Современные тенденции в предупреждении рака шейки матки с применением скрининговых программ (обзор литературы)

1. Lertkhachonsuk A, Har Yip C, Khuhaprema T et al. Cancer prevention in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines from the Asian Oncology Summit 2013. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14: 497–507.
2. 12.2014 meeting materials of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) microbiology devices panel.http://www.fda.gov/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/MedicalDevices/MedicalDevicesAdviso...; March 12, 2014. [Accessed July 2014].
3. Huh WK, Ault KA, Chelmow D et al. Use of primary high-risk human papillomavirus testing for cervical cancer screening: Interim clinical guidance. Gynecol Oncol 2015; article in press.
4. Saslow D, Solomon D, Lawson HW et al. American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62 (3): 147–72.
5. Ronco G, Dillner J, Elfström KM et al. Efficacy of HPV- based screening for prevention of invasive cervical cancer: follow-up of four European randomized controlled trials. Lancet Oncol 2014; 383 (9916): 524–32.
6. Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ еt al. HPV DNA testing in population-based cervical screening (VUSA-Screen study): results and implications. Br J Cancer 2012; 106 (5): 975–81.
7. Leinonen MK, Nieminen P, Lönnberg S et al. Detection rates of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions within one screening round of primary human papillomavirus DNA testing: prospective randomized trial in Finland. BMJ 2012; 345: e7789.
8. Malila N, Leinonen M, Kotaniemi-Talonen L et al. The HPV test has similar sensitivity but more over diagnosis than the Pap test — a randomized health services study on cervical cancer screening in Finland. Int J Cancer 2013; 132 (9): 2141–7.
9. Gyllensten U, Gustavsson I, Lindell M et al. Primary high-risk HPV screening for cervical cancer in post-menopausal women. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125 (2): 343–5.
10. Liebrich C, Brummer O, Von Wasielewski R et al. Primary cervical cancer truly negative for high-risk human papillomavirus is a rare but distinct entity that can affect virgins and young adolescents. Eur J Gynecol Oncol 2009; 30 (1): 45–8.
11. Li N, Franceschi S, Howell-Jones R et al. Human papillomavirus type distribution in 30,848 invasive cervical cancers worldwide: variation by geographical region, histological type and year of publication. Int J Cancer 2011; 128 (4): 927–35.
12. Hopenhayn C, Christian A, Christian WJ et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancers from 7 US cancer registries before vaccine introduction. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18 (2): 182–9.
13. Dinkelspiel H, Fetterman B, Poitras N et al. Cervical cancer rates after the transition from annual pap to 3-year HPV and pap. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18: 57–60.
14. Kinney W, Wright T, Dinkelspiel H et al. Increased Cervical Cancer Risk Associated With Screening at Longer Intervals. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125 (2): 311–5.
15. Gage JC, Schiffman M, Katki HA et al. Reassurance against future risk of precancer and cancer conferred by a negative human papillomavirus test. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106. [Epub ahead of print] 
16. Howden LM, Meyer JA. 2010 Census briefs. Age and sex composition: 2010. 2010. Available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/ cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
17. Mayrand MH, Duarte-Franco E, Rodrigues I et al. Human papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1579–88.
18. Koliopoulos G, Arbyn M, Martin-Hirsch P et al. Diagnostic accuracy of human papillomavirus testing in primary cervical screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of non-randomized studies. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104: 232–46.
19. Castanon A, Brocklehurst P, Evans H et al. Risk of preterm birth after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among women attending colposcopy in England: retrospective-prospective cohort study. BMJ 2012; 345: e5174.
20. Conner SN, Frey HA, Cahill AG et al. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure and risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 752–61.
21. Lehtinen M, Paavonen J, Wheeler CM et al. Overall efficacy of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against grade 3 or greater cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: 4-year end-of-study analysis of the randomized, double-blind PATRICIA trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 89–99.
22. Wheeler CM, Castellsagué X, Garland SM et al. Cross-protective efficacy of HPV-16/18 ASO4-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by non-vaccine oncogenic HPV types: 4-year end-of-study analysis of the randomized, double-blind PATRICIA trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 100–10.
