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Мастодиния. Современные данные о причинах, течении, диагностике и подходах к коррекции
Мастодиния. Современные данные о причинах, течении, диагностике и подходах к коррекции
Лещенко О.Я. Мастодиния. Современные данные о причинах, течении, диагностике и подходах к коррекции. Гинекология. 2023;25(3):282–289. DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2023.3.202341
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2023 г.
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2023 г.
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Аннотация
Мастодиния является частым клиническим симптомом в общей врачебной и гинекологической практике. Задачи данного библиографического обзора: провести анализ научных сведений об эпидемиологии мастодинии/масталгии, о влиянии на качество жизни, противоречиях в определении этиологии, сформулировать диагностическую концепцию, классификацию, лечение, а также выяснить терапевтические эффекты Vitex Agnus-Castus. Проведен поиск научных публикаций в основных исследовательских базах данных, CochraneLibrary, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, ELibrary за последние 30 лет; использованы термины «масталгия/mastalgia», «мастодиния/mastodynia», «прутняк/Vitex Agnus-Castus», «боль в груди», «боль в молочных железах/chest pain, breast pain». Патофизиология мастодинии объясняется не одним механизмом, а разными причинами с независимыми путями формирования болезненных ощущений. Большинство исследований подчеркнули важность правильной классификации боли в молочных железах для точной диагностики и эффективной терапии, чтобы уменьшить частоту и выраженность эпизодов боли и улучшить качество жизни при минимизации побочных эффектов. Препараты на основе Vitex Agnus-Castus являются безопасными и эффективными в лечения мастодинии.
Ключевые слова: масталгия, мастодиния, Vitex Agnus-Castus, боль в груди, боль в молочных железах
Keywords: mastalgia, mastodynia, Vitex Agnus-Castus, chest pain, breast pain
Ключевые слова: масталгия, мастодиния, Vitex Agnus-Castus, боль в груди, боль в молочных железах
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Keywords: mastalgia, mastodynia, Vitex Agnus-Castus, chest pain, breast pain
Полный текст
Список литературы
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4. Kataria K, Dhar A, Srivastava A, et al. A systematic review of current understanding and management of mastalgia. Indian J Surg. 2014;76(3):217-22. DOI:10.1007/s12262-013-0813-8
5. Kulagina NV, Odintsov VA. Mastodiniia: patogenez, diagnostika, lechenie. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2022;6:33-9 (in Russian). DOI:10.18565/aig.2022-6.33-39
6. Kumar S, Rai R, Das V, et al. Visual analogue scale for assessing breast nodularity in non-discrete lumpy breasts: the Lucknow–Cardiff breast nodularity scale. Breast.
2010;19(3):238-42. DOI:10.1016/j.breast.2010.02.002
7. Scurr J, Hedger W, Morris P, Brown N. The prevalence, severity and impact of breast pain in the general population. Breast J. 2014;20(5):508‑13. DOI:10.1111/tbj.12305
8. Sutton GL, O’Malley VP. Treatment of cyclical mastalgia with low dose short term danazol. Br J Clin Pract. 1986;40(2):68-70.
9. Mansel RE, Dogliotti L. European multicenter trial of bromocriptine in cyclical mastalgia. Lancet. 1990;335(8683):190-3. DOI:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90278-d
10. Fentiman IS, Powles TJ. Tamoxifen and benign breast problems. Lancet. 1987;2(8567):1070-2. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91491-7
11. Ader DN, South-Paul J, Adera T, Deuster PA. Cyclical mastalgia: prevalence and associated health behavioral factors. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;22(2):71-6. DOI:10.3109/01674820109049956
12. Mansel RE, Webster DJT, Sweetland HM. Breast pain and nodularity. In: Benign disorders and disease of the breast. 3d ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, Elsevier, 2009.
