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Долгий COVID-19
Долгий COVID-19
Белоцерковская Ю.Г., Романовских А.Г., Смирнов И.П., Синопальников А.И. Долгий COVID-19. Consilium Medicum. 2021; 23 (3): 261–268. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2021.3.200805
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Аннотация
Термин «долгий COVID-19» описывает долгосрочные последствия новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. Пациенты с тяжелой формой COVID-19, нуждающиеся в госпитализации, а также те, которые наблюдаются амбулаторно с легкими клиническими формами заболевания, часто отмечают персистирующие неделями и месяцами усталость, одышку, разнообразные боли, кашель и другие респираторные и внелегочные симптомы. Общепринятые временные рамки, которые разграничивают продолжительность острой и подострой фазы инфекции от долгого COVID-19, составляют 28 дней. В статье описываются длительность и особенности течения клинических нарушений, вызванных COVID-19 и сохраняющихся после завершения острой фазы заболевания. Кроме того, приводятся имеющиеся на сегодняшний день представления о причинах долгосрочных последствий и возможностях медикаментозной и нефармакологической коррекции.
Ключевые слова: новая коронавирусная инфекция, COVID-19, долгий COVID-19, постковидный синдром, осложнения COVID-19, лечение COVID-19
Keywords: new coronavirus infection, COVID-19, long COVID-19, post-COVID-19 syndrome, complications of COVID-19, treatment of COVID-19
Ключевые слова: новая коронавирусная инфекция, COVID-19, долгий COVID-19, постковидный синдром, осложнения COVID-19, лечение COVID-19
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Keywords: new coronavirus infection, COVID-19, long COVID-19, post-COVID-19 syndrome, complications of COVID-19, treatment of COVID-19
Полный текст
Список литературы
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4. Mahase E. Covid-19: what Do We Know about “Long Covid”? BMJ. 2020; 370.
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11. Ritchie K, Chan D, Watermeyeret T. The cognitive consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic: collateral damage? Brain Commun. 2020; 2 (2): fcaa069. DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa069
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16. Miner JJ, Diamond MS. Mechanisms of restriction of viral invasion at the blood-brain barrier. Curr Opin Immunol. 2016; 38: 18–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.10.008
17. Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Pope D, et al. Neuropsychological sequelae and impaired health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160: 50–6.
18. Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Collingridge D, et al. Two-year cognitive, emotional and quality of life outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005; 171: 340–7. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200406-763OC
19. Mikkelsen ME, Christie JD, Lanken PN, et al. The adult respiratory distress syndrome cognitive outcomes study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012; 185: 1307–15. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201111-2025OC
20. Adhikari NKJ, Tansey CM, McAndrews MP, et al. Self-reported depressive symptoms and memory complaints in survivors five years after ARDS. Chest. 2011; 140: 1484–93. DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-1667
21. Hopkins RO, Gale SD, Weaver LK. Brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Brain Inj. 2006; 20: 263–71. DOI: 10.1080/02699050500488199
22. Han S, Mallampalli RK. The acute respiratory distress syndrome: from mechanism to translation. J Immunol. 2015; 194 (3): 855–60. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402513
23. Matthay MA, Zemans RL. The acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathogenesis and treatment. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis. 2011; 6: 147–63. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130158
24. Du L, Zhao J, Shi Y, et al. A report of 4 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome patients with suicide tendency. Acad J Second Mil Med Univ. 2003; 24: 636–7.
25. Jeong H, Yim HW, Song YJ, et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiol Health. 2016; 38: e2016048. DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2016048
26. Yong SJ. Persistent Brainstem Dysfunction in Long-COVID: A Hypothesis. ASC Chem Neurosci. 2021; 12 (4): 573–80. DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00793
27. Marciszewski KK, Meylakh N, Di Pietro F, et al. Changes in Brainstem Pain Modulation Circuitry Function over the Migraine Cycle. J Neurosci. 2018; 38 (49): 10479–88. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1088-18.2018
28. Chong CD, Plasencia JD, Frakes DH, Schwedt TJ. Structural Alterations of the Brainstem in Migraine. Neuroimage Clin. 2017; 13: 223–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.10.023
