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Патофизиологические особенности развития функциональной гипоталамической аменореи у пациенток с нервной анорексией
Патофизиологические особенности развития функциональной гипоталамической аменореи у пациенток с нервной анорексией
Чернуха Г.Е., Гусев Д.В., Табеева Г.И., Прилуцкая В.Ю. Патофизиологические особенности развития функциональной гипоталамической аменореи у пациенток с нервной анорексией. Гинекология. 2018; 20 (1): 16–22.
DOI: 10.26442/2079-5696_20.1.16-22
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Аннотация
Энергетический дефицит является результатом недостаточного поступления энергии по сравнению с ее высокими расходами. Развитие дефицита энергии часто связано со стремлением похудеть, строгой диетой, а также с беспокойством женщины о своем весе вместе с изменением пищевого поведения. Результатом расстройств приема пищи в комплексе со снижением массы тела является нервная анорексия, сопровождающаяся энергетическим дефицитом. Физиологические изменения, происходящие на фоне хронического энергетического дефицита, способствуют включению компенсаторных механизмов сохранения энергии для обеспечения жизненно важных физиологических функций. К наиболее частым метаболическим изменениям относят гиполептинемию на фоне снижения процентного содержания жировой ткани, снижение трийодтиронина, а также повышение концентраций грелина, пептида YY и нейропептида Y. Эффект энергетических и метаболических изменений приводит к подавлению гипоталамо-гипофизарно-яичниковой оси, секреции гонадотропин-рилизинг-гормона с последующим подавлением высвобождения лютеинизирующего и фолликулостимулирующего гормонов. Подавление гипоталамо-гипофизарно-яичниковой оси приводит к хроническому дефициту эстрогенов, что сопровождается развитием функциональной гипоталамической аменореи.
Ключевые слова: нервная анорексия, аменорея, расстройства приема пищи, лептин.
Key words: anorexia nervosa, amenorrhea, eating disorders, leptin.
Ключевые слова: нервная анорексия, аменорея, расстройства приема пищи, лептин.
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Key words: anorexia nervosa, amenorrhea, eating disorders, leptin.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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2. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine Current evaluation of amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: S148.
3. Hoek HW, van Hoeken D. Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2003; 34 (4): 383–96.
4. Wakeling A. Epidemiology of anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 1996; 62 (1): 3–9.
5. Stoving RK, Hangaard J, Hansen-Nord M, Hagen C. A review of endocrine changes in anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res 1999; 33: 139–52.
6. Franko DL, Keshaviah A, Eddy KT et al. A longitudinal investigation of mortality in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170: 917–25.
7. Roux H, Blanchet C, Stheneur C et al. Somatic outcome among patients hospitalised for anorexia nervosa in adolescence: disorders reported and links with global outcome. Eat Weight Disord 2013; 18: 175–82.
8. Roux H, Chapelon E, Godart N. Epidemiology of anorexia nervosa: a review. Encephale 2013; 39: 85–93.
9. Giles DE, Berga SL. Cognitive and psychiatric correlates of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a controlled comparison. Fertil Steril 1993; 60: 486–92.
10. Berga SL, Girton LG. The psychoneuroendocrinology of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1989; 12: 105–16.
11. Dundon CM, Rellini AH, Tonani S et al. Mood disorders and sexual functioning in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 2010; 94 (6): 2239–43.
12. Berga S, Loucks T. Use of cognitive behavior therapy for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1092: 114–29.
13. Bomba M, Gambera A, Bonini L et al. Endocrine profiles and neuropsychologic correlates of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea in adolescents. Fertil Steril 2007; 87: 876–85.
14. Nappi R, Facchinetti F. Psychoneuroendocrine correlates of secondary amenorrhea. Arch Womens Ment Health 2003; 6: 83–9.
15. Garner DM, Olmsted MP, Polivy J. Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Int J Eat Disord 1983; 2: 15–34.
16. Pop-Jordanova N. MMPI for personality characteristics of patients with different diseases. Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki) 2015; 36 (1): 153–64.
17. Cumella EJ, Wall AD, Kerr-Almeida N. MMPI-2 in the inpatient assessment of women with eating disorders. J Pers Assess 2000; 75 (3): 387–403.
18. Nozaki T, Motoyama S, Arimura T et al. Psychopathological features of anorectic patients who dropped out of inpatient treatment as assessed by the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. Biopsychosoc Med 2007; 1: 15.
19. Grice DE, Halmi KA, Fichter MM et al. Evidence for a susceptibility gene for anorexia nervosa on chromosome 1. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70 (3): 787–92.