23. Ronco G, Cuzick J, Pierotti P et al. Accuracy of liquid based versus conventional cytology: overall results of new technologies for cervical cancer screening: randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2007; 335: 28–31.
24. Siebers AG, Klinkhamer PJ, Grefte JM et al. Comparison of liquid-based cytology with conventional cytology for detection of cervical cancer precursors: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009; 302: 1757–64.
25. Whitlock EP, Vesco KK, Eder M et al. Liquid-based cytology and human papillomavirus testing to screen for cervical cancer: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155: 687–97.
26. Cuzick J, Arbyn M, Sankaranarayanan R et al. Overview of human papillomavirus-based and other novel options for cervical cancer screening in developed and developing countries. Vaccine 2008; 26 (Suppl. 10): K29–41.
27. Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ et al. Evaluation of 14 triage strategies for HPV DNA-positive women in population-based cervical screening. Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 602–10.
28. Katki HA, Kinney WK, Fetterman B et al. Cervical cancer risk for women undergoing concurrent testing for human papilloma-virus and cervical cytology: a population-based study in routine clinical practice. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 666–72.
29. Rijkaart DC, Coupe VM, van Kemenade FJ et al. Comparison of Hybrid capture 2 testing at different thresholds with cytology as primary cervical screening test. Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 839–946.
30. Castle PE, Stoler MH, Wright JrTC et al. Performance of carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and HPV16 or HPV18 genotyping for cervical cancer screening of women aged 25 years and older: a subanalysis of the ATHENA study. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 880–90.
31. Nelson R. HPV Screening alone may miss cervical cancer. Medscape 2015. Available from: www.medscape.com/viewarticle/843560 
32. Sauvaget C, Muwonge R, Sankaranarayanan R. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of cryotherapy in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2013; 120: 218–23.
33. Martin-Hirsch PP, Paraskevaidis E, Bryant A et al. Surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 6: CD001318.
34. Castle PE, Schiffman M, Herrero R et al. A prospective study of age trends in cervical human papillomavirus acquisition and persistence in Guanacaste. Costa Rica J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1808–16.
35. Kocken M, Helmerhorst TJ, Berkhof J et al. Risk of recurrent high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after successful treatment: a long-term multi-cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 441–50.
36. McAllum B, Sykes P. Is the treatment of CIN2 always necessary in women under 25 years old? AJOG 2011; 205 (5): 478. e1-478.e7.
37. Massad L, Einstein M. 2012 updated consensus guidlines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. Obstetr Gynecol 2013; 121 (4): 829–46.
38. Tomasetti C, Vogelstein B. Varition in cancer risk among tissue can be explained by the number of steam cell divisions. Science 2015; 347 (6217): 78–81.
39. Boulet G, Horvath C, Broek DV et al. Human papillomavirus: E6 and E7 oncogenes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39 (11): 2006–11.
40. Сhen Y, Williams V. Viral carcinogenesis: factors inducing DNA damage and virus integration. Cancers 2014; 6: 2155–86.
41. Castle PE, Hillier SL. An association of cervical inflammation with high-grade cervical neoplasia in women infected with oncogenic HPV. CEBP 2001; 10: 1021–27.
42. Tao L, Han L. Prevalence and risk factors for cervical neoplasia. BMC Public Health 2014; 14: 1185.
43. Faro S. Vaginitas: diagnosis and management. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1992; 4 (2): 115–23.
44. St Amant DC, Valentin-Bon IE, Jerse AE. Inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Lactobacillus species that are commonly isolated from the female genital tract. Infect Immun 2002; 70 (12): 7169–71.
45. Prilepskaya V, Krasnopolskiy V et al. Efficacy Vitamin C vaginal tablets as prophylaxis for recurrent bacterial vaginosis randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. J Clin Med Res 2013; 5 (4): 309–15.
46. Discaccati MG, de Souza CA, d'Otavianno MG et al. Outcome of expectant management of cervical intraepithelian neoplasia grade 2 in women followed for 12 months. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 155 (2): 204–8.
47. d'Ottaviano MG, Discaccati MG, Andreoli MA et al. HPV 16 is related to the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2: a case series. Obstetr Gynecol Intern 2013; article ID 328909, 5 pages, hhtp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/328909.
48. Huber J, Smekal G, Potsch B et al. Diagnostic standard, prevention and routine treatment of cervical PAP III and PAP IIID 2015 (submitted for publication).

