Современный взгляд на регуляторную роль некодирующих РНК и экзосом в развитии воспалительных заболеваний кишечника: обзор литературы

Стрельникова Е.А., Мардамшина Г.Р., Тихонова А.В., Шокурова Е.П., Мерзахмедова К.Х., Камалова Р.Ф., Мингазов Д. Р., Хабибуллина С.Р., Магомедов М.А., Магомедова А.О., Муртузова Ж.М., Карабекова М.Б., Амирханова Р.Р., Апряткина Т.А. Современный взгляд на регуляторную роль некодирующих РНК и экзосом в развитии воспалительных заболеваний кишечника: обзор литературы. Consilium Medicum. 2026;28(5):1–7. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2026.5.203441

© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2026 г.

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Strelnikova EA, Mardamshina GR, Tikhonova AV, Shokurova EP, Merzakhmedova KKh, Kamalova RF, Mingazov DR, Khabibullina SR, Magomedov MA, Magomedova AO, Murtuzova ZhM, Karabekova MB, Amirkhanova RR, Apryatkina TA. A modern perspective on the regulatory role of non-coding RNAs and exosomes in inflammatory bowel disease development: A literature review. Consilium Medicum. 2026;28(5):1–7. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2026.5.203441

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Аннотация

Обзор литературы посвящен систематизации современных данных о регуляторной роли некодирующих РНК (нкРНК) и экзосом в патогенезе воспалительных заболеваний кишечника (ВЗК). Для подготовки обзора проведен поиск в базах данных PubMed, OVID MEDLINE, Google Scholar и ScienceDirect за период с 2018 по 2025 г. с использованием ключевых слов, соответствующих тематике. Критериями включения стали оригинальные исследования, изучающие молекулярные механизмы ВЗК, с акцентом на роль нкРНК и экзосом в диагностике и терапии ВЗК. Установлено, что различные классы нкРНК являются ключевыми регуляторами иммунного ответа, воспаления и целостности кишечного барьера. Провоспалительные miRNA (такие как miR-21, miR-155) способствуют хронизации воспалительного процесса путем активации пути транскрипционного фактора, в то время как снижение противовоспалительных miRNA (miR-146a) может привести к дисфункции компонентов иммунной системы. Экзосомы, в свою очередь, выступают медиаторами межклеточной коммуникации, обладая амбивалентными эффектами: они могут как усугублять воспаление, перенося провоспалительные факторы, так и оказывать выраженный терапевтический эффект, доставляя противовоспалительные агенты. Экзосомы из мезенхимальных стволовых клеток показали наиболее высокую эффективность благодаря своей способности к поляризации макрофагов в противовоспалительный фенотип М2, восстановлению барьерной функции и модуляции цитокинов. Полученные данные открывают новые перспективы для разработки неинвазивных диагностических биомаркеров на основе нкРНК и инновационных терапевтических стратегий, таких как ингибирование патогенных нкРНК антисмысловыми олигонуклеотидами и применение противовоспалительных экзосом для таргетной терапии. Однако для внедрения в клиническую практику необходимы стандартизация методов выделения, валидация биомаркеров и решение вопросов безопасности их применения и производства.

Ключевые слова: воспалительные заболевания кишечника, некодирующие РНК, болезнь Крона, язвенный колит, эпигенетическая регуляция, иммунная регуляция, воспаление, кишечный барьер, экзосомальные везикулы, аутоиммунные процессы

