Профилактика гиперплазии эндометрия без атипии у женщин репродуктивного возраста

1. Horn LC, Schnurrbusch U, Bilek K, et al. Risk of progression in complex and atypical endometrial hyperplasia: clinicopathologic analysis in cases with and without progestogen treatment. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004;14:348-53.
2. Scully RE, Bonfiglio TA, Kurman RJ, et al. Uterine corpus. In: Histological Typing of Female Genital Tract Tumours (2nd edn). New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994; p. 13.
3. Silverberg SG, Mutter GL, Kurman RJ, et al. Tumors of the uterine corpus: epithelial tumors and related lesions. In: WHO Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs. Lyon: IARC Press, 2003; p. 221-32.
4. Emons G, Beckmann MW, Schmidt D, et al. New who classifi cation of endometrial hyperplasias. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2015;75:135-6.
5. Antonsen SL, Ulrich L, Hogdall C. Patients with atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium should be treated in oncological centers. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125:124-8.
6. Kurman RJ, Kaminski PF, Norris HJ. The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia. A long-term study of “untreated” hyperplasia in 170 patients. Cancer. 1985;56:403-12.
7. Terakawa N, Kigawa J, Taketani Y, et al. The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia: a prospective study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 1997;23:223-30.
8. Lacey JV, Jr, Chia VM. Endometrial hyperplasia and the risk of progression to carcinoma. Maturitas. 2009;63:39-44.
9. Owings RA, Quick CM. Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014;138:484-91.
10. Оразов М.Р. Дискуссионные вопросы ведения пациенток с гиперплазией эндометрия. Акушерство и гинекология: новости, мнения, обучение. 2016;3:46-58 [Orazov MR. Diskussionnye voprosy vedeniia patsientok s giperplaziei endometriia. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia: novosti, mneniia, obuchenie. 2016;3:46-58 (in Russian)].
11. Chandra V, Kim JJ, Benbrook DM, et al. Therapeutic options for management of endometrial hyperplasia. J Gynecol Oncol. 2016;27:e8.
12. Reed SD, Newton KM, Clinton WL, et al. Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:678.e1-6.
13. Papaioannou S, Tzafettas J. Anovulation with or without PCO, hyperandrogenaemia and hyperinsulinaemia as promoters of endometrial and breast cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;24:19-27.
14. Park JC, Lim SY, Jang TK, et al. Endometrial histology and predictable clinical factors for endometrial disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Exp Reprod Med. 2011;38:42-6.
15. Farquhar CM, Lethaby A, Sowter M, et al. An evaluation of risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia in premenopausal women with abnormal menstrual bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:525-9.
16. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) and the British Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy. (BSGE) Management of endometrial hyperplasia. Green-top guideline №67. RCOG/BSGE joint guideline. London: RCOG, 2016. 
17. Оразов М.Р., Хамошина М.Б., Муллина И.А., Артеменко Ю.С. Гиперплазия эндометрия – от патогенеза к эффективной терапии. Акушерство и гинекология: новости, мнения, обучение. 2021;9(3)21-8 [Orazov MR, Khamoshina MB, Mullina IA, Artemenko IuS. Giperplaziia endometriia – ot patogeneza k effektivnoi terapii. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia: novosti, mneniia, obuchenie. 2021;9(3)21-8 (in Russian)].
18. Committee on Gynecologic Practice, Society of Gynecologic Oncology. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee opinion №631. Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125:1272-8.
19. Koh WJ, Abu-Rustum NR, Bean S, et al. Uterine neoplasms, version 1.2018, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2018;16:170-99.
20. Гиперплазия эндометрия. Клинические рекомендации. М.: Мин­здрав РФ, 2021 [Giperplaziia endometriia. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Moscow: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2021 (in Russian)].
21. Lacey JVJr, Sherman ME, Rush BB, et al. Absolute risk of endometrial carcinoma during 20-year follow-up among women with endometrial hyperplasia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:788-92.
22. Auclair MH, Yong PJ, Salvador S, et al. Guideline No. 390 – Classification and Management of Endometrial Hyperplasia. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2019;41(12):1789-800.
23. Management of Endometrial Hyperplasia Green-top Guideline No. 67 RCOG/BSGE Joint Guideline, 2016.