20. Kaye WH, Weltzin TE, Hsu LK, Bulik CM. An open trial of fluoxetine in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52 (11): 464–71.
21. Kaye WH, Nagata T, Weltzin TE et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled administration of fluoxetine in restricting- and restricting-purging-type anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49 (7): 644–52.
22. Walsh BT, Kaplan AS, Attia E et al. Fluoxetine after weight restoration in anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 295 (22): 2605.
23. Bergen AW, van den Bree MB, Yeager M et al. Candidate genes for anorexia nervosa in the 1p33-36 linkage region: serotonin 1D and delta opioid receptor loci exhibit significant association to anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8 (4): 397–406.
24. Brown KM, Bujac SR, Mann ET. Further evidence of association of OPRD1 & HTR1D polymorphisms with susceptibility to anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61 (3): 367–73.
25. Gorwood P, Ades J, Bellodi L et al. The 5-HT(2A) -1438G/A polymorphism in anorexia nervosa: a combined analysis of 316 trios from six European centres. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7 (1): 90–4.
26. Gutiérrez B, Bellón JÁ, Rivera M et al. The risk for major depression conferred by childhood maltreatment is multiplied by BDNF and SERT genetic vulnerability: a replication study. J Psy Neurosci 2015; 40 (3): 187–96.
27. Kaye W. Neurobiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Physiol Behav 2007.
28. Kaye WH, Frank GK, McConaha C. Altered dopamine activity after recovery from restricting-type anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 21 (4): 503–6.
29. Bergen AW, Yeager M, Welch RA et al. Association of multiple DRD2 polymorphisms with anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30 (9): 1703–10.
30. Bachner-Melman R, Lerer E, Zohar AH et al. Anorexia nervosa, perfectionism, and dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4). Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007.
31. Ando T, Komaki G, Naruo T et al. Possible role of preproghrelin gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to bulimia nervosa. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141 (8): 929–34.
32. Chernukha G.E., Tabeeva G.I., Gusev D.V. Kisspeptin i reproduktivnaia sistema. Ginekologiia i endokrinologiia. 2017; 3 (132): 72–7. [in Russian]
33. Caronia L et al. A Genetic Basis for Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 215–25.
34. Gunnar M, Quevedo K. The neurobiology of stress and development. Annu Rev Psychol 2007; 58: 145–73.
35. Luo E, Stephens SB, Chaing S et al. Corticosterone blocks ovarian cyclicity and the LH surge via decreased kisspeptin neuron activation in female mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157 (3): 1187–99.
36. Boyar RM, Hellman LD, Roffwarg H et al. Cortisol secretion and metabolism in anorexia nervosa. N Engl J Med 1977; 296 (4): 190–3.
37. Breen KM, Davis TL, Doro LC et al. Insight into the neuroendocrine site and cellular mechanism by which cortisol suppresses pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 2008; 149: 767–73.
38. Oakley AE, Breen KM, Clarke IJ et al. Cortisol reduces gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency in follicular phase ewes: in uence of ovarian steroids. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 341–9.
39. Frisch RE. Fatness, menarche, and female fertility. Perspect Biol Med 1985; 28: 611–33.
40. Frisch RE, McArthur JW. Menstrual cycles: Fatness as a determinant of mini- mum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset. Science 1974; 185: 949–51.
41. Miller KK, Grinspoon S, Gleysteen S et al. Preservation of neuroendocrine control of reproductive function despite severe undernutrition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 4434–8.
42. Tinahones FJ, Martinez-Alfaro B, Gonzalo-Marin M et al. Recovery of menstrual cycle after therapy for anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2005; 10: e52–e55.
43. Golden NH, Jacobson MS, Schebendach J et al. Resumption of menses in anorexia nervosa. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997; 151: 16–21.
44. Al-Dakhiel Winkler L, Stampe Frølich J, Schulpen M, Klinkby Støving R, Body Composition and Menstrual Status in Adults With a History of Anorexia Nervosa – At What Fat Percentage is the Menstrual Cycle Restored? Int J Eat Disord 2016.
45. El Ghoch M, Calugi S, Chignola E et al. Body fat and menstrual resumption in adult females with anorexia nervosa: a 1-year longitudinal study. 2016 J Hum Nutr.
46. Arimura C, Nozaki T, Takakura S et al. Predictors of menstrual resumption by patients with anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2010; 15, e226–e233.
47. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M et al. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372: 425–32.
