1. Eckert LO, Hawes SE, Wölner-Hanssen PK et al. Endometritis: the clinical-pathologic syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 690.
2. Шуршалина А.В. Хронический эндометрит как причина нарушений репродуктивной функции. Гинекология: журн. для практикующих врачей. 2012; 14 (4): 16–8. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214516
[Shurshalina A.V. Khronicheskii endometrit kak prichina narushenii reproduktivnoi funktsii. Ginekologiia: zhurn. dlia praktikuiushchikh vrachei. 2012; 14 (4): 16–8. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214516 (in Russian).]
3. Johnston-MacAnanny EB, Hartnett J, Engmann LL et al. Chronic endometritis is a frequent finding in women with recurrent implantation failure after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2010; 93: 437.
4. Kreisel K, Torrone E, Bernstein K et al. Prevalence of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Sexually Experienced Women of Reproductive Age – United States, 2013–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66: 80.
5. Reekie J, Donovan B, Guy R et al. Risk of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Relation to Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing, Repeat Testing, and Positivity: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66: 437.
6. Westrom L, Mardh PA. Epidemiology, etiology, and prognosis of acute salpingitis: A study of 1,457 laparoscopically verified cases. In: Nongonococcal Urethritis and Related Diseases, Hobson D, Holmes KK (Eds), Am Soc Microbiol, Washington DC 1977; p. 84.
7. Sonnenberg P, Clifton S, Beddows S et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain: findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal). Lancet 2013; 382: 1795.
8. Grimes DA. Intrauterine device and upper-genital-tract infection. Lancet 2000; 356: 1013.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2017. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2018.
10. Workowski KA, Bolan GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep 2015; 64: 1.
11. French CE, Hughes G, Nicholson A et al. Estimation of the rate of pelvic inflammatory disease diagnoses: trends in England, 2000–2008. Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38: 158.
12. Srinivasan S, Hoffman NG, Morgan MT et al. Bacterial communities in women with bacterial vaginosis: high resolution phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships of microbiota to clinical criteria. PLoS One 2012; 7: e37818.
13. Morré SA, Karimi O, Ouburg S. Chlamydia trachomatis: identification of susceptibility markers for ocular and sexually transmitted infection by immunogenetics. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2009; 55: 140.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; October 2016.
15. Altunyurt S, Demir N, Posaci C. A randomized controlled trial of coil removal prior to treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003; 107: 81.
16. Cicinelli E, De Ziegler D, Nicoletti R et al. Chronic endometritis: correlation among hysteroscopic, histologic, and bacteriologic findings in a prospective trial with 2190 consecutive office hysteroscopies. Fertil Steril 2008; 89: 677.
17. Pitsos M, Skurnick J, Heller D. Association of pathologic diagnoses with clinical findings in chronic endometritis. J Reprod Med 2009; 54: 373.
18. Yudin MH, Hillier SL, Wiesenfeld HC et al. Vaginal polymorphonuclear leukocytes and bacterial vaginosis as markers for histologic endometritis among women without symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 318.
19. Kammerer U, Michael von Wolffb, Udo R. Markert Immunology of human endometrium Immunobiology 2004; 209: 569–74.
20. Доброхотова Ю.Э., Ганковская Л.Н., Боровкова Е.И. и др. Модулирование локальной экспрессии факторов врожденного иммунитета у пациенток с хроническим эндометритом и бесплодием. Акушерство и гинекология. 2019; 5: 125–32.
[Dobrokhotova Iu.E., Gankovskaia L.N., Borovkova E.I. et al. Modulirovanie lokal'noi ekspressii faktorov vrozhdennogo immuniteta u patsientok s khronicheskim endometritom i besplodiem. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2019; 5: 125–32 (in Russian).]
