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The etiopathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas: A review
The etiopathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas: A review
Alali OM, Churnosov MI. The etiopathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas: A review. Gynecology. 2023;25(1):22–30. DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2023.1.201827
DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2023.1.201827
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2023 г.
________________________________________________
DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2023.1.201827
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2023 г.
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Аннотация
Background. The most frequent female reproductive system tumors are uterine leiomyoma (UL). They are benign monoclonal tumors of uterine smooth muscle. They affect reproductive-age women with a lifetime prevalence of 30–70%. UL is a disease with complex etiology determined by many genetic and environmental factors. Despite the frequency of UL, there is no long-term, cost-effective or fertility-preserving therapy option for it.
Aim. To summarize the available literature data on the etiopathogenesis of uterine fibroids as well as the risk factors for the development of this disease.
Materials and methods. The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of science literature databases were searched for relevant articles using such keywords as uterine fibroids, UL, association, genetic and hormonal factors, gene, etiology in various combinations.
Results. Genetic disorders and hormonal and growth factors all have a part in the etiology of UL, and studies have resulted to the use of hormone therapy for fibroids, with varying results. Recent findings on the etiopathogenesis of UL, as well as the introduction of relevant genetically modified mouse models of UL, have rekindled interest in the disease. In this review, the basic features of fibroids are discussed, as well as the primary contributors to UL etiopathogenesis, including as genetic, hormonal, and growth causes. Besides the risk factors that contribute to the development of UL.
Conclusion. Many questions about the causes and mechanisms of development factors that predispose remain unanswered, necessitating the continuation of these studies in order to obtain new information. Prospective studies are needed to better understand the biology and epidemiological associations, both to better understand modifiable risk factors and to shed light on the etiopathogenesis of this disease.
Keywords: uterine fibroids, leiomyomas, etiopathogenesis, genetic, hormonal, risk factors
Цель. Обобщить имеющиеся в литературе данные об этиопатогенезе миомы матки, а также о факторах риска развития этого заболевания.
Материалы и методы. В базах данных литературы PubMed, Scopus и Web of Science был проведен поиск соответствующих статей с использованием таких ключевых слов, как «миома матки», «UL», «ассоциация», «генетические и гормональные факторы», «ген», «этиология» в различных комбинациях.
Результаты. Генетические нарушения, гормональные факторы и факторы роста играют определенную роль в этиологии UL, при этом результаты исследований использования гормональной терапии при миоме различаются. Исследования этиопатогенеза UL, связанные с использованием генетически модифицированных мышиных моделей заболевания, являются достаточно интересными. В этом обзоре обсуждаются основные факторы этиопатогенеза миомы матки, и в том числе генетические, гормональные и факторы роста. Рассматриваются факторы риска, которые способствуют развитию UL.
Заключение. Многие вопросы о причинах и механизмах развития миомы матки, ее факторах риска остаются без ответа, что обуславливает необходимость продолжения этих исследований с целью получения новой информации. Проведение дальнейших работ в этой области позволит лучше понять причины и факторы риска развития заболевания.
Ключевые слова: миома матки, лейомиома, этиопатогенез, генетические, гормональные факторы риска
Aim. To summarize the available literature data on the etiopathogenesis of uterine fibroids as well as the risk factors for the development of this disease.
Materials and methods. The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of science literature databases were searched for relevant articles using such keywords as uterine fibroids, UL, association, genetic and hormonal factors, gene, etiology in various combinations.
Results. Genetic disorders and hormonal and growth factors all have a part in the etiology of UL, and studies have resulted to the use of hormone therapy for fibroids, with varying results. Recent findings on the etiopathogenesis of UL, as well as the introduction of relevant genetically modified mouse models of UL, have rekindled interest in the disease. In this review, the basic features of fibroids are discussed, as well as the primary contributors to UL etiopathogenesis, including as genetic, hormonal, and growth causes. Besides the risk factors that contribute to the development of UL.
Conclusion. Many questions about the causes and mechanisms of development factors that predispose remain unanswered, necessitating the continuation of these studies in order to obtain new information. Prospective studies are needed to better understand the biology and epidemiological associations, both to better understand modifiable risk factors and to shed light on the etiopathogenesis of this disease.
