1. Sadatsafavi M, Xie H, Etminan M, et al; Canadian Respiratory Research Network. The association between previous and future severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Updating the literature using robust statistical methodology. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0191243. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0191243
2. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2023. Available at: http://www.goldcopd.org/ Accessed: 24.08.2023.
3. Клинические рекомендации. Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких, 2023 (проект) [Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Khronicheskaia obstruktivnaia bolezn' legkikh, 2023 (proekt) (in Russian)].
4. Soriano JB, Alfageme I, Miravitlles M, et al. Prevalencia y determinantes de la EPOC en España: EPISCAN II. Arch Bronconeumol (Engl Ed). 2021;57(1):61-9. DOI:10.1016/j.arbres.2020.07.024
5. Lorenz J, Bals R, Dreher M, et al. Expertentreffen COPD. Pneumologie. 2017;71(5):269-89. DOI:10.1055/s-0043-106559
6. Rodríguez González-Moro JM, Izquierdo Alonso JL. Oral antibiotic treatment of exacerbation of COPD. Beyond COVID-19. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2021;34(5):429-40. DOI:10.37201/req/125.2021
7. MacLeod M, Papi A, Contoli M, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation fundamentals: Diagnosis, treatment, prevention and disease impact. Respirology. 2021;26(6):532-51. DOI:10.1111/resp.14041
8. Синопальников А.И., Зайцев А.А. Современный взгляд на фармакотерапию обострений хронической обструктивной болезни легких. Лечащий врач. 2009;10:45-9 [Sinopal'nikov AI, Zaitsev AA. Sovremennyi vzgliad na farmakoterapiiu obostrenii khronicheskoi obstruktivnoi bolezni legkikh. Lechashchii vrach. 2009;10:45-9 (in Russian)].
9. Pinto-Plata VM, Livnat G, Girish M, et al. Systemic cytokines, clinical and physiological changes in patients hospitalized for exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2007;131(1):37-43. DOI:10.1378/chest.06-0668
10. Rodriguez-Roisin R. Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations. Chest. 2000;117(5 Suppl. 2):398S-401S. DOI:10.1378/chest.117.5_suppl_2.398s
11. Wedzicha JA, Miravitlles M, Hurst JR, et al. Management of COPD exacerbations: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(3):1600791. DOI:10.1183/13993003.00791-2016
12. Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106(2):196-204.
DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-196
13. Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A, et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(9):1618-23. DOI:10.1164/ajrccm.164.9.2105011
14. Celli B, Barnes P. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2007;29(6):1224-38. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00109906
15. Paggiaro PL, Dahle R, Bakran I, et al. Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial of inhaled fluticasone propionate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International COPD Study Group. Lancet. 1998;351(9105):773-80. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)03471-5
16. Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report: GOLD executive summary. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(3):1700214. DOI:10.1183/13993003.00214-2017
17. Miravitlles M, Soler-Cataluña JJ, Calle M, et al. A new approach to grading and treating COPD based on clinical phenotypes: summary of the Spanish COPD guidelines (GesEPOC). Prim Care Respir J. 2013;22(1):117-21. DOI:10.4104/pcrj.2013.00016
18. Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez-García MA, Román Sánchez P, et al. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60(11):925-31. DOI:10.1136/thx.2005.040527
19. Синопальников А.И., Зайцев А.А. Комплаентность пациентов с инфекциями дыхательных путей. Клин микробиол антимикроб химиотер. 2008;10(1):15-23 [Sinopalnikov AI, Zaitsev AA. Patient Compliance with Antimicrobial Therapy of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Klin mikrobiol antimikrob khimioter. 2008;10(1):15-23 (in Russian)].