24. Гинекология. Национальное руководство. Под ред. Г.М. Савельевой, Г.Т. Сухих, В.Н. Серова, и др. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2020 [Ginekologiia. Natsionalnoe rukovodstvo. Ed. GM Savelevoi, GT Sukhikh, VN Serova, et al. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2020 (in Russian)].
25. Nooh AM, Abdeldayem HM, Girbash EF, et al. Depo-Provera versus norethisterone acetate in management of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia. Reprod Sci. 2016;23:448-54.
26. Moradan S, Nikkhah N, Mirmohammadkhanai M. Comparing the administration of letrozole and megestrol acetate in the treatment of women with simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypia: a randomized clinical trial. Adv Ther. 2017;34:1211-20.
27. Zhao PL, Zhang QF, Yan LY, et al. Functional investigation on aromatase in endometrial hyperplasia in polycystic ovary syndrome cases. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(20):8975-9. DOI:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8975
28. Chittenden BG, Fullerton G, Maheshwari A, Bhattacharya S. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of gynaecological cancer: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;19:398-405. DOI:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60175-7
29. Hardiman P, Pillay OC, Atiomo W. Polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial carcinoma. Lancet. 2003;361:1810-2. 
30. Fearnley EJ, Marquart L, Spurdle AB, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome increases the risk of endometrial cancer in women aged less than 50 years: an Australian case–control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21:2303-8.
31. Moore E, Shafi M. Endometrial hyperplasia. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2013;23:88-93. 
32. Beavis AL, Cheema S, Holschneider CH, et al. Almost half of women with endometrial cancer or hyperplasia do not know that obesity affects their cancer risk. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2015;13:71-5.
33. Concin N, Matias-Guiu X, Vergote I, et al. ESGO/ESTRO/ESP guidelines for the management of patients with endometrial carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 2021;154:327-53. DOI:10.1016/j.radonc.2020.11.018
34. Trimble CL, Method M, Leitao M, et al. Management of endometrial precancers. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:1160-75.
35. Gallos ID, Yap J, Rajkhowa M, et al. Regression, relapse, and live birth rates with fertility-sparing therapy for endometrial cancer and atypical complex endometrial hyperplasia: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207:266.e1-12.
36. Simpson AN, Feigenberg T, Clarke BA, et al. Fertility sparing treatment of complex atypical hyperplasia and low grade endometrial cancer using oral progestin. Gynecol Oncol. 2014;133:229-33.
37. Ørbo A, Arnes M, Vereide AB, et al. Relapse risk of endometrial hyperplasia after treatment with the levonorgestrel-impregnated intrauterine system or oral progestogens. BJOG. 2016;123:1512-9.
38. Park JY, Lee SH, Seong SJ, et al. Progestin re-treatment in patients with recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma after successful fertility-sparing management using progestin. Gynecol Oncol. 2013;129:7-11.
39. Безопасность лекарственных препаратов. Государственный реестр лекарственных средств. Режим доступа: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru. Ссылка активна на 15.10.2021 [Bezopasnost lekarstvennykh preparatov. Gosudarstvennyi reestr lekarstvennykh sredstv. Available at: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru. Accessed: 15.10.2021 (in Russian)].
40. Lu KH, Loose DS, Yates MS, et al. Prospective multicenter randomized intermediate biomarker study of oral contraceptive versus depo-provera for prevention of endometrial cancer in women with Lynch syndrome. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013;6:774-81.
41. Staland B. Continuous treatment with natural oestrogens and progestogens. A method to avoid endometrial stimulation. Maturitas. 1981;3:145-56.
42. Gallos ID, Shehmar M, Thangaratinam S, et al. Oral progestogens vs levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for endometrial hyperplasia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(6):547.e1-10.
43. Rakha E, Wong SC, Soomro I, et al. Clinical outcome of atypical endometrial hyperplasia diagnosed on an endometrial biopsy: institutional experience and review of literature. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36:1683-90.
44. Ip PP, Irving JA, McCluggage WG, et al. Papillary proliferation of the endometrium: a clinicopathologic study of 59 cases of simple and complex papillae without cytologic atypia. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013;37:167-77.
45. Bian J, Shao H, Liu H, et al. Efficacy of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on IVF-ET outcomes in PCOS with simple endometrial hyperplasia. Reprod Sci. 2015;22:758-66.

