Летучие органические соединения – потенциальные биомаркеры для диагностики заболеваний органов пищеварения

1. Wilson AD. Application of Electronic-Nose Technologies and VOC-Biomarkers for the Noninvasive Early Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Diseases. Sensors. 2018;18:2613.
2. Biomarkers on a roll. Nat Biotechnol. 2010;28(5):431. DOI:10.1038/ nbt0510-431
3. Vitetta L, Hall S, Coulson S. Metabolic interactions in the gastrointestinal tract: host, commensal, probiotics and bacteriophage influences. Microorganisms. 2015;3:913-32.
4. Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, et al. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2015;26:26191.
5. Bäckhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, et al. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science. 20055;307(5717):1915-20. DOI:10.1126/science.1104816
6. Sagar NM, Cree IA, Covington JA, et al. The interplay of the gut microbiome, bile acids, and volatile organic compounds. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2015;2015:398585. DOI:10.1155/2015/398585
7. Wei L, Wen XS, Xian CJ. Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis Impairs Mucosal Homeostasis by Modulating Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:9474.
8. Moossavi S, Rezaei N. Toll-like receptor signalling and their therapeutic targeting in colorectal cancer. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;16:199-209.
9. Galloway-Peña JR, Smith DP, Sahasrabhojane P, et al. The role of the gastrointestinal microbiome in infectious complications during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 2016;122:2186-96.
10. Honour JW. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol. 2006;324:53-74.
11. Zacharis CK, Tzanavaras PD. Solid-Phase Microextraction. Molecules. 2020;25(2):379. DOI:10.3390/molecules25020379
12. Covington JA, van der Schee MP, Edge AS, et al. The application of FAIMS gas analysis in medical diagnostics. Analyst. 2015;140(20):6775-81. DOI:10.1039/c5an00868a
13. Costanzo MT, Boock JJ, Kemperman RHJ, et al. Portable FAIMS: Applications and Future Perspectives. Int J Mass Spectrom. 2017;422:188-96. DOI:10.1016/j.ijms.2016.12.007
14. Majchrzak T, Wojnowski W, Lubinska-Szczygeł M, et al. PTR-MS and GC-MS as complementary techniques for analysis of volatiles: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta. 2018;1035:1-13. DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.056
15. Spaniel P, Smith D. Progress in SIFT-MS: Breath analysis and other applications. Mass Spectrom Rev. 2011;30:236-67.
16. Kim J, Campbell AS, de Ávila BE, et al. Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nat Biotechnol. 2019;37:389-406.
17. Rogers JK, Taylor ND, Church GM. Biosensor-based engineering of biosynthetic pathways. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2016;42:84-91.
18. Farraia MV, Cavaleiro Rufo J, Paciência I, et al. The electronic nose technology in clinical diagnosis: A systematic review. Porto Biomed J. 2019;4:e42.
19. Sethi S, Nanda R, Chakraborty T. Clinical application of volatile organic compound analysis for detecting infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26:462-75.
20. Xu S, Zhou Z, Lu H, et al. Improved algorithms for the classification of rough rice using a bionic electronic nose based on PCA and the Wilks distribution. Sensors (Basel). 2014;14(3):5486-501. DOI:10.3390/s140305486
21. Lim HJ, Saha T, Tey BT, et al. Quartz crystal microbalance-based biosensors as rapid diagnostic devices for infectious diseases. Biosens Bioelectron. 2020;168:112513.
22. Kriegeskorte N, Golan T. Neural network models and deep learning. Curr Biol. 2019;29(7):R231-6. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.034
23. Rodriguez Gamboa JC, da Silva AJ, Araujo ICS. Validation of the rapid detection approach for enhancing the electronic nose systems performance, using different deep learning models and support vector machines. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2021;327:128921. DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2020.128921
24. Ye Z, Liu Y, Li Q. Recent Progress in Smart Electronic Nose Technologies Enabled with Machine Learning Methods. Sensors. 2021;21:7620.
25. Wang S, Zhao F, Wu W, et al. Comparison of Volatiles in Different Jasmine Tea Grade Samples Using Electronic Nose and Automatic Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Followed by Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Molecules. 2020;25(2):380. DOI:10.3390/molecules25020380
26. DeGruttola AK, Low D, Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E. Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(5):1137-50. DOI:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000750
27. Nishida A, Inoue R, Inatomi O, et al. Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2018;11(1):1-10. DOI:10.1007/s12328-017-0813-5
28. Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, et al. Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:2069-78.
29. Van Malderen K, De Winter BY, De Man JG, et al. Volatomics in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. EBioMedicine. 2020;54:102725.