20. Peacock JL, Anderson HR, Bremner SA, et al. Outdoor air pollution and respiratory health in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2011;66(7):591-6. DOI:10.1136/thx.2010.155358
21. Li J, Sun S, Tang R, et al. Major air pollutants and risk of COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11:3079-91. DOI:10.2147/COPD.S122282
22. Sethi S. Bacteria in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: phenomenon or epiphenomenon? Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2004;1(2):109-4. DOI:10.1513/pats.2306029
23. González Del Castillo J, Candel FJ, de la Fuente J, et al. Manejo integral del paciente con exacerbación aguda de la enfermedad pulmonary. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2018;31(5):461-84 [González Del Castillo J, Candel FJ, de la Fuente J, et al. Integral approach to the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2018;31(5):461-84 (in Spanish)].
24. Kherad O, Rutschmann OT. Infections virales à l'origine des exacerbations de la broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive. Praxis. 2010;99(4):235-40 [Kherad O, Rutschmann OT. Viral Infections as a Cause of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation. Praxis. 2010;99(4):235-40 (in German)]. DOI:10.1024/1661-8157/a000034
25. Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Eschberger K, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(8):853-60. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200709-1413OC
26. Gallego M, Pomares X, Espasa M, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Characterization and risk factors. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:103. DOI:10.1186/1471-2466-14-103
27. Малеев В.В., Зайцев А.А., Яковлев С.В., и др. О применении антибактериальной терапии у пациентов с новой коронавирусной инфекцией COVID-19. Терпевтический архив. 2020;11:4 [Maleev VV, Zaitsev AA, Iakovlev SV, et al. O primenenii antibakterial'noi terapii u patsientov s novoi koronavirusnoi infektsiei COVID-19. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2020;11:4 (in Russian)].
28. Papi A, Bellettato CM, Braccioni F, et al. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(10):1114-21. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200506-859OC
29. Wilkinson TM, Donaldson GC, Johnston SL, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus, airway inflammation, and FEV1 decline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(8):871-6. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200509-1489OC
30. Зайцев А.А., Синопальников А.И. Рациональная фармакотерапия острых респираторных вирусных инфекций. Consilium Medicum. 2008;10(10):80-6 [Zaytsev AA, Sinopal'nikov AI. Ratsional'naya farmakoterapiya ostrykh respiratornykh virusnykh infektsiy. Consilium Medicum. 2008;10(10):80-6 (in Russian)].
31. Mallia P, Footitt J, Sotero R, et al. Rhinovirus infection induces degradation of antimicrobial peptides and secondary bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(11):1117-24. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201205-0806OC
32. Mallia P, Contoli M, Caramori G, et al. Exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): focus on virus induced exacerbations. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(1):73-97. DOI:10.2174/138161207779313777
33. Hurst JR, Donaldson GC, Wilkinson TMA, et al. Epidemiological relationships between the common cold and exacerbation frequency in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(5):846-52. DOI:10.1183/09031936.05.00043405
34. Sethi S, Wrona C, Eschberger K, et al. Inflammatory profile of new bacterial strain exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(5):491-7. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200708-1234OC
35. Stockley RA, O’Brien C, Pye A, Hill S. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2000;117(6):1638-45. DOI:10.1378/chest.117.6.1638
36. Bafadhel M, McKenna S, Terry S, et al. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: identification of biologic clusters and their biomarkers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(6):662-71. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201104-0597OC
37. Ni W, Bao J, Yang D, et al. Potential of serum procalcitonin in predicting bacterial exacerbation and guiding antibiotic administration in severe COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis (Lond). 2019;51(9):639-50. DOI:10.1080/23744235.2019.1644456
38. Prins HJ, Duijkers R, van der Valk P, et al. CRP-guided antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of COPD in hospital admissions. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(5):1802014. DOI:10.1183/13993003.02014-2018
39. Jansen WTM, Verel A, Beitsma M, et al. Longitudinal European surveillance study of antibiotic resistance of Haemophilus influenza. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58(4):873-7. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkl310
40. Harrison CJ, Woods C, Stout G, et al. Susceptibilities of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, including serotype 19A, and Moraxella catarrhalis paediatric isolates from 2005 to 2007 to commonly used antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63(3):511-9. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkn538
41. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Europe Annual report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) 2017. 2018. DOI:10.2900/230516
42. Давыдов А.В., Титов Л.П., Клюйко Н.Л., и др. Чувствительность к антибиотикам штаммов Streptococcus pneumoniae, выделенных от пациентов с пневмонией в Беларуси. Медицинские новости. 2017;12:74-82 [Davydov AV, Titov LP, Klyuiko NL, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from patients with pneumonia in Belarus. Meditsinskie novosti. 2017;12:74-82 (in Russian)].
