Макрофаги в коже: роль в физиологических процессах и в ответе на косметологические процедуры

Кирсанова Л.В., Аравийская Е.Р., Рыбакова М.Г., Соколовский Е.В., Богатенков А.И. Макрофаги в коже: роль в физиологических процессах и в ответе на косметологические процедуры. Consilium Medicum. 2025;27(12):776–782. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2025.12.203433

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Kirsanova LV, Araviiskaia ER, Rybakova MG, Sokolovskiy EV, Bogatenkov AI. Macrophages in the skin: role in physiological processes and in response to cosmetic procedures. A review. Consilium Medicum. 2025;27(12):776–782. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2025.12.203433

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Аннотация

Макрофаги представляют собой гетерогенную популяцию иммунных клеток, происходящих преимущественно из костномозговых моноцитов и эмбриональных предшественников эритромиелоидных прогениторов желточного мешка, способных менять фенотип и функции в зависимости от микроокружения. В статье представлен обзор современных сведений о происхождении, строении и функции макрофагов дермы, включая исторические данные о первых наблюдениях И.А.Э. Гезе (1777), подтвержденных В.Ф. фон Гляйхен-Руссвурмом, термина Fresszellen К. Клауса и фагоцитарной теории И.И. Мечникова (1882–1884 гг.) до M1/M2-дихотомии Mills и соавт. (начало 2000-х гг.). Обобщены литературные данные о моноцитарно-макрофагальной системе человека как в норме, так и при патологических состояниях, с учетом гетерогенности моноцитов классических как предшественников тканевых макрофагов, неклассических для эндотелиального гомеостаза, промежуточных и органоспецифических макрофагов клетки Лангерганса в эпидермисе, микроглии центральной нервной системы, клетки Купфера печени. Приведены данные о различных фенотипах макрофагов от провоспалительных M1 с гликолитическим метаболизмом и индуцируемой синтазой оксида азота до репаративных M2 с митохондриальным дыханием и аргиназой-1, их участии в иммунном надзоре, защите кожи, регенерации, ангиогенезе и ремоделировании тканей. Представлен анализ роли макрофагов в ответе на косметологические процедуры – аблятивные и неаблятивные лазеры 10 600 и 1550 нм, микроигольчатый RF, SMAS-лифтинг, инъекции полимолочной кислоты, гидроксиапатита кальция, роли клеток Лангерганса в ответе на внешние стимулы ультрафиолетового облучения, косметики и др., роли макрофагов в развитии фиброза (M₁-инициация, M_2a-пролиферация, M_2c-разрешение, SPP1+ с CXCL4 от тромбоцитов, PRP-гипотеза), регуляции популяции адипоцитов в дермально ассоциированной жировой ткани dWAT, элиминации биоматериалов. Уделено внимание резидентным макрофагам дермы, расположенным периваскулярно и периневрально в сосочковом и сетчатом слоях, их способности к пролиферации in situ для поддержания гомеостаза, синтеза ферментов коллагеназ, эластаз, гиалуронидазы и цитокинов, регулирующих функции клеток дермы и эпидермиса.

Ключевые слова: макрофаги, моноциты, дермально ассоциированная жировая ткань, клетки Лангерганса, фагоцитоз, гигантские клетки инородного тела, фиброз кожи

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Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of immune cells derived primarily from bone marrow monocytes and embryonic yolk sac erythromyeloid progenitors, capable of altering their phenotype and functions depending on the microenvironment. This article presents a review of current knowledge on the origin, structure, and function of dermal macrophages, including historical data from the first observations by I.A.E. Goeze (1777), confirmed by W.F. von Gleichen-Russwurm, the term "Fresszellen" by K. Klaus, and the phagocytic theory of I.I. Mechnikov (1882–1884) to the M1/M2 dichotomy of Mills et al. (early 2000s). This paper summarizes literature data on the human monocyte-macrophage system in both normal and pathological conditions, taking into account the heterogeneity of classical monocytes as precursors of tissue macrophages, non-classical monocytes for endothelial homeostasis, intermediate and organ-specific macrophages (Langerhans cells in the epidermis, microglia in the central nervous system, and Kupffer cells in the liver). Data are presented on various macrophage phenotypes, from proinflammatory M1 with glycolytic metabolism and inducible nitric oxide synthase to reparative M2 with mitochondrial respiration and arginase-1, and their involvement in immune surveillance, skin protection, regeneration, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. The article presents an analysis of the role of macrophages in response to cosmetic procedures: ablative and non-ablative lasers 10600 and 1550 nm, microneedle RF, SMAS-lifting, injections of polylactic acid, calcium hydroxyapatite, the role of Langerhans cells in response to external stimuli of ultraviolet radiation, cosmetics, etc., the role of macrophages in the development of fibrosis M₁-initiation, M_2a-proliferation, M_2c-resolution, SPP1+ with CXCL4 from platelets, PRP-hypothesis, regulation of the adipocyte population in dermal-associated adipose tissue dWAT, elimination of biomaterials. Attention is paid to resident dermal macrophages located perivascularly and perineurally in the papillary and reticular layers, their ability to proliferate in situ to maintain homeostasis, the synthesis of collagenase enzymes, elastase, hyaluronidase and cytokines that regulate the functions of dermal and epidermal cells.