48. Jin L, Zhang S, Burguera BG et al. Leptin and leptin receptor expression in rat and mouse pituitary cells. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 333–9.
49. Chan JL, Heist K, DePaoli AM et al. The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 1409–21.
50. Thong FS, McLean C, Graham TE. Plasma leptin in female athletes: relationship with body fat, reproductive, nutritional, and endocrine factors. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88: 2037–44.
51. Kyle UG, Schutz Y, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C. Body composition interpretation. Contributions of the fat-free mass index and the body fat mass index. Nutrition 2003; 19: 597–604.
52. Laughlin GA, Yen SS. Hypoleptinemia in women athletes: absence of a diurnal rhythm with amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 318–21.
53. Couzinet B, Young J, Brailly S et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea: a partial and reversible gonadotrophin deficiency of nutritional origin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999; 50: 229–35.
54. Warren MP, Voussoughian F, Geer EB et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: hypoleptinemia and disordered eating. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 873–7.
55. Miller KK, Parulekar MS, Schoenfeld E et al. Decreased leptin levels in normal weight women with hypothalamic amenorrhea: the effects of body composition and nutritional intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 2309–12.
56. Hebebrand J, van der Heyden J, Devos R et al. Plasma concentrations of obese protein in anorexia nervosa. Lancet 1995; 346: 1624–5.
57. Stoving RK, Vinten J, Handberg A et al. Diurnal variation of the serum leptin concentration in patients with anorexia nervosa. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998; 48: 761–8.
58. Balligand JL, Brichard SM, Brichard V et al. Hypoleptinemia in patients with anorexia nervosa: loss of circadian rhythm and unresponsiveness to short-term refeeding. Eur J Endocrinol 1998; 138: 415–20.
59. Calandra C, Musso F, Musso R. The role of leptin in the etiopathogenesis of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Eat Weight Disord 2003; 8: 130–37.
60. Mantzoros C, Flier JS, Lesem MD et al. Cerebrospinal fluid leptin in anorexia nervosa: correlation with nutritional status and potential role in resistance to weight gain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1845–51.
61. Monteleone P, Fabrazzo M, Tortorella A et al. Opposite modifications in circulating leptin and soluble leptin receptor across the eating disorder spectrum. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 641–46.
62. Welt CK, Chan JL, Bullen J et al. Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 987–97.
63. Mantzoros CS, Flier JS, Rogol AD. A longuitudinal assessment of hormonal and physical alterations during normal puberty in boys. V: Rising leptin levels may signal the onset of puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1065–70.
64. Kopp W, Blum WF, Von Prittwitz S et al. Low leptin levels predict amenorrhea in underweght and eating disordered females. Mol Psychiatry 1997; 2: 335–40.
65. Audi L, Mantzoros CS, Vidal-Puign A et al. Leptin in relation to resumption of menses in women with anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3: 544–7.
66. Tena-Sempere M. Ghrelin as a pleotrophic modulator of gonadal function and reproduction. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008; 4: 666–74.
67. Messini CI, Dafopoulos K, Chalvatzas N et al. Effect of ghrelin on gonadotrophin secre- tion in women during the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod 2009; 24: 976–81.
68. Schneider LF, Warren MP. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is associated with elevated ghrelin and disordered eating. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: 1744–9.
69. De Souza MJ, Leidy HJ, O'Donnell E, Lasley B. Fasting ghrelin levels in physically active women: relationship with menstrual disturbances and metabolic hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89 (7): 3536–42.
70. Schneider LF, Monaco SE, Warren MP. Elevated ghrelin level in women of normal weight with amenorrhea is related to disordered eating. Fertil Steril 2008; 90: 121–8.
71. Tolle V, Kadem M, Bluet-Pajot MT et al. Balance in ghrelin and leptin plasma levels in anorexia nervosa patients and constitutionally thin women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 109–16.
72. Grinspoon S, Gulick T, Askari H et al. Serum leptin levels in women with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81 (11): 3861–3.
73. Hebebrand J, Blum WF, Barth N et al. Leptin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa are reduced in the acute stage and elevated upon short-term weight restoration. Mol Psychiatry 1997; 2 (4): 330–4.
74. Pedrazzini T, Pralong F, Grouzmann E. Neuropeptide Y. the universal soldier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003; 60: 350–77.
75. Meczekalski B et al. Clinical evaluation of patients with weight loss-related amenorrhea: Neuropeptide Y and luteinizing hormone pulsatility. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006; 22 (5): 239–43.