43. Куркова А.А., Муравьев А.А., Козлов Р.С. Современное состояние антимикробной резистентности Streptococcus pneumoniae и специфической вакцинопрофилактики пневмококковой инфекции. Пульмонология. 2023;33(4):534-41 [Kurkova AA, Muraviov AA, Kozlov RS. The current status of antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and specific vaccine prevention of pneumococcal infection. Pulmonologiya. 2023;33(4):534-41 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18093/0869-0189-2022-3655
44. Vanderkooi OG, Low DE, Green K, et al; Toronto Invasive Bacterial Disease Network. Predicting antimicrobial assistance in invasive pneumococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(9):1288-97. DOI:10.1086/429242
45. Цой А.Н., Сафонова Е.В., Гучев И.А. Цефиксим. Клиническая эффективность при обострении нетяжелой хронической обструктивной болезни легких и влияние на развитие рецидивов заболевания. Лечащий врач. 2011;1:86-90 [Tsoi AN, Safonova EV, Guchev IA. Tsefiksim. Klinicheskaia effektivnost' pri obostrenii netiazheloi khronicheskoi obstruktivnoi bolezni legkikh i vliianie na razvitie retsidivov zabolevaniia. Lechashchii vrach. 2011;1:86-90 (in Russian)]. 
46. Lorenz J, Steinfeld P, Drath L, et al; Cefixime Short-Course versus Standard-Course Study Group. Efficacy and Tolerability of 5- vs 10-Day Cefixime Therapy in Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis. Clin Drug Investig. 1998;15(1):13-20. DOI:10.2165/00044011-199815010-00002
47. Liu KX, Xu B, Wang J, et al. Efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(3):221-9. DOI:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.11.12
48. Wilson R, Allegra L, Huchon G, et al. MOSAIC Study Group. Short-term and long-term outcomes of moxifloxacin compared to standard antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest. 2004;125(3):953-64. DOI:10.1378/chest.125.3.953
49. Wilson R, Anzueto A, Miravitlles M, et al. Moxifloxacin versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in outpatient acute exacerbations of COPD: MAESTRAL results. Eur Respir J.
2012;40(1):17-27. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00090311
50. Chuchalin A, Zakharova M, Dokic D, et al. Efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a prospective, multicenter, observational study (AVANTI). BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13:5. DOI:10.1186/1471-2466-13-5
51. Tulkens P, Arvis P, Kruesmann F. Moxiloxacin Safety An Analysis of 14 Years of Clinical Data. Drugs RD. 2012;12(2):71-100. DOI:10.2165/11634300-000000000-00000
52. Van Bambeke F, Tulkens PM. Safety profile of the respiratory fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin: comparison with other fluoroquinolones and other antibacterial classes. Drug Saf. 2009;32(5):359-78. DOI:10.2165/00002018-200932050-00001
53. Stass H, Kubitza D, Schühly U. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone, after repeated oral administration. Clin Pharmacokinet. 40(Suppl. 1):1-9. DOI:10.2165/00003088-200140001-00001
54. Паценко М.Б., Зайцев А.А., Чернов С.А., и др. Практические подходы к лечению пациентов с новой коронавирусной инфекцией (COVID-19). Военно-медицинский журнал. 2022;343(8):20-7 [Patsenko MB, Zaitsev AA, Chernov SA, et al. Practical approaches to the treatment of patients with new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Voenno-meditsinskii zhurnal. 2022;343(8):20-7 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.52424/00269050_2022_343_8_20
55. Авдеев С.Н., Адамян Л.В., Баранов А.А., и др. Временные методические рекомендации. Профилактика, диагностика и лечение новой коронавирусной инфекции
(COVID-19). Версия 17. М., 2023 [Avdeev SN, Adamian LV, Baranov AA, et al. Vremennye metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Profilaktika, diagnostika i lechenie novoi koronavirusnoi infektsii (COVID-19). Versiia 17. Moscow, 2023 (in Russian)].