________________________________________________

1. Lertkhachonsuk A, Har Yip C, Khuhaprema T et al. Cancer prevention in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines from the Asian Oncology Summit 2013. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14: 497–507.
2. 12.2014 meeting materials of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) microbiology devices panel.http://www.fda.gov/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/MedicalDevices/MedicalDevicesAdviso...; March 12, 2014. [Accessed July 2014].
3. Huh WK, Ault KA, Chelmow D et al. Use of primary high-risk human papillomavirus testing for cervical cancer screening: Interim clinical guidance. Gynecol Oncol 2015; article in press.
4. Saslow D, Solomon D, Lawson HW et al. American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62 (3): 147–72.
5. Ronco G, Dillner J, Elfström KM et al. Efficacy of HPV- based screening for prevention of invasive cervical cancer: follow-up of four European randomized controlled trials. Lancet Oncol 2014; 383 (9916): 524–32.
6. Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ еt al. HPV DNA testing in population-based cervical screening (VUSA-Screen study): results and implications. Br J Cancer 2012; 106 (5): 975–81.
7. Leinonen MK, Nieminen P, Lönnberg S et al. Detection rates of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions within one screening round of primary human papillomavirus DNA testing: prospective randomized trial in Finland. BMJ 2012; 345: e7789.
8. Malila N, Leinonen M, Kotaniemi-Talonen L et al. The HPV test has similar sensitivity but more over diagnosis than the Pap test — a randomized health services study on cervical cancer screening in Finland. Int J Cancer 2013; 132 (9): 2141–7.
9. Gyllensten U, Gustavsson I, Lindell M et al. Primary high-risk HPV screening for cervical cancer in post-menopausal women. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125 (2): 343–5.
10. Liebrich C, Brummer O, Von Wasielewski R et al. Primary cervical cancer truly negative for high-risk human papillomavirus is a rare but distinct entity that can affect virgins and young adolescents. Eur J Gynecol Oncol 2009; 30 (1): 45–8.
11. Li N, Franceschi S, Howell-Jones R et al. Human papillomavirus type distribution in 30,848 invasive cervical cancers worldwide: variation by geographical region, histological type and year of publication. Int J Cancer 2011; 128 (4): 927–35.
12. Hopenhayn C, Christian A, Christian WJ et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancers from 7 US cancer registries before vaccine introduction. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18 (2): 182–9.
13. Dinkelspiel H, Fetterman B, Poitras N et al. Cervical cancer rates after the transition from annual pap to 3-year HPV and pap. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18: 57–60.
14. Kinney W, Wright T, Dinkelspiel H et al. Increased Cervical Cancer Risk Associated With Screening at Longer Intervals. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125 (2): 311–5.
15. Gage JC, Schiffman M, Katki HA et al. Reassurance against future risk of precancer and cancer conferred by a negative human papillomavirus test. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106. [Epub ahead of print] 
16. Howden LM, Meyer JA. 2010 Census briefs. Age and sex composition: 2010. 2010. Available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/ cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
17. Mayrand MH, Duarte-Franco E, Rodrigues I et al. Human papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1579–88.
18. Koliopoulos G, Arbyn M, Martin-Hirsch P et al. Diagnostic accuracy of human papillomavirus testing in primary cervical screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of non-randomized studies. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104: 232–46.
19. Castanon A, Brocklehurst P, Evans H et al. Risk of preterm birth after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among women attending colposcopy in England: retrospective-prospective cohort study. BMJ 2012; 345: e5174.
20. Conner SN, Frey HA, Cahill AG et al. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure and risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 752–61.
21. Lehtinen M, Paavonen J, Wheeler CM et al. Overall efficacy of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against grade 3 or greater cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: 4-year end-of-study analysis of the randomized, double-blind PATRICIA trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 89–99.
22. Wheeler CM, Castellsagué X, Garland SM et al. Cross-protective efficacy of HPV-16/18 ASO4-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by non-vaccine oncogenic HPV types: 4-year end-of-study analysis of the randomized, double-blind PATRICIA trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 100–10.
23. Ronco G, Cuzick J, Pierotti P et al. Accuracy of liquid based versus conventional cytology: overall results of new technologies for cervical cancer screening: randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2007; 335: 28–31.
24. Siebers AG, Klinkhamer PJ, Grefte JM et al. Comparison of liquid-based cytology with conventional cytology for detection of cervical cancer precursors: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009; 302: 1757–64.
