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Тимол: антибактериальная, противогрибковая и антиоксидантная активность
Тимол: антибактериальная, противогрибковая и антиоксидантная активность
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Аннотация
Адгезия – существенная предпосылка для патогенеза бактериальных и грибковых инфекций, так как микроорганизмы должны закрепиться на клетках слизистой оболочки, чтобы размножиться и создать колонии, прежде чем могут быть обнаружены определенные симптомы заболевания. Это особенно верно в случае женских мочеполовых инфекций, таких как инфекции мочевыводящих путей, бактериальный вагиноз и вагинит. Сообщалось, что тимол (компонент эфирного масла тимьяна) оказывает определенное действие на различные микроорганизмы и может влиять на адгезивность микроорганизмов – главный определяющий фактор бактериальной и грибковой вирулентности. Тимол значительно уменьшает адгезию Escherichia coli к эпителиальным клеткам влагалища при концентрациях в пределах от 1/2 до 1/32 МИК (минимальной ингибирующей концентрации), а также адгезию Staphylococcus aureus при концентрациях в пределах от 1/2 до 1/16 МИК. Candida albicans особенно приспособлены к закреплению на эпителиальных клетках влагалища (ЭКВ), эндотелиальных клетках, растворимых факторах и внеклеточном матриксе, однако инкубация этих микроорганизмов с тимолом уменьшает их адгезию к ЭКВ в диапазоне концентраций тимола от 1/2 до 1/8 МИК, причем просматривается существенная линейная зависимость.
Производные фенола, в частности тимол, также играют важную роль ввиду их антиоксидантной активности. Во время дыхательного взрыва и цитолиза микроорганизмов нейтрофилы продуцируют реактивные разновидности кислорода, выброс которых может вызвать окислительный стресс и повреждение тканей. Использование люминолзависимой хемилюминесценции показало, что тимол, инкубированный с человеческими нейтрофилами, значительно уменьшает выброс окислителя – до 2,73 мкг/мл.
Наряду с другими результатами, имеющими отношение к адгезии бактерий и грибков, антиоксидантная активность тимола полезна для выработки стратегии защиты против вагиноза и вагинита. Проявление одной молекулой всех трех видов активности – антибактериальной, противогрибковой и антиоксидантной – также может дать и синергетический эффект.
Ключевые слова: тимол, бактерии, грибки, антиадгезивный эффект, антиоксидантный эффект.
Производные фенола, в частности тимол, также играют важную роль ввиду их антиоксидантной активности. Во время дыхательного взрыва и цитолиза микроорганизмов нейтрофилы продуцируют реактивные разновидности кислорода, выброс которых может вызвать окислительный стресс и повреждение тканей. Использование люминолзависимой хемилюминесценции показало, что тимол, инкубированный с человеческими нейтрофилами, значительно уменьшает выброс окислителя – до 2,73 мкг/мл.
Наряду с другими результатами, имеющими отношение к адгезии бактерий и грибков, антиоксидантная активность тимола полезна для выработки стратегии защиты против вагиноза и вагинита. Проявление одной молекулой всех трех видов активности – антибактериальной, противогрибковой и антиоксидантной – также может дать и синергетический эффект.
Ключевые слова: тимол, бактерии, грибки, антиадгезивный эффект, антиоксидантный эффект.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Hammer KA, Carbon CF, Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol 1999; 86: 985–90.
2. Dorman HJD, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents fromplants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol 2000; 88: 308–16.
3. Kalemba D, Kunicka A. Antibacterial and antifungalproperties of essential oils. Curr Med Chem 2003; 10: 813–29.
4. Smith-Palmer A, Stewart J, FYFE L. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against fireimportant food-borne pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 1998; 26: 118–22.
5. Hulin V, Mathot AG, Mafart PDL. Les pro-priutus antimicrobiennes des huiles essentielles et composus d'aromes. Science Aliments 1998; 18: 563–82.
6. Rasooli I, Mirmostafa SA. Antibacterial propertiesof Thymus pubescens and Thymus serpyllum essential oils. Fitoterapia 2002; 73: 244–50.