56. Зайцев А.А., Клочков О.И., Горелов А.В. Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции: перспективы противовирусной терапии. Вестник семейной медицины. 2009;5:4-10 [Zaitsev AA, Klochkov OI, Gorelov AV. Ostrye respiratornye virusnye infektsii: perspektivy protivovirusnoi terapii. Vestnik semeinoi meditsiny. 2009;5:4-10 (in Russian)]. 

________________________________________________

1. Sadatsafavi M, Xie H, Etminan M, et al; Canadian Respiratory Research Network. The association between previous and future severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Updating the literature using robust statistical methodology. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0191243. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0191243
2. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2023. Available at: http://www.goldcopd.org/ Accessed: 24.08.2023.
3. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Khronicheskaia obstruktivnaia bolezn' legkikh, 2023 (proekt) (in Russian).
4. Soriano JB, Alfageme I, Miravitlles M, et al. Prevalencia y determinantes de la EPOC en España: EPISCAN II. Arch Bronconeumol (Engl Ed). 2021;57(1):61-9. DOI:10.1016/j.arbres.2020.07.024
5. Lorenz J, Bals R, Dreher M, et al. Expertentreffen COPD. Pneumologie. 2017;71(5):269-89. DOI:10.1055/s-0043-106559
6. Rodríguez González-Moro JM, Izquierdo Alonso JL. Oral antibiotic treatment of exacerbation of COPD. Beyond COVID-19. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2021;34(5):429-40. DOI:10.37201/req/125.2021
7. MacLeod M, Papi A, Contoli M, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation fundamentals: Diagnosis, treatment, prevention and disease impact. Respirology. 2021;26(6):532-51. DOI:10.1111/resp.14041
8. Sinopal'nikov AI, Zaitsev AA. Sovremennyi vzgliad na farmakoterapiiu obostrenii khronicheskoi obstruktivnoi bolezni legkikh. Lechashchii vrach. 2009;10:45-9 (in Russian).
9. Pinto-Plata VM, Livnat G, Girish M, et al. Systemic cytokines, clinical and physiological changes in patients hospitalized for exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2007;131(1):37-43. DOI:10.1378/chest.06-0668
10. Rodriguez-Roisin R. Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations. Chest. 2000;117(5 Suppl. 2):398S-401S. DOI:10.1378/chest.117.5_suppl_2.398s
11. Wedzicha JA, Miravitlles M, Hurst JR, et al. Management of COPD exacerbations: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(3):1600791. DOI:10.1183/13993003.00791-2016
12. Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106(2):196-204.
DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-196
13. Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A, et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(9):1618-23. DOI:10.1164/ajrccm.164.9.2105011
14. Celli B, Barnes P. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2007;29(6):1224-38. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00109906
15. Paggiaro PL, Dahle R, Bakran I, et al. Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial of inhaled fluticasone propionate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International COPD Study Group. Lancet. 1998;351(9105):773-80. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)03471-5
16. Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report: GOLD executive summary. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(3):1700214. DOI:10.1183/13993003.00214-2017
17. Miravitlles M, Soler-Cataluña JJ, Calle M, et al. A new approach to grading and treating COPD based on clinical phenotypes: summary of the Spanish COPD guidelines (GesEPOC). Prim Care Respir J. 2013;22(1):117-21. DOI:10.4104/pcrj.2013.00016
18. Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez-García MA, Román Sánchez P, et al. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60(11):925-31. DOI:10.1136/thx.2005.040527
19. Sinopalnikov AI, Zaitsev AA. Patient Compliance with Antimicrobial Therapy of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Klin mikrobiol antimikrob khimioter. 2008;10(1):15-23 (in Russian).