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This literature review systematically synthesizes current data on the regulatory role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and exosomes in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The review was prepared by searching PubMed, OVID MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases for the period 2018–2025 using relevant keywords. Inclusion criteria were original studies investigating the molecular mechanisms of IBD, focusing on the role of ncRNAs and exosomes in IBD diagnosis and therapy. Various classes of ncRNAs were found to be key regulators of immune response, inflammation, and intestinal barrier integrity. Pro-inflammatory miRNAs (e.g., miR-21, miR-155) promote chronic inflammation by activating the NF-κB pathway, while reduced anti-inflammatory mirnas (e.g., miR-146a) can lead to immune system component dysfunction. Exosomes, in turn, mediate intercellular communication with ambivalent effects: they can exacerbate inflammation by transferring pro-inflammatory factors or exert significant therapeutic effects by delivering anti-inflammatory agents. Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells showed the highest efficacy due to their ability to polarize macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, restore barrier function, and modulate cytokines. The findings open new perspectives for developing non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers based on ncRNAs and innovative therapeutic strategies, such as inhibiting pathogenic ncRNAs with antisense oligonucleotides and using anti-inflammatory exosomes for targeted therapy. However, standardization of isolation methods, biomarker validation, and addressing safety concerns for their application and production are necessary for clinical implementation.

Keywords: inflammatory bowel disease, non-coding RNAs, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, epigenetic regulation, immune regulation, inflammation, intestinal barrier, exosomal vesicles, autoimmune processes

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1. Osipenko MF, Valuyskikh EYu, Svetlova IO, et al. The value of the register of inflammatory bowel diseases for assessing the quality of diagnostic and treatment measures. Eksperimentalnaia i klinicheskaia gastroenterologia. 2016;9(133):42-7 (in Russian).
2. Knyazev OV, Shkurko TV, Fadeeva NA, et al. Epidemiology of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Yesterday, today, tomorrow. Eksperimentalnaia i klinicheskaia gastroenterologia. 2017;3(139):4-12 (in Russian).
3. Kaplan GG, Bernstein CN, Coward S, et al. The impact of inflammatory bowel disease in Canada 2018: epidemiology. J Canadian Assoc Gastroenterol. 2019;2(Supplement_1):S6-16. DOI:10.1093/jcag/gwy054
4. Belousova EA, Abdulganieva DI, Alexeeva OP, et al. Socio-demographic characteristics, disease course features and treatment options for inflammatory bowel disease in Russia: Results of two multicenter studies. Almanakh klinicheskoi meditsiny. 2018;46(5):445-63 (in Russian). DOI:10.18786/2072-0505-2018-46-5-445-463
5. Shchigoleva AE, Shumilov PV, Shumilov AP. Inflammatory bowel disease with a very early onset. Pediatria. Zhurnal im. G.N. Speranskogo. 2018;97(6):141-6 (in Russian). DOI:10.24110/0031-403X-2018-97-6-141-146
6. Katsanos KH, Papadakis KA. Inflammatory bowel disease: updates on molecular targets for biologics. Gut Liver. 2017;11(4):455-63. DOI:10.5009/gnl16308
7. Khlynovа OV, Kosareva PV, Fadeev DS, et al. The role of B-lymphocytes and plasma cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Eksperimentalnaia i klinicheskaia gastroenterologia. 2023;6(214):39-46 (in Russian). DOI:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-214-6-39-46
8. Saadh MJ, Allela OQB, Al-Hussainy AF, et al. Exosomal non-coding RNAs: gatekeepers of inflammation in autoimmune disease. J Inflammation. 2025;22(1):18. DOI:10.1186/s12950-025-00443-z
9. Feng F, Jiao P, Wang J, et al. Role of long noncoding RNAs in the regulation of cellular immune response and inflammatory diseases. Cells. 2022;11(22):3642. DOI:10.3390/cells11223642
10. Andreev VP, Tsyrkunov VM. Micro-RNA as potential non-invasive markers of pathological conditions of the liver. Gepatologia i gastroenterologia. 2023;7(2):105-11 (in Russian). DOI:10.25298/2616-5546-2023-7-2-105-111
11. Roulé T, Christ A, Hussain N, et al. The lncRNA MARS modulates the epigenetic reprogramming of the marneral cluster in response to ABA. Molecular Plant. 2022;15(5):840-56. DOI:10.1016/j.molp.2022.02.007
12. Santos AS, Santos-Bezerra DP, Ferreira LRP, et al. Relevance of Circulating microRNA, and their Association with Islet Cell Autoantibodies in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis. Arch Med Res. 2025;56(2):103114. DOI:10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103114
13. Mudrov VP. RNA as a biomarker in clinical laboratory diagnostics. Laboratornaia meditsina. 2024;15(1-2):13-23 (in Russian). DOI:10.58953/15621790_2024_15_1-2_13
14. Kornilov DO, Tryapitsyn MA, Simarzina VM, et al. Prospects for the use of microRNA in modern methods of diagnosis and therapy. Vestnik uralskoi meditsinskoi akademicheskoi nauki. 2022;19(2):109-31 (in Russian). DOI:10.22138/2500-0918-2022-19-2-109-131
15. Pan Y, Tang X, Xie Y, et al. Long non-coding RNA BCAR4 regulates osteosarcoma progression by targeting microRNA-1260a. Bulletin du Cancer. 2025;112(4):375-86. DOI:10.1016/j.bulcan.2024.09.003
16. Lopez-Noriega L, Callingham R, Martinez-Sánchez A, et al. Roles for the long non-coding RNA Pax6os1/PAX6-AS1 in pancreatic beta cell function. iScience. 2025;28(1). DOI:10.1016/j.isci.2024.111518
17. Dunn-Davies H, Dudnakova T, Nogara A, et al. Control of endothelial cell function and arteriogenesis by MEG3: EZH2 epigenetic regulation of integrin expression. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2024;35(2). DOI:10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102173
18. Avci CB, Edgunlu TG, Suzek T, et al. Propofol orchestrates long non-coding RNAs in MCF7 cells, unraveling new avenues for breast cancer intervention. Eur J Med Chem Rep. 2024;12:100186. DOI:10.1016/j.ejmcr.2024.100186
19. Ma J, Zhang Y, Sun Z, et al. LncRNA PVT1 promotes cuproptosis through transcriptional activation of FDX1 in colorectal cancer. Redox Biol. 2025:103722. DOI:10.1016/j.redox.2025.103722
20. Clua-Ferré L, Suau R, Vañó-Segarra I, et al. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: A focus on inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Transl Med. 2024;14(11):e70075. DOI:10.1002/ctm2.70075
21. Konopliannikov MA, Knyazev OV, Baklaushev VP. Primenenie MSK dlia terapii vospalitelnykh zabolevanii kishechnika. Klinicheskaia praktika. 2021;12(1):53-65 (in Russian). DOI:10.17816/clinpract64530
22. Dong B, Wang C, Zhang J, et al. Exosomes from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells attenuate the inflammation of severe steroid-resistant asthma by reshaping macrophage polarization. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12(1):204. DOI:10.1186/s13287-021-02244-6
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Авторы