29. Callard F, Perego E. How and Why Patients Made Long Covid. Social Sci Med. 2021; 268: 113426.
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113426
30. Perrin R, Riste L, Hann M, et al. Into the Looking Glass: Post-Viral Syndrome Post COVID-19. Med Hypotheses. 2020; 144: 110055. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110055
31. Raveendran AV. Long COVID-19: Challenges in the diagnosis and proposed diagnostic criteria. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021; 15 (1): 145–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.025
32. Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A’Courte C, et al. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020; 370: m3026. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3026
33. Profilaktika, diagnostika i lechenie novoi koronavirusnoi infektsii (COVID-19). Vremennye metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Versiia 10 (08.02.2021). Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia Rossiiskoi Federatsii (in Russian)
34. Meditsinskaia reabilitatsiia pri novoi koronavirusnoi infektsii (COVID-19). Vremennye metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Versiia 2 (31.07.2020). Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia Rossiiskoi Federatsii (in Russian)
35. British Thoracic Society. British Thoracic Society guidance on respiratory follow up of patients with a clinico-radiological diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. 2020. Available at: https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/quality-improvement/covid-19/resp-follow-up-guidan... Accessed: 11.05.2020.
36. George PM, Wells AU, Jenkins RG. Pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19: the potential role for antifibrotic therapy. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8 (8): 807–815. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30225-3
37. Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al. Time course of lung changes on chest CT during recovery from 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020; 295 (9): 715–21.
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020200370
38. Hui DS, Wong KT, Antonio GE, et al. Long-term sequelae of SARS: physical, neuropsychiatric, and quality-of-life assessment. Hong Kong Med J. 2009; 15 (Suppl. 8): 21–3. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20393208/ Accessed: 11.05.2020
39. Lam MH-B, Wing Y-K, Yu MW-M, et al. Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169: 2142–7. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.384
40. Moldofsky H, Patcai J. Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, depression and disordered sleep in chronic post-SARS syndrome; a case-controlled study. BMC Neurol. 2011; 11: 37. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-37
41. Cillóniz C, Rodríguez-Hurtado D, Torres A. Characteristics and management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of global aging. Med Sci (Basel). 2018; 6: 35.
DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020035 pmid: 29710871
42. Larun L, Brurberg KG, Odgaard-Jensen J, Price JR. Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 4 (4): CD003200. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub7
43. Torjesen I. NICE cautions against using graded exercise therapy for patients recovering from covid-19. BMJ. 2020; 370. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2912
44. Barker-Davies RM, O’Sullivan O, Senaratne KPP, et al. The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Br J Sports Med. 2020; 54 (16): 949–59. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102596
45. Varatharaj A, Thomas N, Ellul MA, et al. CoroNerve Study Group. Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7 (10): 875–82. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30287-X
46. Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7: 300–2. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
47. Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020; 52. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
48. Klok FA, Boon GJAM, Barco S, et al. The Post-COVID-19 Functional Status scale: a tool to measure functional status over time after COVID-19. Eur Respir J. 2020; 56 (1): 2001494. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01494-2020
2. Keay L. Long-term COVID Warning: ICU Doctor Reports Having Coronavirus Symptoms for Three Months. Available at: https://news.sky.com/story/long-term-covid-warning-icu-doctor-reports-having-coronavirus-symptoms-fo.... Accessed: 19.08.2020.
3. Lokugamage A, Taylor S, Rayner C. Patients’ Experiences of ‘longcovid’ Are Missing from the NHS Narrative. Available at: https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/07/10/patients-experiences-of-longcovid-are-missing-from-the-nhs-narr... Accessed: 31.07.2020.
4. Mahase E. Covid-19: what Do We Know about “Long Covid”? BMJ. 2020; 370.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2815.
5. Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. SARS-CoV-2 T-cell immunity: specificity, function, durability, and role in protection. Sci Immunol. 2020; 5 (49): eabd6160. DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd6160
6. Sacks B. COVID Long-Haulers Are Organizing and Demanding Better Care – and They Just Got A Meeting with the WHO. BuzzFeed News. 2020. Available at: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/briannasacks/covid-long-haulers-who-coronavirus. Accessed: 23.08.2020.
7. Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F; Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2020; 324 (6): 603–5. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.12603
8. Tenforde MW, Kim SS, Lindsell CJ, et al. Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network – United States, March – June 2020. MMWR. 2020; 69 (30): 993–8. DOI: 10.15585/ mmwr.mm6930e1
9. Petersen MS, Kristiansen MF, Hanusson KD, et al. Long COVID in the Faroe Islands – a longitudinal study among non-hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; ciaa1792. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1792
10. Nath A. Long-Haul COVID. Neurology. 2020; 95 (13): 559–60. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010640
11. Ritchie K, Chan D, Watermeyeret T. The cognitive consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic: collateral damage? Brain Commun. 2020; 2 (2): fcaa069. DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa069
12. Bohmwald K, Galvez NMS, Rios M, Kalergis AM. Neurologic alterations due to respiratory virus infections. Front Cell Neurosci. 2018; 12: 386. DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00386
13. Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, et al. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med. 2005; 202: 415–24. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050828
14. Arabi YM, Harthi A, Hussein J, et al. Severe neurologic syndrome associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). Infection. 2015; 43: 495–501. DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0720-y
15. Dahm T, Rudolph H, Schwerk C, et al. Neuroinvasion and inflammationin viral central nervous system infections. Mediators Inflamm. 2016; 2016: 8562805. DOI: 10.1155/2016/8562805
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28. Chong CD, Plasencia JD, Frakes DH, Schwedt TJ. Structural Alterations of the Brainstem in Migraine. Neuroimage Clin. 2017; 13: 223–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.10.023
29. Callard F, Perego E. How and Why Patients Made Long Covid. Social Sci Med. 2021; 268: 113426. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113426
30. Perrin R, Riste L, Hann M, et al. Into the Looking Glass: Post-Viral Syndrome Post COVID-19. Med Hypotheses. 2020; 144: 110055. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110055
31. Raveendran AV. Long COVID-19: Challenges in the diagnosis and proposed diagnostic criteria. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021; 15 (1): 145–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.025
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35. British Thoracic Society. British Thoracic Society guidance on respiratory follow up of patients with a clinico-radiological diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. 2020. Available at: https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/quality-improvement/covid-19/resp-follow-up-guidan... Accessed: 11.05.2020.
36. George PM, Wells AU, Jenkins RG. Pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19: the potential role for antifibrotic therapy. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8 (8): 807–815. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30225-3
37. Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al. Time course of lung changes on chest CT during recovery from 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020; 295 (9): 715–21.
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020200370
38. Hui DS, Wong KT, Antonio GE, et al. Long-term sequelae of SARS: physical, neuropsychiatric, and quality-of-life assessment. Hong Kong Med J. 2009; 15 (Suppl. 8): 21–3. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20393208/ Accessed: 11.05.2020
39. Lam MH-B, Wing Y-K, Yu MW-M, et al. Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169: 2142–7. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.384
40. Moldofsky H, Patcai J. Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, depression and disordered sleep in chronic post-SARS syndrome; a case-controlled study. BMC Neurol. 2011; 11: 37. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-37
41. Cillóniz C, Rodríguez-Hurtado D, Torres A. Characteristics and management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of global aging. Med Sci (Basel). 2018; 6: 35.
DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020035 pmid: 29710871
42. Larun L, Brurberg KG, Odgaard-Jensen J, Price JR. Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 4 (4): CD003200. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub7
43. Torjesen I. NICE cautions against using graded exercise therapy for patients recovering from covid-19. BMJ. 2020; 370. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2912
44. Barker-Davies RM, O’Sullivan O, Senaratne KPP, et al. The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Br J Sports Med. 2020; 54 (16): 949–59. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102596
45. Varatharaj A, Thomas N, Ellul MA, et al. CoroNerve Study Group. Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7 (10): 875–82. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30287-X
46. Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7: 300–2. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
47. Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020; 52. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
48. Klok FA, Boon GJAM, Barco S, et al. The Post-COVID-19 Functional Status scale: a tool to measure functional status over time after COVID-19. Eur Respir J. 2020; 56 (1): 2001494. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01494-2020
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15. Dahm T, Rudolph H, Schwerk C, et al. Neuroinvasion and inflammationin viral central nervous system infections. Mediators Inflamm. 2016; 2016: 8562805. DOI: 10.1155/2016/8562805
16. Miner JJ, Diamond MS. Mechanisms of restriction of viral invasion at the blood-brain barrier. Curr Opin Immunol. 2016; 38: 18–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.10.008
17. Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Pope D, et al. Neuropsychological sequelae and impaired health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160: 50–6.
18. Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Collingridge D, et al. Two-year cognitive, emotional and quality of life outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005; 171: 340–7. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200406-763OC
19. Mikkelsen ME, Christie JD, Lanken PN, et al. The adult respiratory distress syndrome cognitive outcomes study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012; 185: 1307–15. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201111-2025OC
20. Adhikari NKJ, Tansey CM, McAndrews MP, et al. Self-reported depressive symptoms and memory complaints in survivors five years after ARDS. Chest. 2011; 140: 1484–93. DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-1667
21. Hopkins RO, Gale SD, Weaver LK. Brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Brain Inj. 2006; 20: 263–71. DOI: 10.1080/02699050500488199
22. Han S, Mallampalli RK. The acute respiratory distress syndrome: from mechanism to translation. J Immunol. 2015; 194 (3): 855–60. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402513
23. Matthay MA, Zemans RL. The acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathogenesis and treatment. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis. 2011; 6: 147–63. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130158
24. Du L, Zhao J, Shi Y, et al. A report of 4 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome patients with suicide tendency. Acad J Second Mil Med Univ. 2003; 24: 636–7.
