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2017;11(5):372-93. DOI:10.1111/irv.12470

К.Р. Бадалян, Э.Ю. Соловьева*

ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*ellasolovieva@yandex.ru

________________________________________________

Karine R. Badalyan, Ella Iu. Solovyeva*

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
*ellasolovieva@yandex.ru