Экстренная контрацепция на современном этапе: дискуссии экспертов и практика

1. Jackson RA, Schwarz EB, Freedman L et al. Advance supply of emergency contraception: effect on use and usual contraception: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102: 8–16.
2. Sanfilippo SJ. Emergency contraception, the bottom line. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2011; 24 (1): 1.
3. Dixon GW, Schlesselman JJ, Ory HW, Blye RP. Ethinyl estradiol and conjugated estrogens as postcoital contraceptives. J Am Med Assoc 1980; 244: 1336–9.
4. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects on the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy, and sex of the baby. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1517–21.
5. Rodrigues I, Grou F, Joly J. Effectiveness of emergency contraception pills between 72 and 120 hours after unprotected sexual intercourse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184: 531–7.
6. Raymond E, Taylor D, Trussell J, Steiner MJ. Minimum effectiveness of the levonorgestrel regimen of emergency contraception. Contraception 2004; 69: 79–81.
7. Croxatto et al. Mechanism of Action of Hormonal Preparations Used for Emergency Contraception: A Review of the Literature. Contraception 2001; 63: 111–2.
8. Прилепская В.Н., Бебнева Т.Н. Экстренная контрацепция с применением гестагенов. Гедеон Рихтер в СНГ. 2002; 3: 30–3.
9. Emergency contraception Fact sheet N244 July 2012 http://www.who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs244/ru/
10. Ерофеева Л.В. Профилактика незапланированной беременности у молодежи. Акуш. и гинекол. 2014; 5: 68–73.
11. Прилепская В.Н., Куземин А.А., Абакарова П.Р. Экстренная контрацепция. Гинекология. 2007; 3: 21–4.
12. Таенкова И.О., Таенкова А.А. Опыт использования срочной гормональной контрацепции в работе социального «кризисного» центра для молодежи.  Дальневосточный мед. журн. 2000; 3: 78–9.
13. A national protocol for sexual assault medical forensic examinations, Second Edition. Washington DC: Department of Justice, 2013.
14. Goldenring JM, Allred G. Post-rape care in hospital emergency rooms. Am J Public Health 2001; 91: 1169–70. 
15. Stewart FH, Trussell J. Prevention of pregnancy resulting from rape: A neglected preventive health measure. Am J Prev Med 2000; 19: 228–9.
16. International Federation of Gynecology & Obstetrics (FIGO), International Consortuim on Emergency Contraception (ICEC). Mechanism of Action: How do levonorgestrel-only emergency contraceptive pills (LNG ECPs) prevent pregnancy? www.cecinfo.org.
17. Meyer JL, Gold MA. Haggerty Advance provision of emergency contraception among adolescent and young adult women: a systematic review of literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2011; 24: 2–9.
18. Gold MA, Wolford JE, Smith KA et al. The effects of advance provision of emergency contraception on adolescent women's sexual and contraceptive behaviors. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2004; 17: 87–96.
19. Statement on Contraceptive Methods. Washington DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, July 1998.
20. Díaz S, Cárdenas H, Brandeis A et al. Relative contributions of anovulation and luteal phase defect to the reduced pregnancy rate of breastfeeding women. Fertil Steril 1992; 58: 498–503.
21. Lewis PR, Brown JB, Renfree MB, Short RV. The resumption of ovulation and menstruation in a well-nourished population of women breastfeeding for an extended period of time. Fertil Steril 1991; 55: 529–36.
22. Brown JB, Harrisson P, Smith MA. A study of returning fertility after childbirth and during lactation by measurement of urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion and cervical mucus production. J Biosoc Sci 1985; 9 (Suppl.): 5–23.
23. Gray RH, Campbell OM, Apelo R et al. Risk of ovulation during lactation. Lancet 1990; 335: 25–9.
24. Swahn ML, Westlund P, Johannisson E, Bygdeman M. Effect of post-coital contraceptive methods on the endometrium and the menstrual cycle. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 738–44.
25. Ling WY, Robichaud A, Zayid I et al. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. Fertil Steril 1979; 32: 297–302.
26. Rowlands S, Kubba AA, Guillebaud J, Bounds W. A possible mechanism of action of danazol and an ethinylestradiol/norgestrel combination used as postcoital contraceptive agents. Contraception 1986; 33: 539–45.
27. Croxatto HB, Fuentalba B, Brache V et al. Effects of the Yuzpe regimen, given during the follicular phase, on ovarian function. Contraception 2002; 65: 121–8.