76. Pfluger PT, Kampe J, Castaneda TR et al. Effect of human body weight changes on circulating levels of peptide YY and peptide YY3-36. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92 (2): 583–8.
77. Lawson EA, Eddy KT, Donoho D et al. Appetite-regulating hormones cortisol and peptide YY are associated with disordered eating psychopathology, independent of body mass index. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 164 (2): 253–61.
2. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine Current evaluation of amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: S148.
3. Hoek HW, van Hoeken D. Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2003; 34 (4): 383–96.
4. Wakeling A. Epidemiology of anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 1996; 62 (1): 3–9.
5. Stoving RK, Hangaard J, Hansen-Nord M, Hagen C. A review of endocrine changes in anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res 1999; 33: 139–52.
6. Franko DL, Keshaviah A, Eddy KT et al. A longitudinal investigation of mortality in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170: 917–25.
7. Roux H, Blanchet C, Stheneur C et al. Somatic outcome among patients hospitalised for anorexia nervosa in adolescence: disorders reported and links with global outcome. Eat Weight Disord 2013; 18: 175–82.
8. Roux H, Chapelon E, Godart N. Epidemiology of anorexia nervosa: a review. Encephale 2013; 39: 85–93.
9. Giles DE, Berga SL. Cognitive and psychiatric correlates of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a controlled comparison. Fertil Steril 1993; 60: 486–92.
10. Berga SL, Girton LG. The psychoneuroendocrinology of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1989; 12: 105–16.
11. Dundon CM, Rellini AH, Tonani S et al. Mood disorders and sexual functioning in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 2010; 94 (6): 2239–43.
12. Berga S, Loucks T. Use of cognitive behavior therapy for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1092: 114–29.
13. Bomba M, Gambera A, Bonini L et al. Endocrine profiles and neuropsychologic correlates of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea in adolescents. Fertil Steril 2007; 87: 876–85.
14. Nappi R, Facchinetti F. Psychoneuroendocrine correlates of secondary amenorrhea. Arch Womens Ment Health 2003; 6: 83–9.
15. Garner DM, Olmsted MP, Polivy J. Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Int J Eat Disord 1983; 2: 15–34.
16. Pop-Jordanova N. MMPI for personality characteristics of patients with different diseases. Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki) 2015; 36 (1): 153–64.
17. Cumella EJ, Wall AD, Kerr-Almeida N. MMPI-2 in the inpatient assessment of women with eating disorders. J Pers Assess 2000; 75 (3): 387–403.
18. Nozaki T, Motoyama S, Arimura T et al. Psychopathological features of anorectic patients who dropped out of inpatient treatment as assessed by the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. Biopsychosoc Med 2007; 1: 15.
19. Grice DE, Halmi KA, Fichter MM et al. Evidence for a susceptibility gene for anorexia nervosa on chromosome 1. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70 (3): 787–92.
20. Kaye WH, Weltzin TE, Hsu LK, Bulik CM. An open trial of fluoxetine in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52 (11): 464–71.
21. Kaye WH, Nagata T, Weltzin TE et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled administration of fluoxetine in restricting- and restricting-purging-type anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49 (7): 644–52.
22. Walsh BT, Kaplan AS, Attia E et al. Fluoxetine after weight restoration in anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 295 (22): 2605.
23. Bergen AW, van den Bree MB, Yeager M et al. Candidate genes for anorexia nervosa in the 1p33-36 linkage region: serotonin 1D and delta opioid receptor loci exhibit significant association to anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8 (4): 397–406.
24. Brown KM, Bujac SR, Mann ET. Further evidence of association of OPRD1 & HTR1D polymorphisms with susceptibility to anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61 (3): 367–73.
25. Gorwood P, Ades J, Bellodi L et al. The 5-HT(2A) -1438G/A polymorphism in anorexia nervosa: a combined analysis of 316 trios from six European centres. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7 (1): 90–4.
26. Gutiérrez B, Bellón JÁ, Rivera M et al. The risk for major depression conferred by childhood maltreatment is multiplied by BDNF and SERT genetic vulnerability: a replication study. J Psy Neurosci 2015; 40 (3): 187–96.
27. Kaye W. Neurobiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Physiol Behav 2007.
28. Kaye WH, Frank GK, McConaha C. Altered dopamine activity after recovery from restricting-type anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 21 (4): 503–6.
29. Bergen AW, Yeager M, Welch RA et al. Association of multiple DRD2 polymorphisms with anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30 (9): 1703–10.
30. Bachner-Melman R, Lerer E, Zohar AH et al. Anorexia nervosa, perfectionism, and dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4). Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007.