13. Padden DL. Mastalgia: evaluation and management. Nurse Pract Forum. 2000;11(4):213-8.
14. Rungruang B, Kelley JL 3rd. Benign breast diseases: epidemiology, evaluation, and management. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2011;54(1):110-24. DOI:10.1097/GRF.0b013e318208010e
15. Wisbey JR, Kumar S, Mansel RE, et al. Natural history of breast pain. Lancet. 1983;2(8351):672-4. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92543-6
16. Goyal A. Breast pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2011;2011:0812.
17. Malarkey WB, Schrooeder LL, Stevens VC, et al. Twenty-four-hour preoperative endocrine profiles in women with benign and malignant breast disease. Cancer Res.
1977;37(12):4655-9.
18. Sitruk-Ware R, Sterkers N, Mauvais-Jarvis P. Benign breast disease I: hormonal investigation. Obstet Gynecol. 1979;53(4):457-60.
19. Peters F, Pickcardt CR, Zimmermann G, Breckwoldt M. PRL, TSH and thyroid hormones in benign breast diseases. Klin Wochenschr. 1981;59(8):403-7. DOI:10.1007/BF01698519
20. Kumar S, Mansel RE, Scanlon MF, et al. Altered responses of prolactin, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone secretion to thyrotrophin releasing hormone/gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulation in cyclical mastalgia. Br J Surg. 1984;71(11):870-3. DOI:10.1002/bjs.1800711123
21. Parlati E, Travaglini A, Liberale I, et al. Hormonal profile in benign breast disease: Endocrine status of cyclical mastalgia patients. J Endocrinol Invest. 1988;11(9):679-83. DOI:10.1007/BF03350214
22. Bonilla-Sepulveda OA, Giraldo-Santa DC. Mastodynia. CES Med. 2019;33(2):111-8. DOI:10.21615/cesmedicina.33.2.4
23. Ledina AV, Prilepskaya VN. Mastalgiya: klinika, diagnostika, lechenie. Gynecology. 2011;13(5):66-76 (in Russian).
24. Leshchenko OYa. Hyperprolactinemia in the postmenopause: versions and contraversions. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2021;93(10):1234‑9 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/00403660.2021.10.201073
25. Bundred NJ. Breast pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2007;2007:0812.
26. Labygina AV, Suturina LV, Leshenko OYa. Change of prolactin against a background of intake of oral contraceptives in girls with functional hyperprolactinemia. Biulleten' VSNTs SO RAMN. 2006;1(47):79-81 (in Russian).
27. Boyle CA, Berkowitz GS, LiVolsi VA, et al. Caffeine consumption and fibrocystic breast disease: a case-control epidemiologic study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984;72(5):1015-9.
28. Levinson W, Dunn PM. Nonassociation of caffeine and fibrocystic breast disease. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146(9):1773-5.
29. Idiz C, Çakır C, Ulusoy Aİ, İdiz UO. The Role of Nutrition in Women with Benign Cyclic Mastalgia: A Case-Control Study. Eur J Breast Health. 2018;14(3):156-9. DOI:10.5152/ejbh.2018.3827
30. Preece PE, Mansel RE, Hughes LE. Mastalgia: psychoneurosis or organic disease? Br Med J. 1978;1(6104):29-30. DOI:10.1136/bmj.1.6104.29
31. Johnson KM, Bradley KA, Bush K, et al. Frequency of mastalgia among women veterans. Association with psychiatric conditions and unexplained pain syndromes. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21Suppl. 3(Suppl. 3):S70-5. DOI:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00378.x
32. Expert Panel on Breast Imaging: Jokich PM, Bailey L, D'Orsi C, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Breast Pain. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(5S):S25‑33. DOI:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.01.028
33. Leung JW, Kornguth PJ, Gotway MB. Utility of targeted sonography in the evaluation of focal breast pain. J Ultrasound Med. 2002;21(5):521-6. DOI:10.7863/jum.2002.21.5.521
34. Tumyan L, Hoyt AC, Bassett LW. Negative predictive value of sonography and mammography in patients with focal breast pain. Breast J. 2005;11(5):333-7.