28. Kubba AA, White JO, Guillebaud J, Elder MG. The biochemistry of human endometrium after two regimens of postcoital contraception: a dl-norgestrel/ethinylestradiol combination or danazol. Fertil Steril 1986; 45: 512–6.
29. Ling WY, Wrixon W, Zayid I et al. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. II. Effect of postovulatory administration on ovarian function and endometrium. Fertil Steril 1983; 39: 292–7.
30. Yuzpe AA, Thurlow HJ, Ramzy I, Leyshon JI. Post coital contraception – a pilot study. J Reprod Med 1974; 13: 53–8.
31. Taskin O, Brown RW, Young DC et al. High doses of oral contraceptives do not alter endometrial α1 and ανβ3integrins in the late implantation window. Fertil Steril 1994; 61: 850–5.
32. Raymond EG, Lovely LP, Chen-Mok M et al. Effect of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception on markers of endometrial receptivity. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 2351–5.
33. Ling WY, Wrixon W, Acorn T et al. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. III. Effect of preovulatory administration following the luteinizing hormone surge on ovarian steroidogenesis. Fertil Steril 1983; 40: 631–6.
34. Croxatto HB, Devoto L, Durand M et al. Mechanism of action of hormonal preparations used for emergency contraception: a review of the literature. Contraception 2001; 63: 111–21.
35. Croxatto HB, Ortiz ME, Müller AL. Mechanisms of action of emergency contraception. Steroids 2003; 68: 1095–8.
36. Durand M, del Carmen Cravioto M, Raymond EG et al. On the mechanisms of action of short-term levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception. Contraception 2001; 64: 227–34.
37. Marions L, Hultenby K, Lindell I et al. Emergency contraception with mifepristone and levonorgestrel: mechanism of action. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100: 65–71.
38. Marions L, Cekan SZ, Bygdeman M, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Effect of emergency contraception with levonorgestrel or mifepristone on ovarian function. Contraception 2004; 69: 373–7.
39. Okewole IA, Arowojolu AO, Odusoga OL et al. Effect of single administration of levonorgestrel on the menstrual cycle. Contraception 2007; 75: 372–7.
40. Durand M, del Carmen Cravioto M, Raymond EG et al. On the mechanisms of action of short-term levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception. Contraception 2001; 64: 227–34.
41. Palomino WA, Kohen P, Devoto L. A single midcycle dose of levonorgestrel similar to emergency contraceptive does not alter the expression of the L-selectin ligand or molecular markers of endometrial receptivity. Fertil Steril 2010; 94: 1589–94.
42. Lalitkumar PG, Lalitkumar S, Meng CX et al. Mifepristone, but not levonorgestrel, inhibits human blastocyst attachment to an in vitro endometrial three-dimensional cell culture model. Human Reprod 2007; 22: 3031–7.
43. Meng CX, Andersson KL, Bentin-Ley U et al. Effect of levonorgestrel and mifepristone on endometrial receptivity markers in a three-dimensional human endometrial cell culture model. Fertil Steril 2009; 91: 256–64.
44. Kesserü E, Garmendia F, Westphal N, Parada J. The hormonal and peripheral effects of d-norgestrel in postcoital contraception. Contraception 1974; 10: 411–24.
45. Do Nascimento JA, Seppala M, Perdigao A et al. In vivo assessment of the human sperm acrosome reaction and the expression of glycodelin-A in human endometrium after levonorgestrel-emergency contraceptive pill administration. Hum Reprod 2007; 22: 2190–5.
46. Yeung WS, Chiu PC, Wang CH et al. The effects of levonorgestrel on various sperm functions. Contraception 2002; 66: 453–7.
47. Медицинские критерии приемлемости контрацепции в РФ. М., 2012.
48. Task Force on Post-Ovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Efficacy and side effects of immediate postcoital levonorgestrel used repeatedly for contraception. Contraception 2000; 61: 303–8.
49. Ho PC, Kwan MS. A prospective randomized comparison of levonorgestrel with the Yuzpe regimen in post-coital contraception. Hum Reprod 1993; 8: 389–92.
50. Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Lancet 1998; 352: 428–33.
51. Dada OA, Godfrey EM, Gilda Piaggio G, von Hertzen H. A randomized, double-blind, noninferiority study to compare two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception in Nigeria. Contraception 2010; 82: 373–8.