Keywords: uterine fibroids, leiomyomas, etiopathogenesis, genetic, hormonal, risk factors
________________________________________________
Цель. Обобщить имеющиеся в литературе данные об этиопатогенезе миомы матки, а также о факторах риска развития этого заболевания.
Материалы и методы. В базах данных литературы PubMed, Scopus и Web of Science был проведен поиск соответствующих статей с использованием таких ключевых слов, как «миома матки», «UL», «ассоциация», «генетические и гормональные факторы», «ген», «этиология» в различных комбинациях.
Результаты. Генетические нарушения, гормональные факторы и факторы роста играют определенную роль в этиологии UL, при этом результаты исследований использования гормональной терапии при миоме различаются. Исследования этиопатогенеза UL, связанные с использованием генетически модифицированных мышиных моделей заболевания, являются достаточно интересными. В этом обзоре обсуждаются основные факторы этиопатогенеза миомы матки, и в том числе генетические, гормональные и факторы роста. Рассматриваются факторы риска, которые способствуют развитию UL.
Заключение. Многие вопросы о причинах и механизмах развития миомы матки, ее факторах риска остаются без ответа, что обуславливает необходимость продолжения этих исследований с целью получения новой информации. Проведение дальнейших работ в этой области позволит лучше понять причины и факторы риска развития заболевания.
Ключевые слова: миома матки, лейомиома, этиопатогенез, генетические, гормональные факторы риска
Полный текст
Список литературы
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4. Ponomarenko I, Reshetnikov E, Polonikov A, et al. Candidate genes for age at menarche are associated with uterine leiomyoma. Front Genet. 2021;11:512940. DOI:10.3389/fgene.2020.512940
5. Doherty L, Mutlu L, Sinclair D, Taylor H. Uterine fibroids: clinical manifestations and contemporary management. Reprod Sci. 2014;21(9):1067-92. DOI:10.1177/1933719114533728
6. Адамян Л.В. Миома матки: диагностика, лечение и реабилитация. Клинические рекомендации по ведению больных. М.: Изд-во Научного центра акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. В.И. Кулакова, 2015 [Adamyan LV. Mioma matki: diagnostika, lechenie i reabilitatsiya. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii po vedeniyu bol’nykh. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Nauchnogo tsentra akusherstva, ginekologii i perinatologii imeni V.I. Kulakova, 2015 (in Russian)].
7. Gallagher CS, Mäkinen N, Harris HR, et al. Genome-wide association and epidemiological analyses reveal common genetic origins between uterine leiomyomata and endometriosis. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):4857. DOI:10.1038/s41467-019-12536-4
8. Van Heertum K, Barmat L. Uterine fibroids associated with infertility. Womens Health (Lond). 2014;10(6):645-53. DOI:10.2217/whe.14.27
9. Pritts EA, Parker WH, Olive DL. Fibroids and infertility: an updated systematic review of the evidence. Fertil Steril. 2009;91(4):1215-23. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.051
10. Wise LA, Laughlin-Tommaso SK. Epidemiology of uterine fibroids: from menarche to menopause. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2016;59(1):2-24. DOI:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000164
11. Pavone D, Clemenza S, Sorbi F, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of uterine fibroids. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;46:3-11. DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.09.004
12. Alsudairi HN, Alrasheed AT, Dvornyk V. Estrogens and uterine fibroids: an integrated view. Research Results in Biomedicine. 2021;7(2):156-63. DOI:10.18413/2658-6533-2021-7-2-0-6
13. Al-Hendy A, Myers ER, Stewart E. Uterine fibroids: burden and unmet medical need. Semin Reprod Med. 2017;35(6):473-80. DOI:10.1055/s-0037-1607264
14. Ulin M, Ali M, Chaudhry ZT, et al. Uterine fibroids in menopause and perimenopause. Menopause. 2020;27(2):238-42. DOI:10.1097/GME.0000000000001438
15. Qin H, Lin Z, Vásquez E, Xu L. The association between chronic psychological stress and uterine fibroids risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Stress Health. 2019;35(5):585-94. DOI:10.1002/smi.2895
16. Пономаренко И.В., Полоников А.В., Чурносов М.И. Полиморфные локусы гена LHCGR ассоциированы с развитием миомы матки. Акушерство и гинекология. 2018;10:86-91 [Ponomarenko IV, Polonikov AV, Churnosov MI. Polymorphic loci of the LHCGR gene are associated with the development of uterine leiomyma. Obstetrics and Gynecology/Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2018;10:86-91 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/ aig.2018.10.86-91
17. Osinovskaya NS, Ivaschenko TE, Dzhemlikhanova LKh, et al. Features of the gene polymorphism of estrogen and progesterone receptors in women with uterine leiomyoma. Journal of Obstetrics and Women’s Diseases/Zhurnal akusherstva i zhenskikh boleznei. 2012;61(3):109-14 (in Russian).