DOI:10.1111/j.1075-122X.2005.00018.x
35. Loving VA, DeMartini WB, Eby PR, et al. Targeted ultrasound in women younger than 30 years with focal breast signs or symptoms: outcomes analyses and management implications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195(6):1472-7. DOI:10.2214/AJR.10.4396
36. Harper AP, Kelly-Fry E, Noe JS. Ultrasound breast imaging-the method of choice for examining the young patient. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1981;7(3):231-7.
DOI:10.1016/0301-5629(81)90033-8
37. Wewers ME, Lowe NK. A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena. Res Nurs Heal. 1990;13(4):227-36. DOI:10.1002/nur.4770130405
38. Talimi-Schnabel J, Fink D. Mastodynie – wie soll man «Brustschmerz» abklären und behandeln? Praxis (Bern 1994). 2017;106(20):1101-6 (in German).
DOI:10.1024/1661-8157/a002795
39. Iddon J, Dixon JM. Mastalgia. BMJ. 2013;347:f3288. DOI:10.1136/bmj.f3288
40. Hadi MS. Sports brassiere: is it a solution for mastalgia? Breast J. 2000;6(6):407-9. DOI:10.1046/j.1524-4741.2000.20018.x
41. White J, Scurr J. Evaluation of professional bra fitting criteria for bra selection and fitting in the UK. Ergonomics. 2012;55(6):704-11.
DOI:10.1080/00140139.2011.647096
42. Jaiswal G, Thakur GS. An alternative yogic approach for cyclical mastalgia–A narrative review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021;10(2):601-8. DOI:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1688_20
43. Yu C, Wang J, Shen B, et al. Effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of cyclic mastalgia: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022;22(1):297. DOI:10.1186/s12906-022-03779-8
44. Yu GH, Zou LY, Liu JG. Combination of acupuncture with medication for treatment of hyperplasia of mammary glands in 46 cases. J Tradit Chin Med. 2010;30(3):232-4. DOI:10.1016/s0254-6272(10)60047-7
45. Wang Y. Acupuncture for treatment of hyperplasia of mammary gland and its effects on images and hemodynamics in the mammary gland. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2005;25(9):619-21 (in Chinese).
46. Ernster VL, Goodson WH 3rd, Hunt TK, et al. Vitamin E and benign breast «disease»: double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Surgery. 1985;97(4):490-4.
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49. Kolesnikova LI, Osipova EV, Grеbenkina LA, et al. Oxidation stress in women with diffusion mastopathy in dinamics of menstrual cycle. Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2007;56(4):41‑5 (in Russian).
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51. Osouli Tabrizi S, Meedya S, Ghassab-Abdollahia N, et al. The effect of the herbal medicine on severity of cyclic mastalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Complement Integr Med. 2021;19(4):855-68. DOI:10.1515/jcim-2020-0531
52. Colak T, Ipek T, Kanik A, et al. Efficacy of topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in mastalgia treatment. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;196(4):525-30.
DOI:10.1016/S1072-7515(02)01893-8
53. Coney P, Washenik K, Langley RG, et al. Weight change and adverse event incidence with a low-dose oral contraceptive: two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Contraception. 2001;63(6):297-302. DOI:10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00208-6
54. Uzan S, Denis C, Pomi V, Varin C. Double-blind trial of promegestone (R 5020) and lynestrenol in the treatment of benign breast disease. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1992;43(3):219-27. DOI:10.1016/0028-2243(92)90177-z
55. Nappi C, Affinito P, Di Carlo C, et al. Double-blind controlled trial of progesterone vaginal cream treatment for cyclical mastodynia in women with benign breast disease. J Endocrinol Invest. 1992;15(11):801-6. DOI:10.1007/BF03348808
56. Brkic M, Vujovic S, Ivanisevic MF, et al. The influence of progesterone gel therapy in the treatment of fibrocystic breast disease. Open J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;6(5):334-41. DOI:10.4236/ojog.2016.65042
57. Andreeva EN, Rozhkova NI. Efficacy of micronized progesterone-containing transdermal gel in the treatment of fibrocystic mastopathy: results of a russian study. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2016;12:131-6 (in Russian). DOI:10.18565/aig.2016.12.131-6
58. Kiselev VI, Smetnik VP, Suturina LV, et al. Indole carbinol is a multitargeted therapy option for cyclic mastodynia. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2013;7:56-63 (in Russian).