Keywords: macrophages, monocytes, dermal white adipose tissue, Langerhans cells, phagocytosis, foreign body giant cell, skin fibrosis

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1. Stossel TP. On the crawling of animal cells. Science. 1993;260(5111):1086-94. DOI:10.1126/science.8493552
2. Ельчанинов А.В., Фатхудинов Т.Х. Макрофаги. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2023. DOI:10.33029/9704-7780-9-EAM-2023-1-208
3. Guan F, Wang R, Yi Z, et al. Tissue macrophages: origin, heterogenity, biological functions, diseases and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025;10(1):93. DOI:10.1038/s41392-025-02124-y
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7. Coillard A, Segura E. In vivo Differentiation of Human Monocytes. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1907. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01907
8. Shapouri-Moghaddam A, Mohammadian S, Vazini H, et al. Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(9):6425-40. DOI:10.1002/jcp.26429
9. Mills CD, Kincaid K, Alt JM, et al. M-1/M-2 macrophages and the Th1/Th2 paradigm. J Immunol. 2000;164(12):6166-73. DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6166
10. Mantovani A, Sica A. Macrophages, innate immunity and cancer: balance, tolerance, and diversity. Curr Opin Immunol. 2010;22(2):231-7. DOI:10.1016/j.coi.2010.01.009
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23. Cook DN, Nakano H. A new wrinkle for skin dendritic cell migration. Blood. 2021;137(20):2716-7. DOI:10.1182/blood.2020010619
24. Ginhoux F, Schultze JL, Murray PJ, et al. New insights into the multidimensional concept of macrophage ontogeny, activation and function. Nat Immunol. 2016;17(1):34-40. DOI:10.1038/ni.3324
25. Yu Y, Yue Z, Xu M, et al. Macrophages play a key role in tissue repair and regeneration. PeerJ. 2022;10:e14053. DOI:10.7717/peerj.14053
26. Jain N, Moeller J, Vogel V. Mechanobiology of Macrophages: How Physical Factors Coregulate Macrophage Plasticity and Phagocytosis. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2019;21:267-97. DOI:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121224
27. Hatakeyama M, Fukunaga A, Washio K, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Role of Langerhans Cells and Apoptotic Keratinocytes in Ultraviolet-B-Induced Cutaneous Inflammation. J Immunol. 2017;199(8):2937-47. DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1601681
28. Wang K, Wen D, Xu X, et al. Extracellular matrix stiffness – The central cue for skin fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci. 2023;10:1132353. DOI:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1132353
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31. Maksimova AA, Shevela EYa, Sakhno LV. Production of factors involved into fibrosis regulation by various types of human macrophages. Medical Immunology. 2020;22(4):625-32 (in Russian). DOI:10.15789/1563-0625-POF-1954
32. Craig VJ, Zhang L, Hagood JS, Owen CA. Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2015;53(5):585-600. DOI:10.1165/rcmb.2015-0020TR
33. Gensel JC, Zhang B. Macrophage activation and its role in repair and pathology after spinal cord injury. Brain Res. 2015;1619:1-11. DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.045
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Авторы

Л.В. Кирсанова*^1–3, Е.Р. Аравийская^1,2, М.Г. Рыбакова¹, Е.В. Соколовский¹, А.И. Богатенков²

¹ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация
²Институт красоты «Галактика», Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация
³Клиника косметологии Candela, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация
*lvkirsanova@yandex.ru

________________________________________________

Lesia V. Kirsanova*^1–3, Elena R. Araviiskaia^1,2, Margarita G. Rybakova¹, Evgeny V. Sokolovskiy¹, Alexey I. Bogatenkov²

¹Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
²Galaxy Beauty Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation;
³Candela Cosmetology Clinic, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
*lvkirsanova@yandex.ru

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