31. Ando T, Komaki G, Naruo T et al. Possible role of preproghrelin gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to bulimia nervosa. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141 (8): 929–34.
32. Чернуха Г.Е., Табеева Г.И., Гусев Д.В. Кисспептин и репродуктивная система. Гинекология и эндокринология. 2017; 3 (132): 72–7. / Chernukha G.E., Tabeeva G.I., Gusev D.V. Kisspeptin i reproduktivnaia sistema. Ginekologiia i endokrinologiia. 2017; 3 (132): 72–7. [in Russian]
33. Caronia L et al. A Genetic Basis for Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 215–25.
34. Gunnar M, Quevedo K. The neurobiology of stress and development. Annu Rev Psychol 2007; 58: 145–73.
35. Luo E, Stephens SB, Chaing S et al. Corticosterone blocks ovarian cyclicity and the LH surge via decreased kisspeptin neuron activation in female mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157 (3): 1187–99.
36. Boyar RM, Hellman LD, Roffwarg H et al. Cortisol secretion and metabolism in anorexia nervosa. N Engl J Med 1977; 296 (4): 190–3.
37. Breen KM, Davis TL, Doro LC et al. Insight into the neuroendocrine site and cellular mechanism by which cortisol suppresses pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 2008; 149: 767–73.
38. Oakley AE, Breen KM, Clarke IJ et al. Cortisol reduces gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency in follicular phase ewes: in uence of ovarian steroids. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 341–9.
39. Frisch RE. Fatness, menarche, and female fertility. Perspect Biol Med 1985; 28: 611–33.
40. Frisch RE, McArthur JW. Menstrual cycles: Fatness as a determinant of mini- mum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset. Science 1974; 185: 949–51.
41. Miller KK, Grinspoon S, Gleysteen S et al. Preservation of neuroendocrine control of reproductive function despite severe undernutrition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 4434–8.
42. Tinahones FJ, Martinez-Alfaro B, Gonzalo-Marin M et al. Recovery of menstrual cycle after therapy for anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2005; 10: e52–e55.
43. Golden NH, Jacobson MS, Schebendach J et al. Resumption of menses in anorexia nervosa. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997; 151: 16–21.
44. Al-Dakhiel Winkler L, Stampe Frølich J, Schulpen M, Klinkby Støving R, Body Composition and Menstrual Status in Adults With a History of Anorexia Nervosa – At What Fat Percentage is the Menstrual Cycle Restored? Int J Eat Disord 2016.
45. El Ghoch M, Calugi S, Chignola E et al. Body fat and menstrual resumption in adult females with anorexia nervosa: a 1-year longitudinal study. 2016 J Hum Nutr.
46. Arimura C, Nozaki T, Takakura S et al. Predictors of menstrual resumption by patients with anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2010; 15, e226–e233.
47. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M et al. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372: 425–32.
48. Jin L, Zhang S, Burguera BG et al. Leptin and leptin receptor expression in rat and mouse pituitary cells. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 333–9.
49. Chan JL, Heist K, DePaoli AM et al. The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 1409–21.
50. Thong FS, McLean C, Graham TE. Plasma leptin in female athletes: relationship with body fat, reproductive, nutritional, and endocrine factors. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88: 2037–44.
51. Kyle UG, Schutz Y, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C. Body composition interpretation. Contributions of the fat-free mass index and the body fat mass index. Nutrition 2003; 19: 597–604.
52. Laughlin GA, Yen SS. Hypoleptinemia in women athletes: absence of a diurnal rhythm with amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 318–21.
53. Couzinet B, Young J, Brailly S et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea: a partial and reversible gonadotrophin deficiency of nutritional origin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999; 50: 229–35.
54. Warren MP, Voussoughian F, Geer EB et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: hypoleptinemia and disordered eating. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 873–7.
55. Miller KK, Parulekar MS, Schoenfeld E et al. Decreased leptin levels in normal weight women with hypothalamic amenorrhea: the effects of body composition and nutritional intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 2309–12.
56. Hebebrand J, van der Heyden J, Devos R et al. Plasma concentrations of obese protein in anorexia nervosa. Lancet 1995; 346: 1624–5.
57. Stoving RK, Vinten J, Handberg A et al. Diurnal variation of the serum leptin concentration in patients with anorexia nervosa. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998; 48: 761–8.
58. Balligand JL, Brichard SM, Brichard V et al. Hypoleptinemia in patients with anorexia nervosa: loss of circadian rhythm and unresponsiveness to short-term refeeding. Eur J Endocrinol 1998; 138: 415–20.