59. Mansel RE, Goyal A, Preece P, et al. European randomized, multicenter study of goserelin (Zoladex) in the management of mastalgia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(6):1942-9. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.06.100
60. Srivastava A, Mansel RE, Arvind N, et al. Evidence-based management of mastalgia: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Breast. 2007;16(5):503‑12. DOI:10.1016/j.breast.2007.03.003
61. Zeqiri A, Dermaku-Sopjani M, Sopjani M. The mechanisms underlying the role of Vitex agnus-castus in mastalgia. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2022;123(12):913-8. DOI:10.4149/BLL_2022_147
62. Wuttke W, Jarry H, Christoffel V, et al. Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus)-pharmacology and clinical indications. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(4):348‑57. DOI:10.1078/094471103322004866
63. Carmichael AR. Can Vitex Agnus Castus be used for the treatment of mastalgia? What is the current evidence? Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008;5(3):247-50. DOI:10.1093/ecam/nem074
64. Schellenberg R. Treatment for the premenstrual syndrome with agnus castus fruit extract: prospective, randomised, placebo controlled study. BMJ. 2001;322(7279):134-7. DOI:10.1136/bmj.322.7279.134
65. Halaska M, Beles P, Gorkow C, Sieder C. Treatment of cyclical mastalgia with a solution containing a Vitex agnus castus extract: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Breast. 1999;8(4):175-81. DOI:10.1054/brst.1999.0039
66. Atmaca M, Kumru S, Tezcan E. Fluoxetine versus Vitex agnus castus extract in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(3):191-5. DOI:10.1002/hup.470
67. Loch EG, Selle H, Boblitz N. Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with a phytopharmaceutical formulation containing Vitex agnus castus. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2000;9(3):315-20. DOI:10.1089/152460900318515
68. Berger D, Schaffner W, Schrader E, et al. Efficacy of Vitex agnus castus L. extract Ze 440 in patients with pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS). Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2000;264(3):150-3. DOI:10.1007/s004040000123
69. Ooi SL, Watts S, McClean R, Pak SC. Vitex Agnus-Castus for the Treatment of Cyclic Mastalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2020;29(2):262-78. DOI:10.1089/jwh.2019.7770
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32. Expert Panel on Breast Imaging: Jokich PM, Bailey L, D'Orsi C, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Breast Pain. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(5S):S25‑33. DOI:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.01.028
33. Leung JW, Kornguth PJ, Gotway MB. Utility of targeted sonography in the evaluation of focal breast pain. J Ultrasound Med. 2002;21(5):521-6. DOI:10.7863/jum.2002.21.5.521
34. Tumyan L, Hoyt AC, Bassett LW. Negative predictive value of sonography and mammography in patients with focal breast pain. Breast J. 2005;11(5):333-7.
DOI:10.1111/j.1075-122X.2005.00018.x
35. Loving VA, DeMartini WB, Eby PR, et al. Targeted ultrasound in women younger than 30 years with focal breast signs or symptoms: outcomes analyses and management implications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195(6):1472-7. DOI:10.2214/AJR.10.4396
36. Harper AP, Kelly-Fry E, Noe JS. Ultrasound breast imaging-the method of choice for examining the young patient. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1981;7(3):231-7.
DOI:10.1016/0301-5629(81)90033-8
37. Wewers ME, Lowe NK. A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena. Res Nurs Heal. 1990;13(4):227-36. DOI:10.1002/nur.4770130405
38. Talimi-Schnabel J, Fink D. Mastodynie – wie soll man «Brustschmerz» abklären und behandeln? Praxis (Bern 1994). 2017;106(20):1101-6 (in German).