30. De Meij TG, de Boer NK, Benninga MA, et al. Faecal gas analysis by electronic nose as novel, non-invasive method for assessment of active and quiescent paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: Proof of principle study. J Crohns Colitis. 2014:S1873-9946(14)00285-2. DOI:10.1016/j.crohns.2014.09.004
31. De Meij T, Lentferink Y, Van Der Schee M, et al. Fecal gas analysis by electronic nose of pediatric IBD patients and healthy controls: A pilot study. Gastroenterology. 2013;1:144.
32. Shepherd SF, McGuire ND, de Lacy Costello BP, et al. The use of a gas chromatograph coupled to a metal oxide sensor for rapid assessment of stool samples from irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease patients. J Breath Res. 2014;8:026001.
33. Cauchi M, Fowler D, Walton C, et al. Application of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in conjunction with multivariate classification for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. Metabolomics. 2014;10(6):1113-20. DOI:10.1007/s11306-014-0650-1
34. Arasaradnam RP, Ouaret N, Thomas MG, et al. A novel tool for noninvasive diagnosis and tracking of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis.
2013;19(5):999-1003. DOI:10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182802b26
35. Bosch S, Wintjens DSJ, Wicaksono A, et al. The faecal scent of inflammatory bowel disease: Detection and monitoring based on volatile organic compound analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2020;52:745-52.
36. Bosch S, Wintjens DSJ, Wicaksono A, et al. Prediction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Course Based on Fecal Scent. Sensors. 2022;22:2316.
37. Hicks LC, Huang J, Kumar S, et al. Analysis of Exhaled Breath Volatile Organic Compounds in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Pilot Study. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9:731-7.
38. Altomare A, Di Rosa C, Imperia E, et al. Diarrhea Predominant-Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-D): Effects of Different Nutritional Patterns on Intestinal Dysbiosis and Symptoms. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1506. DOI:10.3390/nu13051506
39. Zhong W, Lu X, Shi H, et al. Distinct Microbial Populations Exist in the Mucosa-associated Microbiota of Diarrhea Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Ulcerative Colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2019;53:660-72.
40. Ahmed I, Greenwood R, de Costello BL, et al. An investigation of fecal volatile organic metabolites in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58204. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0058204
41. CDC. Cost-Effectiveness of Colorectal Cancer Interventions: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP). CDC: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2021.
42. Liu M, Li Y, Wang G, et al. Release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from colorectal cancer cell line LS174T. Anal Biochem. 2019;581:113340.
43. Bond A, Greenwood R, Lewis S, et al. Volatile organic compounds emitted from faeces as a biomarker for colorectal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49:1005-12.
44. Van Vorstenbosch R, Cheng HR, Jonkers D, et al. Systematic Review: Contribution of the Gut Microbiome to the Volatile Metabolic Fingerprint of Colorectal Neoplasia. Metabolites. 2023;13:55. DOI:10.3390/metabo13010055
45. Widlak MM, Neal M, Daulton E, et al. Risk stratification of symptomatic patients suspected of colorectal cancer using faecal and urinary markers. Color Dis. 2018;20:O335-42.
46. Mozdiak E, Wicaksono AN, Covington JA, et al. Colorectal cancer and adenoma screening using urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) detection: early results from a single-centre bowel screening population (UK BCSP). Tech Coloproctol. 2019;23(4):343-51. DOI:10.1007/s10151-019-01963-6
47. Alustiza M, Ripoll L, Canals A, et al. A novel non-invasive colorectal cancer diagnostic method: Volatile organic compounds as biomarkers. Clin Chim Acta. 2023;542:117273. DOI:10.1016/j.cca.2023.117273
48. De Meij TG, Larbi IB, van der Schee MP, et al. Electronic nose can discriminate colorectal carcinoma and advanced adenomas by fecal volatile biomarker analysis: Proof of principle study. Int J Cancer. 2014;134:1132-8.
49. Chan DK, Leggett CL, Wang KK. Diagnosing gastrointestinal illnesses using fecal headspace volatile organic compounds. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(4):1639-49. DOI:10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1639
50. Biwer P, Neumann-Schaal M, Henke P, et al. Thiol Metabolism and Volatile Metabolome of Clostridioides difficile. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:864587. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2022.864587
51. Probert CS, Jones PR, Ratcliffe NM. A novel method for rapidly diagnosing the causes of diarrhoea. Gut. 2004;53:58-61.