52. Farajkhoda T, Khoshbin A, Enjezab B et al. Assessment of two emergency contraceptive regimens in Iran: levonorgestrel ver Raymond EG, Goldberg A, Trussell J, Hays M, Roach E, Taylor D. Bleeding patterns after use of levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills. Contraception 2006; 73: 376–81.
53. Erratum. Contraception 2006; 74: 349–50. 
54. Gainer E, Kenfack B, Mboudou E et al. Menstrual bleeding patterns following levonorgestrel emergency contraception. Contraception 2006; 74: 118–24.
55. Tirelli A, Cagnacci A, Volpe A. Levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception: bleeding pattern and pituitary-ovarian function. Contraception 2008; 77: 328–32.
56. Glasier A. Emergency postcoital contraception. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1058–64.
57. Zhang L, Chen J, Wang Y et al. Pregnancy outcome after levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception failure: a prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod 2009; 24: 1605–11.
58. Raman-Wilms L, Tseng AL, Wighardt S et al. Fetal genital effects of first-trimester sex hormone exposure: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 141–9.
59. Bracken MB. Oral contraception and congenital malformations in offspring: a review and meta-analysis of the prospective studies. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 552–7.
60. Simpson JL, Phillips OP. Spermicides, hormonal contraception and congenital malformations. Adv Contraception 1990; 6: 141–67.
61. Food and Drug Administration. Prescription drug products; certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency contraception. Federal Regist 1997; 62: 8610–2.
62. Trussell J, Hedley A, Raymond E. Ectopic pregnancy following use of progestin-only ECPs [letter]. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2003; 29: 249.
63. Cleland K, Raymond E, Trussell J et al. Ectopic pregnancy and emergency contraception: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 1263–6.
64. Brown JB, Harrisson P, Smith MA. A study of returning fertility after childbirth and during lactation by measurement of urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion and cervical mucus production. J Biosoc Sci 1985; 9 (Suppl.): 5–23.
65. Gray RH, Campbell OM, Apelo R et al. Risk of ovulation during lactation. Lancet 1990; 335: 25–9.
66. Gainer E, Massai R, Lillo S et al. Levonorgestrel pharmacokinetics in plasma and milk of lactating women who take 1,5 mg for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod 2007; 22: 1578–84.
67. Polakow-Farkash S, Gilad O, Merlob P et al. Levonorgestrel used for emergency contraception during lactation-A prospective observational cohort study on maternal and infant safety. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26: 219–21.
68. Ellertson C, Trussell J, Stewart F, Winikoff B. Should emergency contraceptive pills be available without prescription? J Am Med Wom Assoc 1998; 53 (Suppl. 2): 226–9, 232.
69. Grimes DA, Raymond EG, Scott Jones B. Emergency contraception over-the-counter: the medical and legal imperatives. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98: 151–5.
70. Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. ARHP sign-on letter: Switch status of emergency contraceptive from Rx to OTC. Available at http://arhp.org/uploadDocs/ec_signon.pdf. Accessed 15 June 2010.
71. Glasier A, Cameron ST, Blithe D et al. Can we identify women at risk of pregnancy despite using emergency contraception? Data from randomized trials of ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel. Contraception 2011; 84: 363–7.
72. Prabakar I, Webb A. Emergency Contraception. BMJ 2012; 344: e1492.
73. Statement from Clinical Effectiveness Unit on Labelling of Levonorgestrel emergency contraception in Europe: reports of new advice on body weight and efficacy. Faculty of Reproductive and Sexual Healthcare. November 2013 http://www.fsrh.org/pdfs/CEUstatementLabellingLevonorgestrelEmergencyContraceptionEurope.pdf
74. Statement from Clinical Effectiveness Unit on Labelling of Levonorgestrel emergency contraception in Europe: reports of new advice on body weight and efficacy. Faculty of Reproductive and Sexual Healthcare. November 2013. http://www.fsrh.org/pdfs/CEUstatementLabellingLevonorgestrelEmergencyContraceptionEurope.pdf
75. European Medicines Agency Statement «Levonorgestrel and ulipristal remain suitable emergency contraceptives for all women, regardless of bodyweight» from 24/07/2014 http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/ index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2014/07/news_detail_002145.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1

________________________________________________

1. Jackson RA, Schwarz EB, Freedman L et al. Advance supply of emergency contraception: effect on use and usual contraception: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102: 8–16.