59. Calandra C, Musso F, Musso R. The role of leptin in the etiopathogenesis of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Eat Weight Disord 2003; 8: 130–37.
60. Mantzoros C, Flier JS, Lesem MD et al. Cerebrospinal fluid leptin in anorexia nervosa: correlation with nutritional status and potential role in resistance to weight gain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1845–51.
61. Monteleone P, Fabrazzo M, Tortorella A et al. Opposite modifications in circulating leptin and soluble leptin receptor across the eating disorder spectrum. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 641–46.
62. Welt CK, Chan JL, Bullen J et al. Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 987–97.
63. Mantzoros CS, Flier JS, Rogol AD. A longuitudinal assessment of hormonal and physical alterations during normal puberty in boys. V: Rising leptin levels may signal the onset of puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1065–70.
64. Kopp W, Blum WF, Von Prittwitz S et al. Low leptin levels predict amenorrhea in underweght and eating disordered females. Mol Psychiatry 1997; 2: 335–40.
65. Audi L, Mantzoros CS, Vidal-Puign A et al. Leptin in relation to resumption of menses in women with anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3: 544–7.
66. Tena-Sempere M. Ghrelin as a pleotrophic modulator of gonadal function and reproduction. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008; 4: 666–74.
67. Messini CI, Dafopoulos K, Chalvatzas N et al. Effect of ghrelin on gonadotrophin secre- tion in women during the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod 2009; 24: 976–81.
68. Schneider LF, Warren MP. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is associated with elevated ghrelin and disordered eating. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: 1744–9.
69. De Souza MJ, Leidy HJ, O'Donnell E, Lasley B. Fasting ghrelin levels in physically active women: relationship with menstrual disturbances and metabolic hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89 (7): 3536–42.
70. Schneider LF, Monaco SE, Warren MP. Elevated ghrelin level in women of normal weight with amenorrhea is related to disordered eating. Fertil Steril 2008; 90: 121–8.
71. Tolle V, Kadem M, Bluet-Pajot MT et al. Balance in ghrelin and leptin plasma levels in anorexia nervosa patients and constitutionally thin women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 109–16.
72. Grinspoon S, Gulick T, Askari H et al. Serum leptin levels in women with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81 (11): 3861–3.
73. Hebebrand J, Blum WF, Barth N et al. Leptin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa are reduced in the acute stage and elevated upon short-term weight restoration. Mol Psychiatry 1997; 2 (4): 330–4.
74. Pedrazzini T, Pralong F, Grouzmann E. Neuropeptide Y. the universal soldier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003; 60: 350–77.
75. Meczekalski B et al. Clinical evaluation of patients with weight loss-related amenorrhea: Neuropeptide Y and luteinizing hormone pulsatility. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006; 22 (5): 239–43.
76. Pfluger PT, Kampe J, Castaneda TR et al. Effect of human body weight changes on circulating levels of peptide YY and peptide YY3-36. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92 (2): 583–8.
77. Lawson EA, Eddy KT, Donoho D et al. Appetite-regulating hormones cortisol and peptide YY are associated with disordered eating psychopathology, independent of body mass index. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 164 (2): 253–61.
________________________________________________
2. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine Current evaluation of amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: S148.
3. Hoek HW, van Hoeken D. Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2003; 34 (4): 383–96.
4. Wakeling A. Epidemiology of anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 1996; 62 (1): 3–9.
5. Stoving RK, Hangaard J, Hansen-Nord M, Hagen C. A review of endocrine changes in anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res 1999; 33: 139–52.
6. Franko DL, Keshaviah A, Eddy KT et al. A longitudinal investigation of mortality in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170: 917–25.
7. Roux H, Blanchet C, Stheneur C et al. Somatic outcome among patients hospitalised for anorexia nervosa in adolescence: disorders reported and links with global outcome. Eat Weight Disord 2013; 18: 175–82.
8. Roux H, Chapelon E, Godart N. Epidemiology of anorexia nervosa: a review. Encephale 2013; 39: 85–93.
9. Giles DE, Berga SL. Cognitive and psychiatric correlates of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a controlled comparison. Fertil Steril 1993; 60: 486–92.
10. Berga SL, Girton LG. The psychoneuroendocrinology of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1989; 12: 105–16.
11. Dundon CM, Rellini AH, Tonani S et al. Mood disorders and sexual functioning in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 2010; 94 (6): 2239–43.
12. Berga S, Loucks T. Use of cognitive behavior therapy for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1092: 114–29.