52. Garner CE, Smith S, de Lacy Costello B, et al. Volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. FASEB J. 2007;21:1675-88. DOI:10.1096/fj.06-6927com
53. Tait E, Hill KA, Perry JD, et al. Development of a novel method for detection of Clostridium difficile using HS-SPME-GC-MS. J Appl Microbiol. 2014;116(4):1010-9. DOI:10.1111/jam.12418
54. Chan DK, Anderson M, Lynch DT, et al. Detection of Clostridium difficile Infected Stool by Electronic-Nose Analysis of Fecal Headspace Volatile Organic Compounds. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:S483.
55. Lebwohl B, Sanders DS, Green PHR. Coeliac disease. Lancet. 2018;391:70-81.
56. Di Cagno R, Rizzello CG, Gagliardi F, et al. Different fecal microbiotas and volatile organic compounds in treated and untreated children with celiac disease. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75:3963-71.
57. McFarlane M, Arasaradnam RP, Reed B, et al. Minimal Gluten Exposure Alters Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds in Stable Coeliac Disease. Sensors. 2022;22:1290.
58. Arasaradnam RP, Westenbrink E, McFarlane MJ, et al. Differentiating coeliac disease from irritable bowel syndrome by urinary volatile organic compound analysis – a pilot study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e107312.
59. Garner CE, Ewer AK, Elasouad K, et al. Analysis of faecal volatile organic compounds in preterm infants who develop necrotising enterocolitis: a pilot study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49:559-65. DOI:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a3bfbc 
60. Raman M, Ahmed I, Gillevet PM, et al. Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:868-75.e1-3. DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.02.015 
61. Covington JA, Wedlake L, Andreyev J, et al. The detection of patients at risk of gastrointestinal toxicity during pelvic radiotherapy by electronic nose and FAIMS: a pilot study. Sensors (Basel). 2012;12:13002-18. DOI:10.3390/s121013002
62. Sukaram T, Apiparakoon T, Tiyarattanachai T, et al. VOCs from Exhaled Breath for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(2):257. DOI:10.3390/diagnostics13020257
63. Rondanelli M, Perdoni F, Infantino V, et al. Volatile Organic Compounds as Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Diseases and Nutritional Status. J Anal Methods Chem. 2019;2019:7247802. DOI:10.1155/2019/7247802 

________________________________________________

1. Wilson AD. Application of Electronic-Nose Technologies and VOC-Biomarkers for the Noninvasive Early Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Diseases. Sensors. 2018;18:2613.
2. Biomarkers on a roll. Nat Biotechnol. 2010;28(5):431. DOI:10.1038/ nbt0510-431
3. Vitetta L, Hall S, Coulson S. Metabolic interactions in the gastrointestinal tract: host, commensal, probiotics and bacteriophage influences. Microorganisms. 2015;3:913-32.
4. Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, et al. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2015;26:26191.
5. Bäckhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, et al. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science. 20055;307(5717):1915-20. DOI:10.1126/science.1104816
6. Sagar NM, Cree IA, Covington JA, et al. The interplay of the gut microbiome, bile acids, and volatile organic compounds. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2015;2015:398585. DOI:10.1155/2015/398585
7. Wei L, Wen XS, Xian CJ. Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis Impairs Mucosal Homeostasis by Modulating Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:9474.
8. Moossavi S, Rezaei N. Toll-like receptor signalling and their therapeutic targeting in colorectal cancer. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;16:199-209.
9. Galloway-Peña JR, Smith DP, Sahasrabhojane P, et al. The role of the gastrointestinal microbiome in infectious complications during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 2016;122:2186-96.
10. Honour JW. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol. 2006;324:53-74.
11. Zacharis CK, Tzanavaras PD. Solid-Phase Microextraction. Molecules. 2020;25(2):379. DOI:10.3390/molecules25020379
12. Covington JA, van der Schee MP, Edge AS, et al. The application of FAIMS gas analysis in medical diagnostics. Analyst. 2015;140(20):6775-81. DOI:10.1039/c5an00868a
13. Costanzo MT, Boock JJ, Kemperman RHJ, et al. Portable FAIMS: Applications and Future Perspectives. Int J Mass Spectrom. 2017;422:188-96. DOI:10.1016/j.ijms.2016.12.007
14. Majchrzak T, Wojnowski W, Lubinska-Szczygeł M, et al. PTR-MS and GC-MS as complementary techniques for analysis of volatiles: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta. 2018;1035:1-13. DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.056
15. Spaniel P, Smith D. Progress in SIFT-MS: Breath analysis and other applications. Mass Spectrom Rev. 2011;30:236-67.
16. Kim J, Campbell AS, de Ávila BE, et al. Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nat Biotechnol. 2019;37:389-406.