7. Cosentino S, Tuberoso CIG, Pisano B et al. In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Lett Appl Microbiol 1999; 29: 130–5.
8. Marino M, Bersani C, COMI G. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Tymus vulgaris L. measured usingbioimpedometric method. J Food Protect 1999; 62: 1017–23.
9. Tacconi E, Portaluppi P, Camana MG et al. Le proprietа antimicrobiche dell'estratto di timo: confrontodell'attivitа esercitata su patogeni e su un simbionte umano(Lactobacillus acidophilus). Riv Ostet Ginecol Pratica e Med Perinatale 2003; 18: 1–4.
10. Portaluppi P, Camana MG, Tacconi E et al. Comparative experimental study on antibacterial and antimicotic activity of Thymus vulgaris and econazole. Giorn It Microbiol Medica e Odont Clin 2003; 7: 1–8.
11. Juliano C, Mattana A, Usai M. Composition
and invitro antimicrobial activity of essential oil Thymus herbabarona Loisel growing wold in Sardinia. J Essential Oil Res 2000; 12: 516–22.
12. King AD, Bayne HG, Jurd L, Case C. Antimicrobial properties of natural phenols and related compounds: Obtusastyrene and dihydroobtusastyrene. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother 1972; 1: 263–7.
13. Knobloch K, Pauli A, Iberl B et al. Antibacterialand antifungal properties of essential oil components. J Essential Oil Res 1989; 1: 119–28.
14. Helander IM, Alakomi HL, Latva-Kala K et al. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram negative bacteria. J Agr Food Chem 1998; 46: 3590–5.
15. Braga PC. Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of seven macrolides and four fluoroquinolones on adhesion of Staphy loco ccus aureus to human mucosal cells. Chemotherapy 1994; 40: 304–10.
16. Braga PC, PIATTI G. Favourable effects of subMICrufloxacin concentrations in decreasing the pathogen host celladhesion. Pharmacol Res 1993; 28: 11–9.
17. Reid G, Bruce AW, Fraser N et al. Oral probioticscan resolve urogenital infections. FEMS Immun Med Microbiol 2001; 30: 49–52.
18. Didry N, Dubreuil L, Pinkas M. Activity of thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on oral bacteria. Pharmacol Acta Helv 1994; 69: 25–8.
19. Dal Sasso M, Culici M, Guffanti EE et al. Thymol inhibitory activity on Escherichiacoli and Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to human vaginal cells. J Essent Oil Res (submitted), 2005.
20. Culici M, Capretti V, Dal Sasso M et al. Evaluation of thymol inhibition of Candida Albicans adhesiveness to human vaginal cells. GIMMOC (in press), 2005.
21. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. In vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifoglia (Teatree) oil and tea tree oil products against Candida spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 591–5.
22. Barnes B. The development of topical applications containing tea tree oils for vaginal conditions. In: Modern Phytotherapy. The Clinical Significance of Tea Tree Oil andother Essential oils. Proceedings of a Conference in Sydney, September 17. 1989; I: 27–35.
23. Blackwell AL. Tea tree oil and anaerobic (bacterial) vaginosis. Lancet 1991; 337: 330.
24. Sanchez ME, Turina A, Garcia DA et al. Surface activityof thymol: implications for an eventual pharmacological activity. Colloid Surface B (Biointerfaces) 2004; 34: 77–86.
25. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antifungaleffects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its components on Candida albicans, Candida globrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Antimicr Chemother 2004; 53: 1081–5.
26. Sikkema J, De Bont JAM, Poolman B. Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microb Rev 1995; 59: 201–22.
27. Bard M, Albrecht MR, Gupta N et al. Geraniolinterferes with membrane functions in strains of Candida andSaccharomyces. Lipids 1988; 23: 534–8.
28. Uribe S, Ramirez J, Pena A. Effects of pinene onyeast membrane functions. J Bacteriol 1985; 161: 1195–200.
29. Shapiro S, Guggenheim B. The action of thymol onoral bacteria. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1995; 10: 241–6.
30. Bennis S, Chami F, Chami N et al. Surface alterations of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeinduced by thymol and eugenol. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004; 38: 454–8.