2. Sanfilippo SJ. Emergency contraception, the bottom line. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2011; 24 (1): 1.
3. Dixon GW, Schlesselman JJ, Ory HW, Blye RP. Ethinyl estradiol and conjugated estrogens as postcoital contraceptives. J Am Med Assoc 1980; 244: 1336–9.
4. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects on the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy, and sex of the baby. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1517–21.
5. Rodrigues I, Grou F, Joly J. Effectiveness of emergency contraception pills between 72 and 120 hours after unprotected sexual intercourse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184: 531–7.
6. Raymond E, Taylor D, Trussell J, Steiner MJ. Minimum effectiveness of the levonorgestrel regimen of emergency contraception. Contraception 2004; 69: 79–81.
7. Croxatto et al. Mechanism of Action of Hormonal Preparations Used for Emergency Contraception: A Review of the Literature. Contraception 2001; 63: 111–2.
8. Прилепская В.Н., Бебнева Т.Н. Экстренная контрацепция с применением гестагенов. Гедеон Рихтер в СНГ. 2002; 3: 30–3.
9. Emergency contraception Fact sheet N244 July 2012 http://www.who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs244/ru/
10. Ерофеева Л.В. Профилактика незапланированной беременности у молодежи. Акуш. и гинекол. 2014; 5: 68–73.
11. Прилепская В.Н., Куземин А.А., Абакарова П.Р. Экстренная контрацепция. Гинекология. 2007; 3: 21–4.
12. Таенкова И.О., Таенкова А.А. Опыт использования срочной гормональной контрацепции в работе социального «кризисного» центра для молодежи.  Дальневосточный мед. журн. 2000; 3: 78–9.
13. A national protocol for sexual assault medical forensic examinations, Second Edition. Washington DC: Department of Justice, 2013.
14. Goldenring JM, Allred G. Post-rape care in hospital emergency rooms. Am J Public Health 2001; 91: 1169–70. 
15. Stewart FH, Trussell J. Prevention of pregnancy resulting from rape: A neglected preventive health measure. Am J Prev Med 2000; 19: 228–9.
16. International Federation of Gynecology & Obstetrics (FIGO), International Consortuim on Emergency Contraception (ICEC). Mechanism of Action: How do levonorgestrel-only emergency contraceptive pills (LNG ECPs) prevent pregnancy? www.cecinfo.org.
17. Meyer JL, Gold MA. Haggerty Advance provision of emergency contraception among adolescent and young adult women: a systematic review of literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2011; 24: 2–9.
18. Gold MA, Wolford JE, Smith KA et al. The effects of advance provision of emergency contraception on adolescent women's sexual and contraceptive behaviors. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2004; 17: 87–96.
19. Statement on Contraceptive Methods. Washington DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, July 1998.
20. Díaz S, Cárdenas H, Brandeis A et al. Relative contributions of anovulation and luteal phase defect to the reduced pregnancy rate of breastfeeding women. Fertil Steril 1992; 58: 498–503.
21. Lewis PR, Brown JB, Renfree MB, Short RV. The resumption of ovulation and menstruation in a well-nourished population of women breastfeeding for an extended period of time. Fertil Steril 1991; 55: 529–36.
22. Brown JB, Harrisson P, Smith MA. A study of returning fertility after childbirth and during lactation by measurement of urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion and cervical mucus production. J Biosoc Sci 1985; 9 (Suppl.): 5–23.
23. Gray RH, Campbell OM, Apelo R et al. Risk of ovulation during lactation. Lancet 1990; 335: 25–9.
24. Swahn ML, Westlund P, Johannisson E, Bygdeman M. Effect of post-coital contraceptive methods on the endometrium and the menstrual cycle. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 738–44.
25. Ling WY, Robichaud A, Zayid I et al. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. Fertil Steril 1979; 32: 297–302.
26. Rowlands S, Kubba AA, Guillebaud J, Bounds W. A possible mechanism of action of danazol and an ethinylestradiol/norgestrel combination used as postcoital contraceptive agents. Contraception 1986; 33: 539–45.
27. Croxatto HB, Fuentalba B, Brache V et al. Effects of the Yuzpe regimen, given during the follicular phase, on ovarian function. Contraception 2002; 65: 121–8.
28. Kubba AA, White JO, Guillebaud J, Elder MG. The biochemistry of human endometrium after two regimens of postcoital contraception: a dl-norgestrel/ethinylestradiol combination or danazol. Fertil Steril 1986; 45: 512–6.