18. Altukhova OB, Radzinsky VE, Polyakova IS, et al. The role of the folate cycle genes in development of uterine fibroids. Obstetrics and Gynecology/Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2021;12:96-101 (in Russian).
19. Bushueva OYu, Kudryavtseva OK, Barysheva EМ, et al. GSR (glutathione reductase) gene as a possible candidate gene for predisposition to uterine fibroids. Medical genetics. 2021;20(3):41-6 (in Russian). DOI:10.25557/2073-7998.2021.03.41-46
20. Altuhova OB, Radzinskij VE, Sirotina SS, et al. Polimorfizm genov interlejkinov i risk razvitiya miomy matki. Obstetrics and Gynecology/Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2022;7:81-7 (in Russian). DOI:10.18565/aig.2022.7.81-87
21. Baranov VS, Osinovskaya NS, Yarmolinskaya MI. Pathogenomics of uterine fibroids development. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(24):6151. DOI:10.3390/ijms20246151
22. Manta L, Suciu N, Toader O, et al. The etiopathogenesis of uterine fibromatosis. J Med Life. 2016;9(1):39-45.
23. Bray MJ, Davis LK, Torstenson ES, et al. Estimating Uterine Fibroid SNP-Based Heritability in European American Women with Imaging-Confirmed Fibroids. Hum Hered. 2019;84(2):73-81. DOI:10.1159/000501335
24. Tal R, Segars JH. The role of angiogenic factors in fibroid pathogenesis: potential implications for future therapy. Hum Reprod Update. 2014;20(2):194-216. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmt042
25. Brakta S, Diamond JS, Al-Hendy A, et al. Role of vitamin D in uterine fibroid biology. Fertil Steril. 2015;104(3):698-706. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.05.031
26. Ciebiera M, Włodarczyk M, Zgliczyński S, et al. The role of miRNA and related pathways in pathophysiology of uterine fibroids – from bench to bedside. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):3016. DOI:10.3390/ijms21083016
27. Schmidt LS, Linehan WM. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2014;7:253-60. DOI:10.2147/IJNRD.S42097
28. Bertsch E, Qiang W, Zhang Q, et al. MED12 and HMGA2 mutations: two independent genetic events in uterine leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma. Mod Pathol. 2014;27(8):1144-53. DOI:10.1038/modpathol.2013.243
29. Moravek MB, Bulun SE. Endocrinology of uterine fibroids: steroid hormones, stem cells, and genetic contribution. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2015;27(4):276-83. DOI:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000185
30. Holzmann C, Kuepker W, Rommel B, et al. Reasons to reconsider risk associated with power morcellation of uterine fibroids. In Vivo. 2020;34(1):1-9. DOI:10.21873/invivo.11739
31. Machado-Lopez A, Simón C, Mas A. Molecular and cellular insights into the development of uterine fibroids. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(16):8483. DOI:10.3390/ijms22168483
32. Mehine M, Mäkinen N, Heinonen HR, et al. Genomics of uterine leiomyomas: insights from high-throughput sequencing. Fertil Steril. 2014;102(3):621-9. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.050
33. Mäkinen N, Vahteristo P, Bützow R, et al. Exomic landscape of MED12 mutation-negative and-positive uterine leiomyomas. Int J Cancer. 2014;134(4):1008-12. DOI:10.1002/ijc.28410
34. Kämpjärvi K, Park MJ, Mehine M, et al. Mutations in Exon 1 highlight the role of MED12 in uterine leiomyomas. Hum Mutat. 2014;35(9):1136-41. DOI:10.1002/humu.22612
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36. Edwards TL, Giri A, Hellwege JN, et al. A trans-ethnic genome-wide association study of uterine fibroids. Front Genet. 2019:10:511. DOI:10.3389/fgene.2019.00511
37. Rafnar T, Gunnarsson B, Stefansson OA, et al Variants associating with uterine leiomyoma highlight genetic background shared by various cancers and hormone-related traits. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3636. DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-05428-6
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40. McWilliams MM, Chennathukuzhi VM. Recent advances in uterine fibroid etiology. Semin Reprod Med. 2017;35(2):181-9. DOI:10.1055/s-0037-1599090