31. Sandin RL, Rogers AL, Fernandez MI, Berreke ES. Variations in affinity to Candida albicans invitro among human buccal epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 1987; 24: 151–5.
32. Douglas LJ. Adhesion of Candida species to epithelial surfaces. Crit Rev Microbiol 1987; 15: 27–43.
33. Braga PC. Personal communication, 2005.
34. Aescbarch R, Loliger J, Scott BC et al. Antioxi_dant action of thymol, carvacrol, 6-gingerol, zingerone andhydroxytyrosol. Food Chem Toxicol 1994; 32: 31–6.
35. Kekhuijzen PNR. Antioxidant properties of N-acetylcysteine: their relevance in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Resp J 2004; 23: 629–36.
36. Teissedre PI, Waterhouse AI. Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins by phenolic substances indifferent essential oil varieties. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48: 3801–5.
37. Zheng W, Wang SY. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49: 5165–70.
2. Dorman HJD, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents fromplants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol 2000; 88: 308–16.
3. Kalemba D, Kunicka A. Antibacterial and antifungalproperties of essential oils. Curr Med Chem 2003; 10: 813–29.
4. Smith-Palmer A, Stewart J, FYFE L. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against fireimportant food-borne pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 1998; 26: 118–22.
5. Hulin V, Mathot AG, Mafart PDL. Les pro-priutus antimicrobiennes des huiles essentielles et composus d'aromes. Science Aliments 1998; 18: 563–82.
6. Rasooli I, Mirmostafa SA. Antibacterial propertiesof Thymus pubescens and Thymus serpyllum essential oils. Fitoterapia 2002; 73: 244–50.
7. Cosentino S, Tuberoso CIG, Pisano B et al. In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Lett Appl Microbiol 1999; 29: 130–5.
8. Marino M, Bersani C, COMI G. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Tymus vulgaris L. measured usingbioimpedometric method. J Food Protect 1999; 62: 1017–23.
9. Tacconi E, Portaluppi P, Camana MG et al. Le proprietа antimicrobiche dell'estratto di timo: confrontodell'attivitа esercitata su patogeni e su un simbionte umano(Lactobacillus acidophilus). Riv Ostet Ginecol Pratica e Med Perinatale 2003; 18: 1–4.
10. Portaluppi P, Camana MG, Tacconi E et al. Comparative experimental study on antibacterial and antimicotic activity of Thymus vulgaris and econazole. Giorn It Microbiol Medica e Odont Clin 2003; 7: 1–8.
11. Juliano C, Mattana A, Usai M. Composition
and invitro antimicrobial activity of essential oil Thymus herbabarona Loisel growing wold in Sardinia. J Essential Oil Res 2000; 12: 516–22.
12. King AD, Bayne HG, Jurd L, Case C. Antimicrobial properties of natural phenols and related compounds: Obtusastyrene and dihydroobtusastyrene. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother 1972; 1: 263–7.
13. Knobloch K, Pauli A, Iberl B et al. Antibacterialand antifungal properties of essential oil components. J Essential Oil Res 1989; 1: 119–28.
14. Helander IM, Alakomi HL, Latva-Kala K et al. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram negative bacteria. J Agr Food Chem 1998; 46: 3590–5.
15. Braga PC. Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of seven macrolides and four fluoroquinolones on adhesion of Staphy loco ccus aureus to human mucosal cells. Chemotherapy 1994; 40: 304–10.
16. Braga PC, PIATTI G. Favourable effects of subMICrufloxacin concentrations in decreasing the pathogen host celladhesion. Pharmacol Res 1993; 28: 11–9.
17. Reid G, Bruce AW, Fraser N et al. Oral probioticscan resolve urogenital infections. FEMS Immun Med Microbiol 2001; 30: 49–52.
18. Didry N, Dubreuil L, Pinkas M. Activity of thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on oral bacteria. Pharmacol Acta Helv 1994; 69: 25–8.
19. Dal Sasso M, Culici M, Guffanti EE et al. Thymol inhibitory activity on Escherichiacoli and Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to human vaginal cells. J Essent Oil Res (submitted), 2005.