21. Haggerty CL, Ness RB, Amortegui A et al. Endometritis does not predict reproductive morbidity after pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 141.
22. Propst AM, Liberman RF, Harlow BL, Ginsburg ES. Complications of hysteroscopic surgery: predicting patients at risk. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96: 517.
23. Nair N, Camacho-Vanegas O, Rykunov D et al. Genomic Analysis of Uterine Lavage Fluid Detects Early Endometrial Cancers and Reveals a Prevalent Landscape of Driver Mutations in Women without Histopathologic Evidence of Cancer: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Med 2016; 13: e1002206.
24. Maynard SE, Venkatesha S, Thadhani R. Soluble Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 1 and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia. Pediatr Res 2005; 57 (5 Pt 2): 1–7R.
25. Wagaarachchi PT, Sirisena J. Efficiency of Pipelle device in sampling endometrium. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000; 79: 793.
26. Polena V, Mergui JL, Zerat L, Sananes S. The role of Pipelle Mark II sampling in endometrial disease diagnosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 134: 233.
27. Williams AR, Brechin S, Porter AJ et al. Factors affecting adequacy of Pipelle and Tao Brush endometrial sampling. BJOG 2008;
115: 1028.
28. Hirai Y, Sakamoto K, Fujiwara H et al. Liquid-based endometrial cytology using SurePath™ is not inferior to suction endometrial tissue biopsy for detecting endometrial malignancies: Midterm report of a multicentre study advocated by Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Cytopathology 2019; 30: 223.
29. McQueen DB, Bernardi LA, Stephenson MD. Chronic endometritis in women with recurrent early pregnancy loss and/or fetal demise. Fertil Steril 2014; 101: 1026.
30. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 195: Prevention of Infection After Gynecologic Procedures. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 131: e172.
31. APGO educational series on women's health issues. Clinical management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2006.
32. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins – Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin No. 104: Antibiotic prophylaxis for gynecologic procedures. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 1180. Reaffirmed 2016.
33. Cicinelli E, Resta L, Nicoletti R et al. Detection of chronic endometritis at fluid hysteroscopy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005; 12: 514.
34. Cicinelli E, Resta L, Nicoletti R et al. Endometrial micropolyps at fluid hysteroscopy suggest the existence of chronic endometritis. Hum Reprod 2005; 20: 1386.
35. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Antibiotic prophylaxis for intrauterine contraceptive device insertion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001: CD001327.
36. Eckert LO, Thwin SS, Hillier SL et al. The antimicrobial treatment of subacute endometritis: a proof of concept study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 305.
37. www.who.int/gtb/publications/globrep/index.html (Accessed 3/7/05)
38. Зароченцева Н.В., Аршакян А.К., Меньшикова Н.С., Титченко Ю.П. Хронический эндометрит: этиология, клиника, диагностика, лечение. Рос. вестн. акушера-гинеколога. 2013; 5: 21–7.
[Zarochentseva N.V., Arshakian A.K., Men'shikova N.S., Titchenko Iu.P. Khronicheskii endometrit: etiologiia, klinika, diagnostika, lechenie. Ros. vestn. akushera-ginekologa. 2013; 5: 21–7 (in Russian).]
39. Сухих Г.Т., Шуршалина А.В. Хронический эндометрит. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2010.
[Sukhikh G.T., Shurshalina A.V. Chronic endometritis. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2010 (in Russian).]
40. Сидорова И.С., Макаров И.О., Унанян А.Л. Патогенез и патогенетически обоснованная терапия хронического эндометрита (клиническая лекция). Акушерство, гинекология и репродукция. 2010; 3: 21–4.
[Sidorova I.S., Makarov I.O., Unanian A.L. Patogenez i patogeneticheski obosnovannaia terapiia khronicheskogo endometrita (klinicheskaia lektsiia). Akusherstvo, ginekologiia i reproduktsiia. 2010; 3: 21–4 (in Russian).]