41. Moravek MB, Yin P, Ono M, et al. Ovarian steroids, stem cells and uterine leiomyoma: therapeutic implications. Hum Reprod Update. 2015;21(1):1-12. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmu048
42. Chwalisz K, Taylor H. Current and emerging medical treatments for uterine fibroids. Semin Reprod Med. 2017;35(6):510-22. DOI:10.1055/s-0037-1606302
43. Laughlin SK, Schroeder JC, Baird DD. New directions in the epidemiology of uterine fibroids. Semin Reprod Med. 2010;28(3):204-17. DOI:10.1055/s-0030-1251477
44. Burgess AW. Growth factors and cytokines. Rev Cell Biol Mol Med. 2015;1(2). DOI:10.1002/3527600906.mcb.200300155.pub2
45. Cetin E, Al-Hendy A, Ciebiera M. Non-hormonal mediators of uterine fibroid growth. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2020;32(5):361-70. DOI:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000650
46. Islam MS, Ciavattini A, Petraglia F, et al. Extracellular matrix in uterine leiomyoma pathogenesis: a potential target for future therapeutics. Hum Reprod Update. 2018;24(1):59-85. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmx032
47. Ponomarenko IV, Churnosov MI. Current views on the etiopathogenesis and risk factors of uterine leiomyoma. Obstetrics and Gynecology/Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2018;8:27-32 (in Russian). DOI:10.18565/aig.2018.8.27-32
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49. Davis BJ, Risinger JI, Chandramouli GV, et al. Gene expression in uterine leiomyoma from tumors likely to be growing (from black women over 35) and tumors likely to be non-growing (from white women over 35). PloS One. 2013;8(6):e63909. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0063909
50. Donnez J, Vázquez F, Tomaszewski J, et al. Long-term treatment of uterine fibroids with ulipristal acetate. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(6):1565-73.e1-18. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.008
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9. Pritts EA, Parker WH, Olive DL. Fibroids and infertility: an updated systematic review of the evidence. Fertil Steril. 2009;91(4):1215-23. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.051
10. Wise LA, Laughlin-Tommaso SK. Epidemiology of uterine fibroids: from menarche to menopause. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2016;59(1):2-24. DOI:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000164
11. Pavone D, Clemenza S, Sorbi F, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of uterine fibroids. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;46:3-11. DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.09.004
12. Alsudairi HN, Alrasheed AT, Dvornyk V. Estrogens and uterine fibroids: an integrated view. Research Results in Biomedicine. 2021;7(2):156-63. DOI:10.18413/2658-6533-2021-7-2-0-6
13. Al-Hendy A, Myers ER, Stewart E. Uterine fibroids: burden and unmet medical need. Semin Reprod Med. 2017;35(6):473-80. DOI:10.1055/s-0037-1607264
14. Ulin M, Ali M, Chaudhry ZT, et al. Uterine fibroids in menopause and perimenopause. Menopause. 2020;27(2):238-42. DOI:10.1097/GME.0000000000001438
15. Qin H, Lin Z, Vásquez E, Xu L. The association between chronic psychological stress and uterine fibroids risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Stress Health. 2019;35(5):585-94. DOI:10.1002/smi.2895
16. Пономаренко И.В., Полоников А.В., Чурносов М.И. Полиморфные локусы гена LHCGR ассоциированы с развитием миомы матки. Акушерство и гинекология. 2018;10:86-91 [Ponomarenko IV, Polonikov AV, Churnosov MI. Polymorphic loci of the LHCGR gene are associated with the development of uterine leiomyma. Obstetrics and Gynecology/Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2018;10:86-91 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/ aig.2018.10.86-91
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18. Алтухова О.Б., Радзинский В.Е., Полякова И.С., и др. Роль генов фолатного цикла в развитии миомы матки. Акушерство и гинекология. 2021;12:96-101 [Altukhova OB, Radzinsky VE, Polyakova IS, et al. The role of the folate cycle genes in development of uterine fibroids. Obstetrics and Gynecology/Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2021;12:96-101 (in Russian)].