29. Ling WY, Wrixon W, Zayid I et al. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. II. Effect of postovulatory administration on ovarian function and endometrium. Fertil Steril 1983; 39: 292–7.
30. Yuzpe AA, Thurlow HJ, Ramzy I, Leyshon JI. Post coital contraception – a pilot study. J Reprod Med 1974; 13: 53–8.
31. Taskin O, Brown RW, Young DC et al. High doses of oral contraceptives do not alter endometrial α1 and ανβ3integrins in the late implantation window. Fertil Steril 1994; 61: 850–5.
32. Raymond EG, Lovely LP, Chen-Mok M et al. Effect of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception on markers of endometrial receptivity. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 2351–5.
33. Ling WY, Wrixon W, Acorn T et al. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. III. Effect of preovulatory administration following the luteinizing hormone surge on ovarian steroidogenesis. Fertil Steril 1983; 40: 631–6.
34. Croxatto HB, Devoto L, Durand M et al. Mechanism of action of hormonal preparations used for emergency contraception: a review of the literature. Contraception 2001; 63: 111–21.
35. Croxatto HB, Ortiz ME, Müller AL. Mechanisms of action of emergency contraception. Steroids 2003; 68: 1095–8.
36. Durand M, del Carmen Cravioto M, Raymond EG et al. On the mechanisms of action of short-term levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception. Contraception 2001; 64: 227–34.
37. Marions L, Hultenby K, Lindell I et al. Emergency contraception with mifepristone and levonorgestrel: mechanism of action. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100: 65–71.
38. Marions L, Cekan SZ, Bygdeman M, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Effect of emergency contraception with levonorgestrel or mifepristone on ovarian function. Contraception 2004; 69: 373–7.
39. Okewole IA, Arowojolu AO, Odusoga OL et al. Effect of single administration of levonorgestrel on the menstrual cycle. Contraception 2007; 75: 372–7.
40. Durand M, del Carmen Cravioto M, Raymond EG et al. On the mechanisms of action of short-term levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception. Contraception 2001; 64: 227–34.
41. Palomino WA, Kohen P, Devoto L. A single midcycle dose of levonorgestrel similar to emergency contraceptive does not alter the expression of the L-selectin ligand or molecular markers of endometrial receptivity. Fertil Steril 2010; 94: 1589–94.
42. Lalitkumar PG, Lalitkumar S, Meng CX et al. Mifepristone, but not levonorgestrel, inhibits human blastocyst attachment to an in vitro endometrial three-dimensional cell culture model. Human Reprod 2007; 22: 3031–7.
43. Meng CX, Andersson KL, Bentin-Ley U et al. Effect of levonorgestrel and mifepristone on endometrial receptivity markers in a three-dimensional human endometrial cell culture model. Fertil Steril 2009; 91: 256–64.
44. Kesserü E, Garmendia F, Westphal N, Parada J. The hormonal and peripheral effects of d-norgestrel in postcoital contraception. Contraception 1974; 10: 411–24.
45. Do Nascimento JA, Seppala M, Perdigao A et al. In vivo assessment of the human sperm acrosome reaction and the expression of glycodelin-A in human endometrium after levonorgestrel-emergency contraceptive pill administration. Hum Reprod 2007; 22: 2190–5.
46. Yeung WS, Chiu PC, Wang CH et al. The effects of levonorgestrel on various sperm functions. Contraception 2002; 66: 453–7.
47. Медицинские критерии приемлемости контрацепции в РФ. М., 2012.
48. Task Force on Post-Ovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Efficacy and side effects of immediate postcoital levonorgestrel used repeatedly for contraception. Contraception 2000; 61: 303–8.
49. Ho PC, Kwan MS. A prospective randomized comparison of levonorgestrel with the Yuzpe regimen in post-coital contraception. Hum Reprod 1993; 8: 389–92.
50. Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Lancet 1998; 352: 428–33.
51. Dada OA, Godfrey EM, Gilda Piaggio G, von Hertzen H. A randomized, double-blind, noninferiority study to compare two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception in Nigeria. Contraception 2010; 82: 373–8.
52. Farajkhoda T, Khoshbin A, Enjezab B et al. Assessment of two emergency contraceptive regimens in Iran: levonorgestrel ver Raymond EG, Goldberg A, Trussell J, Hays M, Roach E, Taylor D. Bleeding patterns after use of levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills. Contraception 2006; 73: 376–81.