________________________________________________

1. Eckert LO, Hawes SE, Wölner-Hanssen PK et al. Endometritis: the clinical-pathologic syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 690.
2. Shurshalina A.V. Khronicheskii endometrit kak prichina narushenii reproduktivnoi funktsii. Ginekologiia: zhurn. dlia praktikuiushchikh vrachei. 2012; 14 (4): 16–8. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214516 (in Russian).
3. Johnston-MacAnanny EB, Hartnett J, Engmann LL et al. Chronic endometritis is a frequent finding in women with recurrent implantation failure after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2010; 93: 437.
4. Kreisel K, Torrone E, Bernstein K et al. Prevalence of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Sexually Experienced Women of Reproductive Age – United States, 2013–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66: 80.
5. Reekie J, Donovan B, Guy R et al. Risk of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Relation to Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing, Repeat Testing, and Positivity: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66: 437.
6. Westrom L, Mardh PA. Epidemiology, etiology, and prognosis of acute salpingitis: A study of 1,457 laparoscopically verified cases. In: Nongonococcal Urethritis and Related Diseases, Hobson D, Holmes KK (Eds), Am Soc Microbiol, Washington DC 1977; p. 84.
7. Sonnenberg P, Clifton S, Beddows S et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain: findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal). Lancet 2013; 382: 1795.
8. Grimes DA. Intrauterine device and upper-genital-tract infection. Lancet 2000; 356: 1013.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2017. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2018.
10. Workowski KA, Bolan GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep 2015; 64: 1.
11. French CE, Hughes G, Nicholson A et al. Estimation of the rate of pelvic inflammatory disease diagnoses: trends in England, 2000–2008. Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38: 158.
12. Srinivasan S, Hoffman NG, Morgan MT et al. Bacterial communities in women with bacterial vaginosis: high resolution phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships of microbiota to clinical criteria. PLoS One 2012; 7: e37818.
13. Morré SA, Karimi O, Ouburg S. Chlamydia trachomatis: identification of susceptibility markers for ocular and sexually transmitted infection by immunogenetics. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2009; 55: 140.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; October 2016.
15. Altunyurt S, Demir N, Posaci C. A randomized controlled trial of coil removal prior to treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003; 107: 81.
16. Cicinelli E, De Ziegler D, Nicoletti R et al. Chronic endometritis: correlation among hysteroscopic, histologic, and bacteriologic findings in a prospective trial with 2190 consecutive office hysteroscopies. Fertil Steril 2008; 89: 677.
17. Pitsos M, Skurnick J, Heller D. Association of pathologic diagnoses with clinical findings in chronic endometritis. J Reprod Med 2009; 54: 373.
18. Yudin MH, Hillier SL, Wiesenfeld HC et al. Vaginal polymorphonuclear leukocytes and bacterial vaginosis as markers for histologic endometritis among women without symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 318.
19. Kammerer U, Michael von Wolffb, Udo R. Markert Immunology of human endometrium Immunobiology 2004; 209: 569–74.
20. Dobrokhotova Iu.E., Gankovskaia L.N., Borovkova E.I. et al. Modulirovanie lokal'noi ekspressii faktorov vrozhdennogo immuniteta u patsientok s khronicheskim endometritom i besplodiem. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2019; 5: 125–32 (in Russian).
21. Haggerty CL, Ness RB, Amortegui A et al. Endometritis does not predict reproductive morbidity after pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 141.
22. Propst AM, Liberman RF, Harlow BL, Ginsburg ES. Complications of hysteroscopic surgery: predicting patients at risk. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96: 517.
23. Nair N, Camacho-Vanegas O, Rykunov D et al. Genomic Analysis of Uterine Lavage Fluid Detects Early Endometrial Cancers and Reveals a Prevalent Landscape of Driver Mutations in Women without Histopathologic Evidence of Cancer: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Med 2016; 13: e1002206.
24. Maynard SE, Venkatesha S, Thadhani R. Soluble Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 1 and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia. Pediatr Res 2005; 57 (5 Pt 2): 1–7R.
25. Wagaarachchi PT, Sirisena J. Efficiency of Pipelle device in sampling endometrium. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000; 79: 793.
26. Polena V, Mergui JL, Zerat L, Sananes S. The role of Pipelle Mark II sampling in endometrial disease diagnosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 134: 233.
27. Williams AR, Brechin S, Porter AJ et al. Factors affecting adequacy of Pipelle and Tao Brush endometrial sampling. BJOG 2008;
115: 1028.
28. Hirai Y, Sakamoto K, Fujiwara H et al. Liquid-based endometrial cytology using SurePath™ is not inferior to suction endometrial tissue biopsy for detecting endometrial malignancies: Midterm report of a multicentre study advocated by Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Cytopathology 2019; 30: 223.
29. McQueen DB, Bernardi LA, Stephenson MD. Chronic endometritis in women with recurrent early pregnancy loss and/or fetal demise. Fertil Steril 2014; 101: 1026.
30. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 195: Prevention of Infection After Gynecologic Procedures. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 131: e172.
31. APGO educational series on women's health issues. Clinical management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2006.
32. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins – Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin No. 104: Antibiotic prophylaxis for gynecologic procedures. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 1180. Reaffirmed 2016.
33. Cicinelli E, Resta L, Nicoletti R et al. Detection of chronic endometritis at fluid hysteroscopy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005; 12: 514.
34. Cicinelli E, Resta L, Nicoletti R et al. Endometrial micropolyps at fluid hysteroscopy suggest the existence of chronic endometritis. Hum Reprod 2005; 20: 1386.
35. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Antibiotic prophylaxis for intrauterine contraceptive device insertion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001: CD001327.
36. Eckert LO, Thwin SS, Hillier SL et al. The antimicrobial treatment of subacute endometritis: a proof of concept study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 305.
37. www.who.int/gtb/publications/globrep/index.html (Accessed 3/7/05)
38. Zarochentseva N.V., Arshakian A.K., Men'shikova N.S., Titchenko Iu.P. Khronicheskii endometrit: etiologiia, klinika, diagnostika, lechenie. Ros. vestn. akushera-ginekologa. 2013; 5: 21–7 (in Russian).
39. Sukhikh G.T., Shurshalina A.V. Chronic endometritis. Moscow:
GEOTAR-Media, 2010 (in Russian).
40. Sidorova I.S., Makarov I.O., Unanian A.L. Patogenez i patogeneticheski obosnovannaia terapiia khronicheskogo endometrita (klinicheskaia lektsiia). Akusherstvo, ginekologiia i reproduktsiia. 2010; 3: 21–4 (in Russian).

Ю.Э. Доброхотова1, Е.И. Боровкова*1, В.С. Скальная2, И.М. Боровков3

1. ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2. ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница №40» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия;
3. ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*katyanikitina@mail.ru

________________________________________________

Iuliia E. Dobrokhotova1, Ekaterina I. Borovkova*1, Viktoriia S. Skal'naia2, Ivan M. Borovkov3

1. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia;
2. City Clinical Hospital №40, Moscow, Russia;
3. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*katyanikitina@mail.ru