Е.А. Стрельникова*¹, Г.Р. Мардамшина¹, А.В. Тихонова¹, Е.П. Шокурова¹, К.Х. Мерзахмедова¹, Р.Ф. Камалова¹, Д.Р. Мингазов¹, С.Р. Хабибуллина¹, М.А. Магомедов², А.О. Магомедова², Ж.М. Муртузова², М.Б. Карабекова², Р.Р. Амирханова², Т.А. Апряткина³

¹ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Уфа, Россия;
²ФГБОУ ВО «Дагестанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Махачкала, Россия;
³ФГБОУ ВО «Воронежский государственный медицинский университет им. Н.Н. Бурденко» Минздрава России, Воронеж,
*krios.gip.14@mail.ru

________________________________________________

Elizaveta A. Strelnikova*¹, Guzel R. Mardamshina¹, Adelina V. Tikhonova¹, Ekaterina P. Shokurova¹, Kamila Kh. Merzakhmedova¹, Regina F. Kamalova¹, Daniil R. Mingazov¹, Safiya R. Khabibullina¹, Magomedsaid A. Magomedov², Anisat O. Magomedova², Zhavgarat M. Murtuzova², Malena B. Karabekova², Raksana R. Amirkhanova², Tatyana A. Apryatkina³

¹Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia;
²Dagestan State Medical University, Makhachkala, Russia;
³Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, Voronezh, Russia
*krios.gip.14@mail.ru

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