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39. Iddon J, Dixon JM. Mastalgia. BMJ. 2013;347:f3288. DOI:10.1136/bmj.f3288
40. Hadi MS. Sports brassiere: is it a solution for mastalgia? Breast J. 2000;6(6):407-9. DOI:10.1046/j.1524-4741.2000.20018.x
41. White J, Scurr J. Evaluation of professional bra fitting criteria for bra selection and fitting in the UK. Ergonomics. 2012;55(6):704-11.
DOI:10.1080/00140139.2011.647096
42. Jaiswal G, Thakur GS. An alternative yogic approach for cyclical mastalgia–A narrative review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021;10(2):601-8. DOI:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1688_20
43. Yu C, Wang J, Shen B, et al. Effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of cyclic mastalgia: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022;22(1):297. DOI:10.1186/s12906-022-03779-8
44. Yu GH, Zou LY, Liu JG. Combination of acupuncture with medication for treatment of hyperplasia of mammary glands in 46 cases. J Tradit Chin Med. 2010;30(3):232-4. DOI:10.1016/s0254-6272(10)60047-7
45. Wang Y. Acupuncture for treatment of hyperplasia of mammary gland and its effects on images and hemodynamics in the mammary gland. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2005;25(9):619-21 (in Chinese).
46. Ernster VL, Goodson WH 3rd, Hunt TK, et al. Vitamin E and benign breast «disease»: double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Surgery. 1985;97(4):490-4.
47. Schürks M, Glynn RJ, Rist PM, et al. Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ. 2010;341:c5702. DOI:10.1136/bmj.c5702
48. Колесникова Л.И., Сутурина Л.В., Гальченко Е.В., и др. Некоторые показатели антиоксидантной системы у женщин с дисгормональной мастопатией в динамике менструального цикла. Журнал акушерства и женских болезней. 2005;54(1):74-7 [Kolesnikova LI, Suturina LV, Gal'chenko EV, et al. Some parameters of antioxidant system in women with dyshormonal mastopathy in dynamics of menstrual cycle. Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases. 2005;54(1):74-7 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17816/JOWD81580
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50. Goyal A, Mansel RE; Efamast Study Group. A randomized multicenter study of gamolenic acid (Efamast) with and without antioxidant vitamins and minerals in the management of mastalgia. Breast J. 2005;11(1):41-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1075-122X.2005.21492.x
51. Osouli Tabrizi S, Meedya S, Ghassab-Abdollahia N, et al. The effect of the herbal medicine on severity of cyclic mastalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Complement Integr Med. 2021;19(4):855-68. DOI:10.1515/jcim-2020-0531
52. Colak T, Ipek T, Kanik A, et al. Efficacy of topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in mastalgia treatment. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;196(4):525-30.
DOI:10.1016/S1072-7515(02)01893-8
53. Coney P, Washenik K, Langley RG, et al. Weight change and adverse event incidence with a low-dose oral contraceptive: two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Contraception. 2001;63(6):297-302. DOI:10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00208-6
54. Uzan S, Denis C, Pomi V, Varin C. Double-blind trial of promegestone (R 5020) and lynestrenol in the treatment of benign breast disease. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1992;43(3):219-27. DOI:10.1016/0028-2243(92)90177-z
55. Nappi C, Affinito P, Di Carlo C, et al. Double-blind controlled trial of progesterone vaginal cream treatment for cyclical mastodynia in women with benign breast disease. J Endocrinol Invest. 1992;15(11):801-6. DOI:10.1007/BF03348808
56. Brkic M, Vujovic S, Ivanisevic MF, et al. The influence of progesterone gel therapy in the treatment of fibrocystic breast disease. Open J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;6(5):334-41. DOI:10.4236/ojog.2016.65042
57. Андреева Е.Н., Рожкова Н.И. Эффективность трансдермального геля, содержащего микронизированный прогестерон, в лечении фиброзно-кистозной мастопатии. Результаты российского исследования. Акушерство и гинекология. 2016;12:131-6 [Andreeva EN, Rozhkova NI. Efficacy of micronized progesterone-containing transdermal gel in the treatment of fibrocystic mastopathy: results of a russian study. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2016;12:131-6 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/aig.2016.12.131-6
58. Киселев В.И., Сметник В.П., Сутурина Л.В., и др. Индолкарбинол – метод мультитаргетной терапии при циклической мастодинии. Акушерство и гинекология.