25. Whitlock EP, Vesco KK, Eder M et al. Liquid-based cytology and human papillomavirus testing to screen for cervical cancer: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155: 687–97.
26. Cuzick J, Arbyn M, Sankaranarayanan R et al. Overview of human papillomavirus-based and other novel options for cervical cancer screening in developed and developing countries. Vaccine 2008; 26 (Suppl. 10): K29–41.
27. Rijkaart DC, Berkhof J, van Kemenade FJ et al. Evaluation of 14 triage strategies for HPV DNA-positive women in population-based cervical screening. Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 602–10.
28. Katki HA, Kinney WK, Fetterman B et al. Cervical cancer risk for women undergoing concurrent testing for human papilloma-virus and cervical cytology: a population-based study in routine clinical practice. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 666–72.
29. Rijkaart DC, Coupe VM, van Kemenade FJ et al. Comparison of Hybrid capture 2 testing at different thresholds with cytology as primary cervical screening test. Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 839–946.
30. Castle PE, Stoler MH, Wright JrTC et al. Performance of carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and HPV16 or HPV18 genotyping for cervical cancer screening of women aged 25 years and older: a subanalysis of the ATHENA study. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 880–90.
31. Nelson R. HPV Screening alone may miss cervical cancer. Medscape 2015. Available from: www.medscape.com/viewarticle/843560 
32. Sauvaget C, Muwonge R, Sankaranarayanan R. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of cryotherapy in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2013; 120: 218–23.
33. Martin-Hirsch PP, Paraskevaidis E, Bryant A et al. Surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 6: CD001318.
34. Castle PE, Schiffman M, Herrero R et al. A prospective study of age trends in cervical human papillomavirus acquisition and persistence in Guanacaste. Costa Rica J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1808–16.
35. Kocken M, Helmerhorst TJ, Berkhof J et al. Risk of recurrent high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after successful treatment: a long-term multi-cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 441–50.
36. McAllum B, Sykes P. Is the treatment of CIN2 always necessary in women under 25 years old? AJOG 2011; 205 (5): 478. e1-478.e7.
37. Massad L, Einstein M. 2012 updated consensus guidlines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. Obstetr Gynecol 2013; 121 (4): 829–46.
38. Tomasetti C, Vogelstein B. Varition in cancer risk among tissue can be explained by the number of steam cell divisions. Science 2015; 347 (6217): 78–81.
39. Boulet G, Horvath C, Broek DV et al. Human papillomavirus: E6 and E7 oncogenes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39 (11): 2006–11.
40. Сhen Y, Williams V. Viral carcinogenesis: factors inducing DNA damage and virus integration. Cancers 2014; 6: 2155–86.
41. Castle PE, Hillier SL. An association of cervical inflammation with high-grade cervical neoplasia in women infected with oncogenic HPV. CEBP 2001; 10: 1021–27.
42. Tao L, Han L. Prevalence and risk factors for cervical neoplasia. BMC Public Health 2014; 14: 1185.
43. Faro S. Vaginitas: diagnosis and management. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1992; 4 (2): 115–23.
44. St Amant DC, Valentin-Bon IE, Jerse AE. Inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Lactobacillus species that are commonly isolated from the female genital tract. Infect Immun 2002; 70 (12): 7169–71.
45. Prilepskaya V, Krasnopolskiy V et al. Efficacy Vitamin C vaginal tablets as prophylaxis for recurrent bacterial vaginosis randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. J Clin Med Res 2013; 5 (4): 309–15.
46. Discaccati MG, de Souza CA, d'Otavianno MG et al. Outcome of expectant management of cervical intraepithelian neoplasia grade 2 in women followed for 12 months. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 155 (2): 204–8.
47. d'Ottaviano MG, Discaccati MG, Andreoli MA et al. HPV 16 is related to the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2: a case series. Obstetr Gynecol Intern 2013; article ID 328909, 5 pages, hhtp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/328909.
48. Huber J, Smekal G, Potsch B et al. Diagnostic standard, prevention and routine treatment of cervical PAP III and PAP IIID 2015 (submitted for publication).

С.О.Дубровина*

1. ГБОУ ВПО Ростовский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России. 344022, Россия, 
Ростов-на-Дону, пер. Нахичеванский, д. 29; 
2. ФГБУ Ростовский научно-исследовательский институт акушерства и педиатрии Минздрава России. 
344012, Россия, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. Мечникова, д. 43
*s.dubrovina@gmail.com

________________________________________________

S.O.Dubrovina*

1. Federal State Budgetary Institution Rostov Scientific and Research Institute of Obstetrics and Pediatrics of the Ministry of Health of Russian 
Federation. 344022, Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, per. Nakhichevanskii, d. 29; 
2. State Budgetary University Rostov State Medical University of the Ministery of Health of Russian Federation. 344012, Russian Federation, 
Rostov-on-Don, ul. Mechnikova, d. 43
*s.dubrovina@gmail.com