________________________________________________

1. Horn LC, Schnurrbusch U, Bilek K, et al. Risk of progression in complex and atypical endometrial hyperplasia: clinicopathologic analysis in cases with and without progestogen treatment. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004;14:348-53.
2. Scully RE, Bonfiglio TA, Kurman RJ, et al. Uterine corpus. In: Histological Typing of Female Genital Tract Tumours (2nd edn). New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994; p. 13.
3. Silverberg SG, Mutter GL, Kurman RJ, et al. Tumors of the uterine corpus: epithelial tumors and related lesions. In: WHO Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs. Lyon: IARC Press, 2003; p. 221-32.
4. Emons G, Beckmann MW, Schmidt D, et al. New who classifi cation of endometrial hyperplasias. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2015;75:135-6.
5. Antonsen SL, Ulrich L, Hogdall C. Patients with atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium should be treated in oncological centers. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125:124-8.
6. Kurman RJ, Kaminski PF, Norris HJ. The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia. A long-term study of “untreated” hyperplasia in 170 patients. Cancer. 1985;56:403-12.
7. Terakawa N, Kigawa J, Taketani Y, et al. The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia: a prospective study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 1997;23:223-30.
8. Lacey JV, Jr, Chia VM. Endometrial hyperplasia and the risk of progression to carcinoma. Maturitas. 2009;63:39-44.
9. Owings RA, Quick CM. Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014;138:484-91.
10. Orazov MR. Diskussionnye voprosy vedeniia patsientok s giperplaziei endometriia. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia: novosti, mneniia, obuchenie. 2016;3:46-58 (in Russian).
11. Chandra V, Kim JJ, Benbrook DM, et al. Therapeutic options for management of endometrial hyperplasia. J Gynecol Oncol. 2016;27:e8.
12. Reed SD, Newton KM, Clinton WL, et al. Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:678.e1-6.
13. Papaioannou S, Tzafettas J. Anovulation with or without PCO, hyperandrogenaemia and hyperinsulinaemia as promoters of endometrial and breast cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;24:19-27.
14. Park JC, Lim SY, Jang TK, et al. Endometrial histology and predictable clinical factors for endometrial disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Exp Reprod Med. 2011;38:42-6.
15. Farquhar CM, Lethaby A, Sowter M, et al. An evaluation of risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia in premenopausal women with abnormal menstrual bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:525-9.
16. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) and the British Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy. (BSGE) Management of endometrial hyperplasia. Green-top guideline №67. RCOG/BSGE joint guideline. London: RCOG, 2016. 
17. Orazov MR, Khamoshina MB, Mullina IA, Artemenko IuS. Giperplaziia endometriia – ot patogeneza k effektivnoi terapii. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia: novosti, mneniia, obuchenie. 2021;9(3)21-8 (in Russian).
18. Committee on Gynecologic Practice, Society of Gynecologic Oncology. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee opinion №631. Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125:1272-8.
19. Koh WJ, Abu-Rustum NR, Bean S, et al. Uterine neoplasms, version 1.2018, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2018;16:170-99.
20. Giperplaziia endometriia. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Moscow: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2021 (in Russian).
21. Lacey JVJr, Sherman ME, Rush BB, et al. Absolute risk of endometrial carcinoma during 20-year follow-up among women with endometrial hyperplasia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:788-92.
22. Auclair MH, Yong PJ, Salvador S, et al. Guideline No. 390 – Classification and Management of Endometrial Hyperplasia. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2019;41(12):1789-800.
23. Management of Endometrial Hyperplasia Green-top Guideline No. 67 RCOG/BSGE Joint Guideline, 2016.
24. Ginekologiia. Natsionalnoe rukovodstvo. Ed. GM Savelevoi, GT Sukhikh, VN Serova, et al. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2020 (in Russian).
25. Nooh AM, Abdeldayem HM, Girbash EF, et al. Depo-Provera versus norethisterone acetate in management of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia. Reprod Sci. 2016;23:448-54.