20. Peacock JL, Anderson HR, Bremner SA, et al. Outdoor air pollution and respiratory health in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2011;66(7):591-6. DOI:10.1136/thx.2010.155358
21. Li J, Sun S, Tang R, et al. Major air pollutants and risk of COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11:3079-91. DOI:10.2147/COPD.S122282
22. Sethi S. Bacteria in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: phenomenon or epiphenomenon? Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2004;1(2):109-4. DOI:10.1513/pats.2306029
23. González Del Castillo J, Candel FJ, de la Fuente J, et al. Manejo integral del paciente con exacerbación aguda de la enfermedad pulmonary. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2018;31(5):461-84 [González Del Castillo J, Candel FJ, de la Fuente J, et al. Integral approach to the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2018;31(5):461-84 (in Spanish)].
24. Kherad O, Rutschmann OT. Infections virales à l'origine des exacerbations de la broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive. Praxis. 2010;99(4):235-40 [Kherad O, Rutschmann OT. Viral Infections as a Cause of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation. Praxis. 2010;99(4):235-40 (in German)]. DOI:10.1024/1661-8157/a000034
25. Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Eschberger K, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(8):853-60. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200709-1413OC
26. Gallego M, Pomares X, Espasa M, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Characterization and risk factors. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:103. DOI:10.1186/1471-2466-14-103
27. Maleev VV, Zaitsev AA, Iakovlev SV, et al. O primenenii antibakterial'noi terapii u patsientov s novoi koronavirusnoi infektsiei COVID-19. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2020;11:4 (in Russian).
28. Papi A, Bellettato CM, Braccioni F, et al. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(10):1114-21. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200506-859OC
29. Wilkinson TM, Donaldson GC, Johnston SL, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus, airway inflammation, and FEV1 decline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(8):871-6. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200509-1489OC
30. Zaytsev AA, Sinopal'nikov AI. Ratsional'naya farmakoterapiya ostrykh respiratornykh virusnykh infektsiy. Consilium Medicum. 2008;10(10):80-6 (in Russian).
31. Mallia P, Footitt J, Sotero R, et al. Rhinovirus infection induces degradation of antimicrobial peptides and secondary bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(11):1117-24. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201205-0806OC
32. Mallia P, Contoli M, Caramori G, et al. Exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): focus on virus induced exacerbations. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(1):73-97. DOI:10.2174/138161207779313777
33. Hurst JR, Donaldson GC, Wilkinson TMA, et al. Epidemiological relationships between the common cold and exacerbation frequency in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(5):846-52. DOI:10.1183/09031936.05.00043405
34. Sethi S, Wrona C, Eschberger K, et al. Inflammatory profile of new bacterial strain exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(5):491-7. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200708-1234OC
35. Stockley RA, O’Brien C, Pye A, Hill S. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2000;117(6):1638-45. DOI:10.1378/chest.117.6.1638
36. Bafadhel M, McKenna S, Terry S, et al. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: identification of biologic clusters and their biomarkers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(6):662-71. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201104-0597OC
37. Ni W, Bao J, Yang D, et al. Potential of serum procalcitonin in predicting bacterial exacerbation and guiding antibiotic administration in severe COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis (Lond). 2019;51(9):639-50. DOI:10.1080/23744235.2019.1644456
38. Prins HJ, Duijkers R, van der Valk P, et al. CRP-guided antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of COPD in hospital admissions. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(5):1802014. DOI:10.1183/13993003.02014-2018
39. Jansen WTM, Verel A, Beitsma M, et al. Longitudinal European surveillance study of antibiotic resistance of Haemophilus influenza. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58(4):873-7. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkl310
40. Harrison CJ, Woods C, Stout G, et al. Susceptibilities of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, including serotype 19A, and Moraxella catarrhalis paediatric isolates from 2005 to 2007 to commonly used antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63(3):511-9. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkn538
41. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Europe Annual report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) 2017. 2018. DOI:10.2900/230516
42. Davydov AV, Titov LP, Klyuiko NL, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from patients with pneumonia in Belarus. Meditsinskie novosti. 2017;12:74-82 (in Russian).