20. Culici M, Capretti V, Dal Sasso M et al. Evaluation of thymol inhibition of Candida Albicans adhesiveness to human vaginal cells. GIMMOC (in press), 2005.
21. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. In vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifoglia (Teatree) oil and tea tree oil products against Candida spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 591–5.
22. Barnes B. The development of topical applications containing tea tree oils for vaginal conditions. In: Modern Phytotherapy. The Clinical Significance of Tea Tree Oil andother Essential oils. Proceedings of a Conference in Sydney, September 17. 1989; I: 27–35.
23. Blackwell AL. Tea tree oil and anaerobic (bacterial) vaginosis. Lancet 1991; 337: 330.
24. Sanchez ME, Turina A, Garcia DA et al. Surface activityof thymol: implications for an eventual pharmacological activity. Colloid Surface B (Biointerfaces) 2004; 34: 77–86.
25. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antifungaleffects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its components on Candida albicans, Candida globrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Antimicr Chemother 2004; 53: 1081–5.
26. Sikkema J, De Bont JAM, Poolman B. Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microb Rev 1995; 59: 201–22.
27. Bard M, Albrecht MR, Gupta N et al. Geraniolinterferes with membrane functions in strains of Candida andSaccharomyces. Lipids 1988; 23: 534–8.
28. Uribe S, Ramirez J, Pena A. Effects of pinene onyeast membrane functions. J Bacteriol 1985; 161: 1195–200.
29. Shapiro S, Guggenheim B. The action of thymol onoral bacteria. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1995; 10: 241–6.
30. Bennis S, Chami F, Chami N et al. Surface alterations of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeinduced by thymol and eugenol. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004; 38: 454–8.
31. Sandin RL, Rogers AL, Fernandez MI, Berreke ES. Variations in affinity to Candida albicans invitro among human buccal epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 1987; 24: 151–5.
32. Douglas LJ. Adhesion of Candida species to epithelial surfaces. Crit Rev Microbiol 1987; 15: 27–43.
33. Braga PC. Personal communication, 2005.
34. Aescbarch R, Loliger J, Scott BC et al. Antioxi_dant action of thymol, carvacrol, 6-gingerol, zingerone andhydroxytyrosol. Food Chem Toxicol 1994; 32: 31–6.
35. Kekhuijzen PNR. Antioxidant properties of N-acetylcysteine: their relevance in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Resp J 2004; 23: 629–36.
36. Teissedre PI, Waterhouse AI. Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins by phenolic substances indifferent essential oil varieties. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48: 3801–5.
37. Zheng W, Wang SY. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49: 5165–70.
2. Dorman HJD, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents fromplants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol 2000; 88: 308–16.
3. Kalemba D, Kunicka A. Antibacterial and antifungalproperties of essential oils. Curr Med Chem 2003; 10: 813–29.
4. Smith-Palmer A, Stewart J, FYFE L. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against fireimportant food-borne pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 1998; 26: 118–22.
5. Hulin V, Mathot AG, Mafart PDL. Les pro-priutus antimicrobiennes des huiles essentielles et composus d'aromes. Science Aliments 1998; 18: 563–82.
6. Rasooli I, Mirmostafa SA. Antibacterial propertiesof Thymus pubescens and Thymus serpyllum essential oils. Fitoterapia 2002; 73: 244–50.
7. Cosentino S, Tuberoso CIG, Pisano B et al. In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Lett Appl Microbiol 1999; 29: 130–5.
8. Marino M, Bersani C, COMI G. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Tymus vulgaris L. measured usingbioimpedometric method. J Food Protect 1999; 62: 1017–23.
9. Tacconi E, Portaluppi P, Camana MG et al. Le proprietа antimicrobiche dell'estratto di timo: confrontodell'attivitа esercitata su patogeni e su un simbionte umano(Lactobacillus acidophilus). Riv Ostet Ginecol Pratica e Med Perinatale 2003; 18: 1–4.
10. Portaluppi P, Camana MG, Tacconi E et al. Comparative experimental study on antibacterial and antimicotic activity of Thymus vulgaris and econazole. Giorn It Microbiol Medica e Odont Clin 2003; 7: 1–8.