13. Bomba M, Gambera A, Bonini L et al. Endocrine profiles and neuropsychologic correlates of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea in adolescents. Fertil Steril 2007; 87: 876–85.
14. Nappi R, Facchinetti F. Psychoneuroendocrine correlates of secondary amenorrhea. Arch Womens Ment Health 2003; 6: 83–9.
15. Garner DM, Olmsted MP, Polivy J. Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Int J Eat Disord 1983; 2: 15–34.
16. Pop-Jordanova N. MMPI for personality characteristics of patients with different diseases. Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki) 2015; 36 (1): 153–64.
17. Cumella EJ, Wall AD, Kerr-Almeida N. MMPI-2 in the inpatient assessment of women with eating disorders. J Pers Assess 2000; 75 (3): 387–403.
18. Nozaki T, Motoyama S, Arimura T et al. Psychopathological features of anorectic patients who dropped out of inpatient treatment as assessed by the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. Biopsychosoc Med 2007; 1: 15.
19. Grice DE, Halmi KA, Fichter MM et al. Evidence for a susceptibility gene for anorexia nervosa on chromosome 1. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70 (3): 787–92.
20. Kaye WH, Weltzin TE, Hsu LK, Bulik CM. An open trial of fluoxetine in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52 (11): 464–71.
21. Kaye WH, Nagata T, Weltzin TE et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled administration of fluoxetine in restricting- and restricting-purging-type anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49 (7): 644–52.
22. Walsh BT, Kaplan AS, Attia E et al. Fluoxetine after weight restoration in anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 295 (22): 2605.
23. Bergen AW, van den Bree MB, Yeager M et al. Candidate genes for anorexia nervosa in the 1p33-36 linkage region: serotonin 1D and delta opioid receptor loci exhibit significant association to anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8 (4): 397–406.
24. Brown KM, Bujac SR, Mann ET. Further evidence of association of OPRD1 & HTR1D polymorphisms with susceptibility to anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61 (3): 367–73.
25. Gorwood P, Ades J, Bellodi L et al. The 5-HT(2A) -1438G/A polymorphism in anorexia nervosa: a combined analysis of 316 trios from six European centres. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7 (1): 90–4.
26. Gutiérrez B, Bellón JÁ, Rivera M et al. The risk for major depression conferred by childhood maltreatment is multiplied by BDNF and SERT genetic vulnerability: a replication study. J Psy Neurosci 2015; 40 (3): 187–96.
27. Kaye W. Neurobiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Physiol Behav 2007.
28. Kaye WH, Frank GK, McConaha C. Altered dopamine activity after recovery from restricting-type anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 21 (4): 503–6.
29. Bergen AW, Yeager M, Welch RA et al. Association of multiple DRD2 polymorphisms with anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30 (9): 1703–10.
30. Bachner-Melman R, Lerer E, Zohar AH et al. Anorexia nervosa, perfectionism, and dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4). Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007.
31. Ando T, Komaki G, Naruo T et al. Possible role of preproghrelin gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to bulimia nervosa. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141 (8): 929–34.
32. Chernukha G.E., Tabeeva G.I., Gusev D.V. Kisspeptin i reproduktivnaia sistema. Ginekologiia i endokrinologiia. 2017; 3 (132): 72–7. [in Russian]
33. Caronia L et al. A Genetic Basis for Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 215–25.
34. Gunnar M, Quevedo K. The neurobiology of stress and development. Annu Rev Psychol 2007; 58: 145–73.
35. Luo E, Stephens SB, Chaing S et al. Corticosterone blocks ovarian cyclicity and the LH surge via decreased kisspeptin neuron activation in female mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157 (3): 1187–99.
36. Boyar RM, Hellman LD, Roffwarg H et al. Cortisol secretion and metabolism in anorexia nervosa. N Engl J Med 1977; 296 (4): 190–3.
37. Breen KM, Davis TL, Doro LC et al. Insight into the neuroendocrine site and cellular mechanism by which cortisol suppresses pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 2008; 149: 767–73.
38. Oakley AE, Breen KM, Clarke IJ et al. Cortisol reduces gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency in follicular phase ewes: in uence of ovarian steroids. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 341–9.
39. Frisch RE. Fatness, menarche, and female fertility. Perspect Biol Med 1985; 28: 611–33.
40. Frisch RE, McArthur JW. Menstrual cycles: Fatness as a determinant of mini- mum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset. Science 1974; 185: 949–51.