43. Kurkova AA, Muraviov AA, Kozlov RS. The current status of antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and specific vaccine prevention of pneumococcal infection. Pulmonologiya. 2023;33(4):534-41 (in Russian). DOI:10.18093/0869-0189-2022-3655
44. Vanderkooi OG, Low DE, Green K, et al; Toronto Invasive Bacterial Disease Network. Predicting antimicrobial assistance in invasive pneumococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(9):1288-97. DOI:10.1086/429242
45. Tsoi AN, Safonova EV, Guchev IA. Tsefiksim. Klinicheskaia effektivnost' pri obostrenii netiazheloi khronicheskoi obstruktivnoi bolezni legkikh i vliianie na razvitie retsidivov zabolevaniia. Lechashchii vrach. 2011;1:86-90 (in Russian). 
46. Lorenz J, Steinfeld P, Drath L, et al; Cefixime Short-Course versus Standard-Course Study Group. Efficacy and Tolerability of 5- vs 10-Day Cefixime Therapy in Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis. Clin Drug Investig. 1998;15(1):13-20. DOI:10.2165/00044011-199815010-00002
47. Liu KX, Xu B, Wang J, et al. Efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(3):221-9. DOI:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.11.12
48. Wilson R, Allegra L, Huchon G, et al. MOSAIC Study Group. Short-term and long-term outcomes of moxifloxacin compared to standard antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest. 2004;125(3):953-64. DOI:10.1378/chest.125.3.953
49. Wilson R, Anzueto A, Miravitlles M, et al. Moxifloxacin versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in outpatient acute exacerbations of COPD: MAESTRAL results. Eur Respir J.
2012;40(1):17-27. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00090311
50. Chuchalin A, Zakharova M, Dokic D, et al. Efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a prospective, multicenter, observational study (AVANTI). BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13:5. DOI:10.1186/1471-2466-13-5
51. Tulkens P, Arvis P, Kruesmann F. Moxiloxacin Safety An Analysis of 14 Years of Clinical Data. Drugs RD. 2012;12(2):71-100. DOI:10.2165/11634300-000000000-00000
52. Van Bambeke F, Tulkens PM. Safety profile of the respiratory fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin: comparison with other fluoroquinolones and other antibacterial classes. Drug Saf. 2009;32(5):359-78. DOI:10.2165/00002018-200932050-00001
53. Stass H, Kubitza D, Schühly U. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone, after repeated oral administration. Clin Pharmacokinet. 40(Suppl. 1):1-9. DOI:10.2165/00003088-200140001-00001
54. Patsenko MB, Zaitsev AA, Chernov SA, et al. Practical approaches to the treatment of patients with new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Voenno-meditsinskii zhurnal. 2022;343(8):20-7 (in Russian). DOI:10.52424/00269050_2022_343_8_20
55. Avdeev SN, Adamian LV, Baranov AA, et al. Vremennye metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Profilaktika, diagnostika i lechenie novoi koronavirusnoi infektsii (COVID-19). Versiia 17. Moscow, 2023 (in Russian).
56. Zaitsev AA, Klochkov OI, Gorelov AV. Ostrye respiratornye virusnye infektsii: perspektivy protivovirusnoi terapii. Vestnik semeinoi meditsiny. 2009;5:4-10 (in Russian). 

А.А. Зайцев*<sup>1,2

1</sup>ФГБУ «Главный военный клинический госпиталь им. акад. Н.Н. Бурденко» Минобороны России, Москва, Россия;
²ФГБОУ ВО «Российский биотехнологический университет (РОСБИОТЕХ)», Москва, Россия
*a-zaicev-a@yandex.ru

________________________________________________

Andrey A. Zaytsev*<sup>1,2

1</sup>Burdenko Main Military Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia;
²BIOTECH University, Moscow, Russia
*a-zaicev-a@yandex.ru