19. Бушуева О.Ю., Кудрявцева О.К., Барышева Е.М., и др. Ген глутатионредуктазы GSR как возможный ген-кандидат предрасположенности к миоме матки. Медицинская генетика. 2021;20(3):41-6 [Bushueva OYu, Kudryavtseva OK, Barysheva EМ, et al. GSR (glutathione reductase) gene as a possible candidate gene for predisposition to uterine fibroids. Medical genetics. 2021;20(3):41-6 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.25557/2073-7998.2021.03.41-46
20. Алтухова О.Б., Радзинский В.Е., Сиротина С.С., и др. Полиморфизм генов интерлейкинов и риск развития миомы матки. Акушерство и гинекология. 2022;7:81-7 [Altuhova OB, Radzinskij VE, Sirotina SS, et al. Polimorfizm genov interlejkinov i risk razvitiya miomy matki. Obstetrics and Gynecology/Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2022;7:81-7 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/aig.2022.7.81-87
21. Baranov VS, Osinovskaya NS, Yarmolinskaya MI. Pathogenomics of uterine fibroids development. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(24):6151. DOI:10.3390/ijms20246151
22. Manta L, Suciu N, Toader O, et al. The etiopathogenesis of uterine fibromatosis. J Med Life. 2016;9(1):39-45.
23. Bray MJ, Davis LK, Torstenson ES, et al. Estimating Uterine Fibroid SNP-Based Heritability in European American Women with Imaging-Confirmed Fibroids. Hum Hered. 2019;84(2):73-81. DOI:10.1159/000501335
24. Tal R, Segars JH. The role of angiogenic factors in fibroid pathogenesis: potential implications for future therapy. Hum Reprod Update. 2014;20(2):194-216. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmt042
25. Brakta S, Diamond JS, Al-Hendy A, et al. Role of vitamin D in uterine fibroid biology. Fertil Steril. 2015;104(3):698-706. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.05.031
26. Ciebiera M, Włodarczyk M, Zgliczyński S, et al. The role of miRNA and related pathways in pathophysiology of uterine fibroids – from bench to bedside. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):3016. DOI:10.3390/ijms21083016
27. Schmidt LS, Linehan WM. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2014;7:253-60. DOI:10.2147/IJNRD.S42097
28. Bertsch E, Qiang W, Zhang Q, et al. MED12 and HMGA2 mutations: two independent genetic events in uterine leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma. Mod Pathol. 2014;27(8):1144-53. DOI:10.1038/modpathol.2013.243
29. Moravek MB, Bulun SE. Endocrinology of uterine fibroids: steroid hormones, stem cells, and genetic contribution. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2015;27(4):276-83. DOI:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000185
30. Holzmann C, Kuepker W, Rommel B, et al. Reasons to reconsider risk associated with power morcellation of uterine fibroids. In Vivo. 2020;34(1):1-9. DOI:10.21873/invivo.11739
31. Machado-Lopez A, Simón C, Mas A. Molecular and cellular insights into the development of uterine fibroids. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(16):8483. DOI:10.3390/ijms22168483
32. Mehine M, Mäkinen N, Heinonen HR, et al. Genomics of uterine leiomyomas: insights from high-throughput sequencing. Fertil Steril. 2014;102(3):621-9. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.050
33. Mäkinen N, Vahteristo P, Bützow R, et al. Exomic landscape of MED12 mutation-negative and-positive uterine leiomyomas. Int J Cancer. 2014;134(4):1008-12. DOI:10.1002/ijc.28410
34. Kämpjärvi K, Park MJ, Mehine M, et al. Mutations in Exon 1 highlight the role of MED12 in uterine leiomyomas. Hum Mutat. 2014;35(9):1136-41. DOI:10.1002/humu.22612
35. Holzmann C, Markowski DN, Koczan D, et al. Genome-wide acquired uniparental disomy as well as chromosomal gains and losses in an uterine epithelioid leiomyoma. Mol Cytogenet. 2014;7(1):19. DOI:10.1186/1755-8166-7-19
36. Edwards TL, Giri A, Hellwege JN, et al. A trans-ethnic genome-wide association study of uterine fibroids. Front Genet. 2019:10:511. DOI:10.3389/fgene.2019.00511
37. Rafnar T, Gunnarsson B, Stefansson OA, et al Variants associating with uterine leiomyoma highlight genetic background shared by various cancers and hormone-related traits. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3636. DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-05428-6
38. Välimäki N, Kuisma H, Pasanen A, et al. Genetic predisposition to uterine leiomyoma is determined by loci for genitourinary development and genome stability. Elife. 2018;7:e37110. DOI:10.7554/eLife.37110
39. Sakai K, Tanikawa C, Hirasawa A, et al. Identification of a novel uterine leiomyoma GWAS locus in a Japanese population. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1197.
DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-58066-8
40. McWilliams MM, Chennathukuzhi VM. Recent advances in uterine fibroid etiology. Semin Reprod Med. 2017;35(2):181-9. DOI:10.1055/s-0037-1599090
41. Moravek MB, Yin P, Ono M, et al. Ovarian steroids, stem cells and uterine leiomyoma: therapeutic implications. Hum Reprod Update. 2015;21(1):1-12. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmu048
42. Chwalisz K, Taylor H. Current and emerging medical treatments for uterine fibroids. Semin Reprod Med. 2017;35(6):510-22. DOI:10.1055/s-0037-1606302
43. Laughlin SK, Schroeder JC, Baird DD. New directions in the epidemiology of uterine fibroids. Semin Reprod Med. 2010;28(3):204-17. DOI:10.1055/s-0030-1251477
44. Burgess AW. Growth factors and cytokines. Rev Cell Biol Mol Med. 2015;1(2). DOI:10.1002/3527600906.mcb.200300155.pub2
45. Cetin E, Al-Hendy A, Ciebiera M. Non-hormonal mediators of uterine fibroid growth. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2020;32(5):361-70. DOI:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000650
46. Islam MS, Ciavattini A, Petraglia F, et al. Extracellular matrix in uterine leiomyoma pathogenesis: a potential target for future therapeutics. Hum Reprod Update. 2018;24(1):59-85. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmx032
47. Пономаренко И.В., Чурносов М.И. Современные представления об этиопатогенезе и факторах риска лейомиомы матки. Акушерство и гинекология. 2018;8:27-32 [Ponomarenko IV, Churnosov MI. Current views on the etiopathogenesis and risk factors of uterine leiomyoma. Obstetrics and Gynecology/Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2018;8:27-32 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/aig.2018.8.27-32
48. Ciebiera M, Włodarczyk M, Słabuszewska-Jóźwiak A, et al. Influence of vitamin D and transforming growth factor β3 serum concentrations, obesity, and family history on the risk for uterine fibroids. Fertil Steril. 2016;106(7):1787-92. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.007
49. Davis BJ, Risinger JI, Chandramouli GV, et al. Gene expression in uterine leiomyoma from tumors likely to be growing (from black women over 35) and tumors likely to be non-growing (from white women over 35). PloS One. 2013;8(6):e63909. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0063909
50. Donnez J, Vázquez F, Tomaszewski J, et al. Long-term treatment of uterine fibroids with ulipristal acetate. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(6):1565-73.e1-18. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.008
51. Ponomarenko I, Reshetnikov E, Altuchova O, et al. Association of genetic polymorphisms with age at menarche in Russian women. Gene. 2019;686:228-36. DOI:10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.042
52. Reis FM, Bloise E, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Hormones and pathogenesis of uterine fibroids. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;34:13-24. DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.11.015
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59. Protic O, Toti P, Islam MS, et al. Possible involvement of inflammatory/reparative processes in the development of uterine fibroids. Cell Tissue Res. 2016;364(2):415-27. DOI:10.1007/s00441-015-2324-3
60. Marom-Haham L, Shulman A. Cigarette smoking and hormones. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2016;28(4):230-5. DOI:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000283
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62. Ciebiera M, Włodarczyk M, Ciebiera M, et al. Vitamin D and uterine fibroids – review of the literature and novel concepts. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):2051. DOI:10.3390/ijms19072051
63. Pike JW, Christakos S. Biology and mechanisms of action of the vitamin D hormone. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(4):815-43. DOI:10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.001
64. Ciebiera M, Ali M, Prince L, et al. The significance of measuring vitamin D serum levels in women with uterine fibroids. Reprod Sci. 2021;28(8):2098-109.