41. Miller KK, Grinspoon S, Gleysteen S et al. Preservation of neuroendocrine control of reproductive function despite severe undernutrition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 4434–8.
42. Tinahones FJ, Martinez-Alfaro B, Gonzalo-Marin M et al. Recovery of menstrual cycle after therapy for anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2005; 10: e52–e55.
43. Golden NH, Jacobson MS, Schebendach J et al. Resumption of menses in anorexia nervosa. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997; 151: 16–21.
44. Al-Dakhiel Winkler L, Stampe Frølich J, Schulpen M, Klinkby Støving R, Body Composition and Menstrual Status in Adults With a History of Anorexia Nervosa – At What Fat Percentage is the Menstrual Cycle Restored? Int J Eat Disord 2016.
45. El Ghoch M, Calugi S, Chignola E et al. Body fat and menstrual resumption in adult females with anorexia nervosa: a 1-year longitudinal study. 2016 J Hum Nutr.
46. Arimura C, Nozaki T, Takakura S et al. Predictors of menstrual resumption by patients with anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2010; 15, e226–e233.
47. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M et al. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372: 425–32.
48. Jin L, Zhang S, Burguera BG et al. Leptin and leptin receptor expression in rat and mouse pituitary cells. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 333–9.
49. Chan JL, Heist K, DePaoli AM et al. The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 1409–21.
50. Thong FS, McLean C, Graham TE. Plasma leptin in female athletes: relationship with body fat, reproductive, nutritional, and endocrine factors. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88: 2037–44.
51. Kyle UG, Schutz Y, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C. Body composition interpretation. Contributions of the fat-free mass index and the body fat mass index. Nutrition 2003; 19: 597–604.
52. Laughlin GA, Yen SS. Hypoleptinemia in women athletes: absence of a diurnal rhythm with amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 318–21.
53. Couzinet B, Young J, Brailly S et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea: a partial and reversible gonadotrophin deficiency of nutritional origin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999; 50: 229–35.
54. Warren MP, Voussoughian F, Geer EB et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: hypoleptinemia and disordered eating. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 873–7.
55. Miller KK, Parulekar MS, Schoenfeld E et al. Decreased leptin levels in normal weight women with hypothalamic amenorrhea: the effects of body composition and nutritional intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 2309–12.
56. Hebebrand J, van der Heyden J, Devos R et al. Plasma concentrations of obese protein in anorexia nervosa. Lancet 1995; 346: 1624–5.
57. Stoving RK, Vinten J, Handberg A et al. Diurnal variation of the serum leptin concentration in patients with anorexia nervosa. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998; 48: 761–8.
58. Balligand JL, Brichard SM, Brichard V et al. Hypoleptinemia in patients with anorexia nervosa: loss of circadian rhythm and unresponsiveness to short-term refeeding. Eur J Endocrinol 1998; 138: 415–20.
59. Calandra C, Musso F, Musso R. The role of leptin in the etiopathogenesis of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Eat Weight Disord 2003; 8: 130–37.
60. Mantzoros C, Flier JS, Lesem MD et al. Cerebrospinal fluid leptin in anorexia nervosa: correlation with nutritional status and potential role in resistance to weight gain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1845–51.
61. Monteleone P, Fabrazzo M, Tortorella A et al. Opposite modifications in circulating leptin and soluble leptin receptor across the eating disorder spectrum. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 641–46.
62. Welt CK, Chan JL, Bullen J et al. Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 987–97.
63. Mantzoros CS, Flier JS, Rogol AD. A longuitudinal assessment of hormonal and physical alterations during normal puberty in boys. V: Rising leptin levels may signal the onset of puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1065–70.
64. Kopp W, Blum WF, Von Prittwitz S et al. Low leptin levels predict amenorrhea in underweght and eating disordered females. Mol Psychiatry 1997; 2: 335–40.
65. Audi L, Mantzoros CS, Vidal-Puign A et al. Leptin in relation to resumption of menses in women with anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3: 544–7.
66. Tena-Sempere M. Ghrelin as a pleotrophic modulator of gonadal function and reproduction. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008; 4: 666–74.
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Авторы
Г.Е.Чернуха*, Д.В.Гусев, Г.И.Табеева, В.Ю.Прилуцкая
ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И.Кулакова» Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Академика Опарина, д. 4
*c-galina1@yandex.ru
V.I.Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Akademika Oparina, d. 4
*c-galina1@yandex.ru
ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И.Кулакова» Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Академика Опарина, д. 4
*c-galina1@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
V.I.Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Akademika Oparina, d. 4
*c-galina1@yandex.ru
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