11. Juliano C, Mattana A, Usai M. Composition
and invitro antimicrobial activity of essential oil Thymus herbabarona Loisel growing wold in Sardinia. J Essential Oil Res 2000; 12: 516–22.
12. King AD, Bayne HG, Jurd L, Case C. Antimicrobial properties of natural phenols and related compounds: Obtusastyrene and dihydroobtusastyrene. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother 1972; 1: 263–7.
13. Knobloch K, Pauli A, Iberl B et al. Antibacterialand antifungal properties of essential oil components. J Essential Oil Res 1989; 1: 119–28.
14. Helander IM, Alakomi HL, Latva-Kala K et al. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram negative bacteria. J Agr Food Chem 1998; 46: 3590–5.
15. Braga PC. Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of seven macrolides and four fluoroquinolones on adhesion of Staphy loco ccus aureus to human mucosal cells. Chemotherapy 1994; 40: 304–10.
16. Braga PC, PIATTI G. Favourable effects of subMICrufloxacin concentrations in decreasing the pathogen host celladhesion. Pharmacol Res 1993; 28: 11–9.
17. Reid G, Bruce AW, Fraser N et al. Oral probioticscan resolve urogenital infections. FEMS Immun Med Microbiol 2001; 30: 49–52.
18. Didry N, Dubreuil L, Pinkas M. Activity of thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on oral bacteria. Pharmacol Acta Helv 1994; 69: 25–8.
19. Dal Sasso M, Culici M, Guffanti EE et al. Thymol inhibitory activity on Escherichiacoli and Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to human vaginal cells. J Essent Oil Res (submitted), 2005.
20. Culici M, Capretti V, Dal Sasso M et al. Evaluation of thymol inhibition of Candida Albicans adhesiveness to human vaginal cells. GIMMOC (in press), 2005.
21. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. In vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifoglia (Teatree) oil and tea tree oil products against Candida spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 591–5.
22. Barnes B. The development of topical applications containing tea tree oils for vaginal conditions. In: Modern Phytotherapy. The Clinical Significance of Tea Tree Oil andother Essential oils. Proceedings of a Conference in Sydney, September 17. 1989; I: 27–35.
23. Blackwell AL. Tea tree oil and anaerobic (bacterial) vaginosis. Lancet 1991; 337: 330.
24. Sanchez ME, Turina A, Garcia DA et al. Surface activityof thymol: implications for an eventual pharmacological activity. Colloid Surface B (Biointerfaces) 2004; 34: 77–86.
25. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antifungaleffects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its components on Candida albicans, Candida globrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Antimicr Chemother 2004; 53: 1081–5.
26. Sikkema J, De Bont JAM, Poolman B. Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microb Rev 1995; 59: 201–22.
27. Bard M, Albrecht MR, Gupta N et al. Geraniolinterferes with membrane functions in strains of Candida andSaccharomyces. Lipids 1988; 23: 534–8.
28. Uribe S, Ramirez J, Pena A. Effects of pinene onyeast membrane functions. J Bacteriol 1985; 161: 1195–200.
29. Shapiro S, Guggenheim B. The action of thymol onoral bacteria. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1995; 10: 241–6.
30. Bennis S, Chami F, Chami N et al. Surface alterations of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeinduced by thymol and eugenol. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004; 38: 454–8.
31. Sandin RL, Rogers AL, Fernandez MI, Berreke ES. Variations in affinity to Candida albicans invitro among human buccal epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 1987; 24: 151–5.
32. Douglas LJ. Adhesion of Candida species to epithelial surfaces. Crit Rev Microbiol 1987; 15: 27–43.
33. Braga PC. Personal communication, 2005.
34. Aescbarch R, Loliger J, Scott BC et al. Antioxi_dant action of thymol, carvacrol, 6-gingerol, zingerone andhydroxytyrosol. Food Chem Toxicol 1994; 32: 31–6.
35. Kekhuijzen PNR. Antioxidant properties of N-acetylcysteine: their relevance in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Resp J 2004; 23: 629–36.
