Обоснование. Сосудистые когнитивные нарушения (СКН) занимают 2-е место после болезни Альцгеймера (БА) в структуре причин когнитивных нарушений (КН). Дифференциальный диагноз между СКН и БА не всегда прост и базируется на характерных клинических, нейропсихологических и нейрорадиологических особенностях заболеваний. Цель. Представить дифференциальный диагноз между СКН и БА на примере клинического случая умеренных КН сосудистой этиологии. Материалы и методы. Пациентка, 68 лет, с синдромом умеренных КН, которой было проведено нейропсихологическое исследование: краткая шкала оценки психического статуса, батарея тестов для оценки лобной дисфункции, Монреальский когнитивный тест, тест рисования часов, тест «12 слов», методика вербальных ассоциаций (литеральных и категориальных), тест прокладывания маршрута (А и В), тест символьно-цифрового кодирования, сокращенный вариант Бостонского теста называния (40 изображений), EXIT-25, шкала депрессии Бека, госпитальная шкала тревоги и депрессии; нейровизуализация – магнитно-резонансная томография головного мозга в режимах Т1, Т2, FLAIR, DWI, SWI. Результаты. На основании клинических данных, результатов нейропсихологического тестирования и нейровизуализации, а также проведенного дифференциального диагноза с БА пациентке установлен диагноз «хроническая ишемия головного мозга, синдром умеренных КН по подкорковому типу». Назначена ноотропная терапия (холина альфосцерат), даны рекомендации по коррекции факторов риска. Заключение. На данном клиническом примере рассмотрены основные различия между БА и СКН. Описаны особенности КН при СКН и БА, в том числе преобладание нарушений внимания и управляющих функций при СКН и нарушений памяти, прогрессирующих по закону Рибо, при БА; различия зрительно-пространственных и речевых функций при СКН и БА; наиболее надежные нейрорадиологические признаки СКН.
Background. Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), аccording to world statistics, is the second most common cause of cognitive impairment after Alzheimer's disease (AD). Differential diagnosis between the two most common nosological forms of cognitive impairment is not always simple and is based on the clinical characteristic, neuropsychological and neuroradiological features of the disease. Aim. To present a differential diagnosis between VCI and AD using the example of a clinical case of vascular mild cognitive impairment. Materials and methods. A 68-year-old female patient with mild cognitive impairment underwent a neuropsychological testing: the Mini-mental state exam, Frontal assessment battery, the MoCA-test, the Clock-Drawing Test, the 12 Words test, Verbal Association Technique (literal and categorical), The Trail making test (A and B), The digit symbol substitution test, The Boston naming test (40 images), EXIT-25, Beck Depression Scale, Hospital anxiety and depression scale; neuroimaging – magnetic resonance imaging in T1, T2, FLAIR, DWI, SWI sequence. Results. On the basis of clinical data, the results of neuropsychological testing and neuroimaging, the differential diagnosis with AD, the patient was diagnosed with vascular mild cognitive impairment. Nootropic therapy (choline alfoscerate) was prescribed and recommendations on risk factors correction were given. Conclusion. The article describes a patient with mild VCI. This case study discusses the main differences between AD and VCI that can be used as a basis for differential diagnosis. The features of cognitive impairments in VCI and AD are described, including the predominance of attention impairment, an executive function disorder in VCI and an impairment of memory progressing according to the Ribot’s law in AD. Differences in visuospatial skills and language in VCI and AD are discussed. The most reliable neuroradiological signs of cerebrovascular diseases are described.
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1. Kalaria RN, Maestre GE, Arizaga R, et al. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:812-26.
2. Total morbidity of the adult population of Russia in 2017. Statisticheskij sbornik. 2017 god. Available at: https://minzdrav.gov.ru/ministry/61/22/stranitsa-979/statisticheskie-i-informatsionnye-materialy/sta.... Accessed: 05.01.2022. (in Russian).
3. Pais M, Martinez L, Ribeiro O, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: new definitions and challenges. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;42(4):431-41.
DOI:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0735
4. Yahno NN, Zaharov VV, Lokshina AB, et al. Dementsii: rukovodstvo dlia vrachei. Moscow: MEDprecs-inform, 2011 (in Russian).
5. Wang Z, Chen Q, Chen J, et al. Risk factors of cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(51):e28229. DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000028229
6. Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, et al. Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: revising of the NINCDS- ADRDRA criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(8):734-46. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70178-3
7. Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):270-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008
8. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):263-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005
9. Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(8):822-38. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70124-8
10. Sachdev P, Kalaria R, O’Brien J, et al. Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders. Alz Dis Assoc Dis. 2014;28:206-18. DOI:10.1097/WAD.0000000000000034
11. Budson AE, Kowall NW. Handbook of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwel, 2013.
12. Tombaugh TN. Trail Making Test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;19(2):203-14.
13. Litke R, Garcharna LC, Jiwani S, Neugroschl J. Modifiable risk factors in Alzheimer disease and Related dementias: a review. Clin Ther. 2021;43(6):953-65. DOI:10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.05.006
14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
15. Kognitivnye rasstroistva u lits pozhilogo i starcheskogo vozrasta: klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Moscow: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2020 (in Russian).
16. Zakharov VV. Khronicheskaia tserebrovaskuliarnaia nedostatochnost'. Moscow: MEDpress-inform, 2016 (in Russian).
17. Voznesenskaya TG. Depression in vascular diseases of the brain. Medicinskij sovet. 2012;4:12-5 (in Russian).
18. Verdelho A, Goncalves-Pereira M. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of cognitive impairment and dementia. neuropsychiatric symptoms of neurological disease. Springer: Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2016. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-39138-0
19. Ossenkoppele R, Pijnenburg YA, Perry DC, et al. The behavioural/dysexecutive variant of Alzheimer's disease: clinical, neuroimaging and pathological features. Brain. 2015;138(9):2732-49. DOI:10.1093/brain/awv191
20. Sudo FK, Amado P, Alves GS, et al. A continuum of executive function deficits in early subcortical vascular cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dement Neuropsychol. 2017;11(4):371-80. DOI:10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040006
Авторы
О.О. Мартынова*, В.В. Захаров
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*oia@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
Olga O. Martynova*, Vladimir V. Zakharov
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*oia@yandex.ru