53. Erratum. Contraception 2006; 74: 349–50. 
54. Gainer E, Kenfack B, Mboudou E et al. Menstrual bleeding patterns following levonorgestrel emergency contraception. Contraception 2006; 74: 118–24.
55. Tirelli A, Cagnacci A, Volpe A. Levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception: bleeding pattern and pituitary-ovarian function. Contraception 2008; 77: 328–32.
56. Glasier A. Emergency postcoital contraception. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1058–64.
57. Zhang L, Chen J, Wang Y et al. Pregnancy outcome after levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception failure: a prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod 2009; 24: 1605–11.
58. Raman-Wilms L, Tseng AL, Wighardt S et al. Fetal genital effects of first-trimester sex hormone exposure: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 141–9.
59. Bracken MB. Oral contraception and congenital malformations in offspring: a review and meta-analysis of the prospective studies. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 552–7.
60. Simpson JL, Phillips OP. Spermicides, hormonal contraception and congenital malformations. Adv Contraception 1990; 6: 141–67.
61. Food and Drug Administration. Prescription drug products; certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency contraception. Federal Regist 1997; 62: 8610–2.
62. Trussell J, Hedley A, Raymond E. Ectopic pregnancy following use of progestin-only ECPs [letter]. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2003; 29: 249.
63. Cleland K, Raymond E, Trussell J et al. Ectopic pregnancy and emergency contraception: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 1263–6.
64. Brown JB, Harrisson P, Smith MA. A study of returning fertility after childbirth and during lactation by measurement of urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion and cervical mucus production. J Biosoc Sci 1985; 9 (Suppl.): 5–23.
65. Gray RH, Campbell OM, Apelo R et al. Risk of ovulation during lactation. Lancet 1990; 335: 25–9.
66. Gainer E, Massai R, Lillo S et al. Levonorgestrel pharmacokinetics in plasma and milk of lactating women who take 1,5 mg for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod 2007; 22: 1578–84.
67. Polakow-Farkash S, Gilad O, Merlob P et al. Levonorgestrel used for emergency contraception during lactation-A prospective observational cohort study on maternal and infant safety. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26: 219–21.
68. Ellertson C, Trussell J, Stewart F, Winikoff B. Should emergency contraceptive pills be available without prescription? J Am Med Wom Assoc 1998; 53 (Suppl. 2): 226–9, 232.
69. Grimes DA, Raymond EG, Scott Jones B. Emergency contraception over-the-counter: the medical and legal imperatives. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98: 151–5.
70. Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. ARHP sign-on letter: Switch status of emergency contraceptive from Rx to OTC. Available at http://arhp.org/uploadDocs/ec_signon.pdf. Accessed 15 June 2010.
71. Glasier A, Cameron ST, Blithe D et al. Can we identify women at risk of pregnancy despite using emergency contraception? Data from randomized trials of ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel. Contraception 2011; 84: 363–7.
72. Prabakar I, Webb A. Emergency Contraception. BMJ 2012; 344: e1492.
73. Statement from Clinical Effectiveness Unit on Labelling of Levonorgestrel emergency contraception in Europe: reports of new advice on body weight and efficacy. Faculty of Reproductive and Sexual Healthcare. November 2013 http://www.fsrh.org/pdfs/CEUstatementLabellingLevonorgestrelEmergencyContraceptionEurope.pdf
74. Statement from Clinical Effectiveness Unit on Labelling of Levonorgestrel emergency contraception in Europe: reports of new advice on body weight and efficacy. Faculty of Reproductive and Sexual Healthcare. November 2013. http://www.fsrh.org/pdfs/CEUstatementLabellingLevonorgestrelEmergencyContraceptionEurope.pdf
75. European Medicines Agency Statement «Levonorgestrel and ulipristal remain suitable emergency contraceptives for all women, regardless of bodyweight» from 24/07/2014 http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/ index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2014/07/news_detail_002145.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1

Л.В.Ерофеева1, В.Н.Прилепская2, 3

1. Общероссийская общественная организация содействия охране репродуктивного здоровья населения «Российская ассоциация «Народонаселение и Развитие»;
2. Российское общество по контрацепции; 
3. ФГБУ Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И.Кулакова Минздрава России, Москва; 

________________________________________________

L.V.Erofeeva, V.N.Prilepskaya