36. Teissedre PI, Waterhouse AI. Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins by phenolic substances indifferent essential oil varieties. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48: 3801–5.
37. Zheng W, Wang SY. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49: 5165–70.
________________________________________________
2. Dorman HJD, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents fromplants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol 2000; 88: 308–16.
3. Kalemba D, Kunicka A. Antibacterial and antifungalproperties of essential oils. Curr Med Chem 2003; 10: 813–29.
4. Smith-Palmer A, Stewart J, FYFE L. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against fireimportant food-borne pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 1998; 26: 118–22.
5. Hulin V, Mathot AG, Mafart PDL. Les pro-priutus antimicrobiennes des huiles essentielles et composus d'aromes. Science Aliments 1998; 18: 563–82.
6. Rasooli I, Mirmostafa SA. Antibacterial propertiesof Thymus pubescens and Thymus serpyllum essential oils. Fitoterapia 2002; 73: 244–50.
7. Cosentino S, Tuberoso CIG, Pisano B et al. In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Lett Appl Microbiol 1999; 29: 130–5.
8. Marino M, Bersani C, COMI G. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Tymus vulgaris L. measured usingbioimpedometric method. J Food Protect 1999; 62: 1017–23.
9. Tacconi E, Portaluppi P, Camana MG et al. Le proprietа antimicrobiche dell'estratto di timo: confrontodell'attivitа esercitata su patogeni e su un simbionte umano(Lactobacillus acidophilus). Riv Ostet Ginecol Pratica e Med Perinatale 2003; 18: 1–4.
10. Portaluppi P, Camana MG, Tacconi E et al. Comparative experimental study on antibacterial and antimicotic activity of Thymus vulgaris and econazole. Giorn It Microbiol Medica e Odont Clin 2003; 7: 1–8.
11. Juliano C, Mattana A, Usai M. Composition
and invitro antimicrobial activity of essential oil Thymus herbabarona Loisel growing wold in Sardinia. J Essential Oil Res 2000; 12: 516–22.
12. King AD, Bayne HG, Jurd L, Case C. Antimicrobial properties of natural phenols and related compounds: Obtusastyrene and dihydroobtusastyrene. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother 1972; 1: 263–7.
13. Knobloch K, Pauli A, Iberl B et al. Antibacterialand antifungal properties of essential oil components. J Essential Oil Res 1989; 1: 119–28.
14. Helander IM, Alakomi HL, Latva-Kala K et al. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram negative bacteria. J Agr Food Chem 1998; 46: 3590–5.
15. Braga PC. Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of seven macrolides and four fluoroquinolones on adhesion of Staphy loco ccus aureus to human mucosal cells. Chemotherapy 1994; 40: 304–10.
16. Braga PC, PIATTI G. Favourable effects of subMICrufloxacin concentrations in decreasing the pathogen host celladhesion. Pharmacol Res 1993; 28: 11–9.
17. Reid G, Bruce AW, Fraser N et al. Oral probioticscan resolve urogenital infections. FEMS Immun Med Microbiol 2001; 30: 49–52.
18. Didry N, Dubreuil L, Pinkas M. Activity of thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on oral bacteria. Pharmacol Acta Helv 1994; 69: 25–8.
19. Dal Sasso M, Culici M, Guffanti EE et al. Thymol inhibitory activity on Escherichiacoli and Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to human vaginal cells. J Essent Oil Res (submitted), 2005.
20. Culici M, Capretti V, Dal Sasso M et al. Evaluation of thymol inhibition of Candida Albicans adhesiveness to human vaginal cells. GIMMOC (in press), 2005.
21. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. In vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifoglia (Teatree) oil and tea tree oil products against Candida spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 591–5.
22. Barnes B. The development of topical applications containing tea tree oils for vaginal conditions. In: Modern Phytotherapy. The Clinical Significance of Tea Tree Oil andother Essential oils. Proceedings of a Conference in Sydney, September 17. 1989; I: 27–35.
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Авторы
П.К.Брага
Миланский университет, Италия
Факультет фармакологии, медицинский колледж
Миланский университет, Италия
Факультет фармакологии, медицинский колледж
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