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65. Shen Y, Xu Q, Xu J, et al. Environmental exposure and risk of uterine leiomyoma: an epidemiologic survey. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17(23):3249-56.
66. Orta OR, Terry KL, Missmer SA, Harris HR. Dairy and related nutrient intake and risk of uterine leiomyoma: a prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod. 2020;35(2):453-63. DOI:10.1093/humrep/dez278
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52. Reis FM, Bloise E, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Hormones and pathogenesis of uterine fibroids. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;34:13-24. DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.11.015
53. Bulun SE, Moravek MB, Yin P, et al. Uterine leiomyoma stem cells: linking progesterone to growth. Semin Reprod Med. 2015;33(5):357-65. DOI:10.1055/s-0035-1558451
54. Mok H, Feng J, Hu W, et al. Decreased serum estrogen improves fat graft retention by enhancing early macrophage infiltration and inducing adipocyte hypertrophy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;501(1):266-72. DOI:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.232
55. Ciavattini A, Delli Carpini G, Moriconi L, et al. The association between ultrasound-estimated visceral fat deposition and uterine fibroids: an observational study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2017;33(8):634-7. DOI:10.1080/09513590.2017.1302418
56. Sparic R, Mirkovic L, Malvasi A, Tinelli A. Epidemiology of uterine myomas: a review. Int J Fertil Steril. 2016;9(4):424-35. DOI:10.22074/ijfs.2015.4599
57. Borahay MA, Asoglu MR, Mas A, et al. Estrogen receptors and signaling in fibroids: role in pathobiology and therapeutic implications. Reprod Sci. 2017;24(9):1235-44. DOI:10.1177/1933719116678686
58. Pan H, Qin F, Deng F. Clinical Value of Body Mass Index and Waist-Hip Ratio in Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Uterine Leiomyomata. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;4:1-6. DOI:10.1155/2021/8156288
59. Protic O, Toti P, Islam MS, et al. Possible involvement of inflammatory/reparative processes in the development of uterine fibroids. Cell Tissue Res. 2016;364(2):415-27. DOI:10.1007/s00441-015-2324-3
60. Marom-Haham L, Shulman A. Cigarette smoking and hormones. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2016;28(4):230-5. DOI:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000283
61. Stewart EA, Cookson CL, Gandolfo RA, Schulze-Rath R. Epidemiology of uterine fibroids: a systematic review. BJOG. 2017;124(10):1501-12. DOI:10.1111/1471-0528.14640
62. Ciebiera M, Włodarczyk M, Ciebiera M, et al. Vitamin D and uterine fibroids – review of the literature and novel concepts. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):2051. DOI:10.3390/ijms19072051
63. Pike JW, Christakos S. Biology and mechanisms of action of the vitamin D hormone. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(4):815-43. DOI:10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.001
64. Ciebiera M, Ali M, Prince L, et al. The significance of measuring vitamin D serum levels in women with uterine fibroids. Reprod Sci. 2021;28(8):2098-109.
DOI:10.1007/s43032-020-00363-8
65. Shen Y, Xu Q, Xu J, et al. Environmental exposure and risk of uterine leiomyoma: an epidemiologic survey. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17(23):3249-56.
66. Orta OR, Terry KL, Missmer SA, Harris HR. Dairy and related nutrient intake and risk of uterine leiomyoma: a prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod. 2020;35(2):453-63. DOI:10.1093/humrep/dez278
Авторы
Ola M. Alali*, Mikhail I. Churnosov
Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
*alaliola9@gmail.com
ФГАОУ ВО «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет», Белгород, Россия
*alaliola9@gmail.com
Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
*alaliola9@gmail.com
________________________________________________
ФГАОУ ВО «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет», Белгород, Россия
*alaliola9@gmail.com
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.