17. Rogers JK, Taylor ND, Church GM. Biosensor-based engineering of biosynthetic pathways. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2016;42:84-91.
18. Farraia MV, Cavaleiro Rufo J, Paciência I, et al. The electronic nose technology in clinical diagnosis: A systematic review. Porto Biomed J. 2019;4:e42.
19. Sethi S, Nanda R, Chakraborty T. Clinical application of volatile organic compound analysis for detecting infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26:462-75.
20. Xu S, Zhou Z, Lu H, et al. Improved algorithms for the classification of rough rice using a bionic electronic nose based on PCA and the Wilks distribution. Sensors (Basel). 2014;14(3):5486-501. DOI:10.3390/s140305486
21. Lim HJ, Saha T, Tey BT, et al. Quartz crystal microbalance-based biosensors as rapid diagnostic devices for infectious diseases. Biosens Bioelectron. 2020;168:112513.
22. Kriegeskorte N, Golan T. Neural network models and deep learning. Curr Biol. 2019;29(7):R231-6. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.034
23. Rodriguez Gamboa JC, da Silva AJ, Araujo ICS. Validation of the rapid detection approach for enhancing the electronic nose systems performance, using different deep learning models and support vector machines. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2021;327:128921. DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2020.128921
24. Ye Z, Liu Y, Li Q. Recent Progress in Smart Electronic Nose Technologies Enabled with Machine Learning Methods. Sensors. 2021;21:7620.
25. Wang S, Zhao F, Wu W, et al. Comparison of Volatiles in Different Jasmine Tea Grade Samples Using Electronic Nose and Automatic Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Followed by Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Molecules. 2020;25(2):380. DOI:10.3390/molecules25020380
26. DeGruttola AK, Low D, Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E. Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(5):1137-50. DOI:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000750
27. Nishida A, Inoue R, Inatomi O, et al. Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2018;11(1):1-10. DOI:10.1007/s12328-017-0813-5
28. Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, et al. Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:2069-78.
29. Van Malderen K, De Winter BY, De Man JG, et al. Volatomics in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. EBioMedicine. 2020;54:102725.
30. De Meij TG, de Boer NK, Benninga MA, et al. Faecal gas analysis by electronic nose as novel, non-invasive method for assessment of active and quiescent paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: Proof of principle study. J Crohns Colitis. 2014:S1873-9946(14)00285-2. DOI:10.1016/j.crohns.2014.09.004
31. De Meij T, Lentferink Y, Van Der Schee M, et al. Fecal gas analysis by electronic nose of pediatric IBD patients and healthy controls: A pilot study. Gastroenterology. 2013;1:144.
32. Shepherd SF, McGuire ND, de Lacy Costello BP, et al. The use of a gas chromatograph coupled to a metal oxide sensor for rapid assessment of stool samples from irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease patients. J Breath Res. 2014;8:026001.
33. Cauchi M, Fowler D, Walton C, et al. Application of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in conjunction with multivariate classification for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. Metabolomics. 2014;10(6):1113-20. DOI:10.1007/s11306-014-0650-1
34. Arasaradnam RP, Ouaret N, Thomas MG, et al. A novel tool for noninvasive diagnosis and tracking of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis.
2013;19(5):999-1003. DOI:10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182802b26
35. Bosch S, Wintjens DSJ, Wicaksono A, et al. The faecal scent of inflammatory bowel disease: Detection and monitoring based on volatile organic compound analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2020;52:745-52.
36. Bosch S, Wintjens DSJ, Wicaksono A, et al. Prediction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Course Based on Fecal Scent. Sensors. 2022;22:2316.
37. Hicks LC, Huang J, Kumar S, et al. Analysis of Exhaled Breath Volatile Organic Compounds in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Pilot Study. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9:731-7.
38. Altomare A, Di Rosa C, Imperia E, et al. Diarrhea Predominant-Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-D): Effects of Different Nutritional Patterns on Intestinal Dysbiosis and Symptoms. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1506. DOI:10.3390/nu13051506
39. Zhong W, Lu X, Shi H, et al. Distinct Microbial Populations Exist in the Mucosa-associated Microbiota of Diarrhea Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Ulcerative Colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2019;53:660-72.
40. Ahmed I, Greenwood R, de Costello BL, et al. An investigation of fecal volatile organic metabolites in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58204. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0058204
41. CDC. Cost-Effectiveness of Colorectal Cancer Interventions: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP). CDC: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2021.