25. Jeong H, Yim HW, Song YJ, et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiol Health. 2016; 38: e2016048. DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2016048
26. Yong SJ. Persistent Brainstem Dysfunction in Long-COVID: A Hypothesis. ASC Chem Neurosci. 2021; 12 (4): 573–80. DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00793
27. Marciszewski KK, Meylakh N, Di Pietro F, et al. Changes in Brainstem Pain Modulation Circuitry Function over the Migraine Cycle. J Neurosci. 2018; 38 (49): 10479–88. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1088-18.2018
28. Chong CD, Plasencia JD, Frakes DH, Schwedt TJ. Structural Alterations of the Brainstem in Migraine. Neuroimage Clin. 2017; 13: 223–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.10.023
29. Callard F, Perego E. How and Why Patients Made Long Covid. Social Sci Med. 2021; 268: 113426.
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113426
30. Perrin R, Riste L, Hann M, et al. Into the Looking Glass: Post-Viral Syndrome Post COVID-19. Med Hypotheses. 2020; 144: 110055. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110055
31. Raveendran AV. Long COVID-19: Challenges in the diagnosis and proposed diagnostic criteria. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021; 15 (1): 145–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.025
32. Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A’Courte C, et al. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020; 370: m3026. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3026
33. Profilaktika, diagnostika i lechenie novoi koronavirusnoi infektsii (COVID-19). Vremennye metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Versiia 10 (08.02.2021). Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia Rossiiskoi Federatsii (in Russian)
34. Meditsinskaia reabilitatsiia pri novoi koronavirusnoi infektsii (COVID-19). Vremennye metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Versiia 2 (31.07.2020). Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia Rossiiskoi Federatsii (in Russian)
35. British Thoracic Society. British Thoracic Society guidance on respiratory follow up of patients with a clinico-radiological diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. 2020. Available at: https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/quality-improvement/covid-19/resp-follow-up-guidan... Accessed: 11.05.2020.
36. George PM, Wells AU, Jenkins RG. Pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19: the potential role for antifibrotic therapy. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8 (8): 807–815. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30225-3
37. Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al. Time course of lung changes on chest CT during recovery from 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020; 295 (9): 715–21.
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020200370
38. Hui DS, Wong KT, Antonio GE, et al. Long-term sequelae of SARS: physical, neuropsychiatric, and quality-of-life assessment. Hong Kong Med J. 2009; 15 (Suppl. 8): 21–3. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20393208/ Accessed: 11.05.2020
39. Lam MH-B, Wing Y-K, Yu MW-M, et al. Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169: 2142–7. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.384
40. Moldofsky H, Patcai J. Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, depression and disordered sleep in chronic post-SARS syndrome; a case-controlled study. BMC Neurol. 2011; 11: 37. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-37
41. Cillóniz C, Rodríguez-Hurtado D, Torres A. Characteristics and management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of global aging. Med Sci (Basel). 2018; 6: 35.
DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020035 pmid: 29710871
42. Larun L, Brurberg KG, Odgaard-Jensen J, Price JR. Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 4 (4): CD003200. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub7
43. Torjesen I. NICE cautions against using graded exercise therapy for patients recovering from covid-19. BMJ. 2020; 370. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2912
44. Barker-Davies RM, O’Sullivan O, Senaratne KPP, et al. The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Br J Sports Med. 2020; 54 (16): 949–59. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102596
45. Varatharaj A, Thomas N, Ellul MA, et al. CoroNerve Study Group. Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7 (10): 875–82. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30287-X
46. Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7: 300–2. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
47. Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020; 52. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
48. Klok FA, Boon GJAM, Barco S, et al. The Post-COVID-19 Functional Status scale: a tool to measure functional status over time after COVID-19. Eur Respir J. 2020; 56 (1): 2001494. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01494-2020
Авторы
Ю.Г. Белоцерковская*, А.Г. Романовских, И.П. Смирнов, А.И. Синопальников
ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*belo-yuliya@yandex.ru
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
*belo-yuliya@yandex.ru
ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*belo-yuliya@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
*belo-yuliya@yandex.ru
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.