26. Moradan S, Nikkhah N, Mirmohammadkhanai M. Comparing the administration of letrozole and megestrol acetate in the treatment of women with simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypia: a randomized clinical trial. Adv Ther. 2017;34:1211-20.
27. Zhao PL, Zhang QF, Yan LY, et al. Functional investigation on aromatase in endometrial hyperplasia in polycystic ovary syndrome cases. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(20):8975-9. DOI:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8975
28. Chittenden BG, Fullerton G, Maheshwari A, Bhattacharya S. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of gynaecological cancer: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;19:398-405. DOI:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60175-7
29. Hardiman P, Pillay OC, Atiomo W. Polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial carcinoma. Lancet. 2003;361:1810-2. 
30. Fearnley EJ, Marquart L, Spurdle AB, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome increases the risk of endometrial cancer in women aged less than 50 years: an Australian case–control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21:2303-8.
31. Moore E, Shafi M. Endometrial hyperplasia. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2013;23:88-93. 
32. Beavis AL, Cheema S, Holschneider CH, et al. Almost half of women with endometrial cancer or hyperplasia do not know that obesity affects their cancer risk. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2015;13:71-5.
33. Concin N, Matias-Guiu X, Vergote I, et al. ESGO/ESTRO/ESP guidelines for the management of patients with endometrial carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 2021;154:327-53. DOI:10.1016/j.radonc.2020.11.018
34. Trimble CL, Method M, Leitao M, et al. Management of endometrial precancers. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:1160-75.
35. Gallos ID, Yap J, Rajkhowa M, et al. Regression, relapse, and live birth rates with fertility-sparing therapy for endometrial cancer and atypical complex endometrial hyperplasia: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207:266.e1-12.
36. Simpson AN, Feigenberg T, Clarke BA, et al. Fertility sparing treatment of complex atypical hyperplasia and low grade endometrial cancer using oral progestin. Gynecol Oncol. 2014;133:229-33.
37. Ørbo A, Arnes M, Vereide AB, et al. Relapse risk of endometrial hyperplasia after treatment with the levonorgestrel-impregnated intrauterine system or oral progestogens. BJOG. 2016;123:1512-9.
38. Park JY, Lee SH, Seong SJ, et al. Progestin re-treatment in patients with recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma after successful fertility-sparing management using progestin. Gynecol Oncol. 2013;129:7-11.
39. Bezopasnost lekarstvennykh preparatov. Gosudarstvennyi reestr lekarstvennykh sredstv. Available at: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru. Accessed: 15.10.2021 (in Russian).
40. Lu KH, Loose DS, Yates MS, et al. Prospective multicenter randomized intermediate biomarker study of oral contraceptive versus depo-provera for prevention of endometrial cancer in women with Lynch syndrome. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013;6:774-81.
41. Staland B. Continuous treatment with natural oestrogens and progestogens. A method to avoid endometrial stimulation. Maturitas. 1981;3:145-56.
42. Gallos ID, Shehmar M, Thangaratinam S, et al. Oral progestogens vs levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for endometrial hyperplasia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(6):547.e1-10.
43. Rakha E, Wong SC, Soomro I, et al. Clinical outcome of atypical endometrial hyperplasia diagnosed on an endometrial biopsy: institutional experience and review of literature. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36:1683-90.
44. Ip PP, Irving JA, McCluggage WG, et al. Papillary proliferation of the endometrium: a clinicopathologic study of 59 cases of simple and complex papillae without cytologic atypia. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013;37:167-77.
45. Bian J, Shao H, Liu H, et al. Efficacy of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on IVF-ET outcomes in PCOS with simple endometrial hyperplasia. Reprod Sci. 2015;22:758-66.

М.Р. Оразов*1, Л.М. Михалева2, Р.Е. Орехов1, И.А. Муллина1

1 ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов», Москва, Россия;
2 ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека им. акад. А.П. Авцына», Москва, Россия
*omekan@mail.ru

________________________________________________

Mekan R. Orazov1, Ljudmila M. Mihaleva2, Roman E. Orekhov1, Irina A. Mullina1

1 People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia;
2 Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
*omekan@mail.ru