42. Liu M, Li Y, Wang G, et al. Release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from colorectal cancer cell line LS174T. Anal Biochem. 2019;581:113340.
43. Bond A, Greenwood R, Lewis S, et al. Volatile organic compounds emitted from faeces as a biomarker for colorectal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49:1005-12.
44. Van Vorstenbosch R, Cheng HR, Jonkers D, et al. Systematic Review: Contribution of the Gut Microbiome to the Volatile Metabolic Fingerprint of Colorectal Neoplasia. Metabolites. 2023;13:55. DOI:10.3390/metabo13010055
45. Widlak MM, Neal M, Daulton E, et al. Risk stratification of symptomatic patients suspected of colorectal cancer using faecal and urinary markers. Color Dis. 2018;20:O335-42.
46. Mozdiak E, Wicaksono AN, Covington JA, et al. Colorectal cancer and adenoma screening using urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) detection: early results from a single-centre bowel screening population (UK BCSP). Tech Coloproctol. 2019;23(4):343-51. DOI:10.1007/s10151-019-01963-6
47. Alustiza M, Ripoll L, Canals A, et al. A novel non-invasive colorectal cancer diagnostic method: Volatile organic compounds as biomarkers. Clin Chim Acta. 2023;542:117273. DOI:10.1016/j.cca.2023.117273
48. De Meij TG, Larbi IB, van der Schee MP, et al. Electronic nose can discriminate colorectal carcinoma and advanced adenomas by fecal volatile biomarker analysis: Proof of principle study. Int J Cancer. 2014;134:1132-8.
49. Chan DK, Leggett CL, Wang KK. Diagnosing gastrointestinal illnesses using fecal headspace volatile organic compounds. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(4):1639-49. DOI:10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1639
50. Biwer P, Neumann-Schaal M, Henke P, et al. Thiol Metabolism and Volatile Metabolome of Clostridioides difficile. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:864587. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2022.864587
51. Probert CS, Jones PR, Ratcliffe NM. A novel method for rapidly diagnosing the causes of diarrhoea. Gut. 2004;53:58-61.
52. Garner CE, Smith S, de Lacy Costello B, et al. Volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. FASEB J. 2007;21:1675-88. DOI:10.1096/fj.06-6927com
53. Tait E, Hill KA, Perry JD, et al. Development of a novel method for detection of Clostridium difficile using HS-SPME-GC-MS. J Appl Microbiol. 2014;116(4):1010-9. DOI:10.1111/jam.12418
54. Chan DK, Anderson M, Lynch DT, et al. Detection of Clostridium difficile Infected Stool by Electronic-Nose Analysis of Fecal Headspace Volatile Organic Compounds. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:S483.
55. Lebwohl B, Sanders DS, Green PHR. Coeliac disease. Lancet. 2018;391:70-81.
56. Di Cagno R, Rizzello CG, Gagliardi F, et al. Different fecal microbiotas and volatile organic compounds in treated and untreated children with celiac disease. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75:3963-71.
57. McFarlane M, Arasaradnam RP, Reed B, et al. Minimal Gluten Exposure Alters Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds in Stable Coeliac Disease. Sensors. 2022;22:1290.
58. Arasaradnam RP, Westenbrink E, McFarlane MJ, et al. Differentiating coeliac disease from irritable bowel syndrome by urinary volatile organic compound analysis – a pilot study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e107312.
59. Garner CE, Ewer AK, Elasouad K, et al. Analysis of faecal volatile organic compounds in preterm infants who develop necrotising enterocolitis: a pilot study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49:559-65. DOI:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a3bfbc 
60. Raman M, Ahmed I, Gillevet PM, et al. Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:868-75.e1-3. DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.02.015 
61. Covington JA, Wedlake L, Andreyev J, et al. The detection of patients at risk of gastrointestinal toxicity during pelvic radiotherapy by electronic nose and FAIMS: a pilot study. Sensors (Basel). 2012;12:13002-18. DOI:10.3390/s121013002
62. Sukaram T, Apiparakoon T, Tiyarattanachai T, et al. VOCs from Exhaled Breath for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(2):257. DOI:10.3390/diagnostics13020257
63. Rondanelli M, Perdoni F, Infantino V, et al. Volatile Organic Compounds as Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Diseases and Nutritional Status. J Anal Methods Chem. 2019;2019:7247802. DOI:10.1155/2019/7247802 

В.И. Пилипенко*

ФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи», Москва, Россия
*pilipenkowork@rambler.ru

________________________________________________

Vladimir I. Pilipenko*

Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russia 
*pilipenkowork@rambler.ru