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59. Mansel RE, Goyal A, Preece P, et al. European randomized, multicenter study of goserelin (Zoladex) in the management of mastalgia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(6):1942-9. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.06.100
60. Srivastava A, Mansel RE, Arvind N, et al. Evidence-based management of mastalgia: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Breast. 2007;16(5):503‑12. DOI:10.1016/j.breast.2007.03.003
61. Zeqiri A, Dermaku-Sopjani M, Sopjani M. The mechanisms underlying the role of Vitex agnus-castus in mastalgia. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2022;123(12):913-8. DOI:10.4149/BLL_2022_147
62. Wuttke W, Jarry H, Christoffel V, et al. Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus)-pharmacology and clinical indications. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(4):348‑57. DOI:10.1078/094471103322004866
63. Carmichael AR. Can Vitex Agnus Castus be used for the treatment of mastalgia? What is the current evidence? Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008;5(3):247-50. DOI:10.1093/ecam/nem074
64. Schellenberg R. Treatment for the premenstrual syndrome with agnus castus fruit extract: prospective, randomised, placebo controlled study. BMJ. 2001;322(7279):134-7. DOI:10.1136/bmj.322.7279.134
65. Halaska M, Beles P, Gorkow C, Sieder C. Treatment of cyclical mastalgia with a solution containing a Vitex agnus castus extract: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Breast. 1999;8(4):175-81. DOI:10.1054/brst.1999.0039
66. Atmaca M, Kumru S, Tezcan E. Fluoxetine versus Vitex agnus castus extract in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(3):191-5. DOI:10.1002/hup.470
67. Loch EG, Selle H, Boblitz N. Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with a phytopharmaceutical formulation containing Vitex agnus castus. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2000;9(3):315-20. DOI:10.1089/152460900318515
68. Berger D, Schaffner W, Schrader E, et al. Efficacy of Vitex agnus castus L. extract Ze 440 in patients with pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS). Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2000;264(3):150-3. DOI:10.1007/s004040000123
69. Ooi SL, Watts S, McClean R, Pak SC. Vitex Agnus-Castus for the Treatment of Cyclic Mastalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2020;29(2):262-78. DOI:10.1089/jwh.2019.7770
________________________________________________
2. Grullon S, Bechmann S. Mastodynia. In: StatPearls [Internet], Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2022; 2023.
3. Stachs A, Stubert J, Reimer T, Hartmann S. Benign Breast Disease in Women. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2019;116(33-34):565-74. DOI:10.3238/arztebl.2019.0565
4. Kataria K, Dhar A, Srivastava A, et al. A systematic review of current understanding and management of mastalgia. Indian J Surg. 2014;76(3):217-22. DOI:10.1007/s12262-013-0813-8
5. Kulagina NV, Odintsov VA. Mastodiniia: patogenez, diagnostika, lechenie. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2022;6:33-9 (in Russian). DOI:10.18565/aig.2022-6.33-39
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Авторы
О.Я. Лещенко*
ФГБНУ «Научный центр проблем здоровья семьи и репродукции человека», Иркутск, Россия
*loyairk@mail.ru
Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
*loyairk@mail.ru
ФГБНУ «Научный центр проблем здоровья семьи и репродукции человека», Иркутск, Россия
*loyairk@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
*loyairk@mail.ru
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