Современные методы оценки кровопотери в родах и диагностики послеродового кровотечения
Современные методы оценки кровопотери в родах и диагностики послеродового кровотечения
Белокриницкая Т.Е., Сидоркина А.Г., Мудров В.А. Современные методы оценки кровопотери в родах и диагностики послеродового кровотечения. Гинекология. 2024;26(2):129–134.
DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2024.2.202715
Belokrinitskaya TE, Sidorkina AG, Mudrov VA. Modern methods for assessing blood loss in childbirth and diagnosing postpartum hemorrhage: A review. Gynecology. 2024;26(2):129–134.
DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2024.2.202715
Современные методы оценки кровопотери в родах и диагностики послеродового кровотечения
Белокриницкая Т.Е., Сидоркина А.Г., Мудров В.А. Современные методы оценки кровопотери в родах и диагностики послеродового кровотечения. Гинекология. 2024;26(2):129–134.
DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2024.2.202715
Belokrinitskaya TE, Sidorkina AG, Mudrov VA. Modern methods for assessing blood loss in childbirth and diagnosing postpartum hemorrhage: A review. Gynecology. 2024;26(2):129–134.
DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2024.2.202715
В настоящее время послеродовое кровотечение (ПРК) является одной из ведущих причин материнской смертности в России и во всем мире. Точный расчет объема циркулирующей крови (ОЦК) и персонализированная оценка объема кровопотери (ОК) играют ключевую роль в ранней диагностике ПРК. Визуальная оценка ОК в родах является общедоступным методом диагностики, однако обладает высокой погрешностью в сравнении с гравиметрическим методом. Динамическую оценку шокового индекса (ШИ) как показателя, достаточно рано отражающего нарушения гемодинамики, можно применять в качестве дополнительного метода диагностики ПРК и теста, позволяющего прогнозировать потребность в трансфузии препаратов крови. Цель. Провести анализ источников современной литературы по оценке ОК в родах и диагностике ПРК. Материалы и методы. Поиск публикаций отечественных и зарубежных авторов осуществляли в информационных электронных базах данных PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, eLibrary за период с 2016 до января 2024 г. по таким ключевым словам, как акушерская кровопотеря, ПРК, ШИ. Результаты. При анализе методов оценки ОЦК выявлена его зависимость от индекса массы тела. Субъективные способы определения ПРК имеют большую погрешность, которая не зависит от опыта и стажа медицинского работника. Гравиметрический метод более точен, однако при превышении физиологической кровопотери он может приводить к недооценке клинической ситуации. Динамическая оценка ШИ является ранним маркером гемодинамических нарушений и позволяет надежнее других параметров выделить пациенток с высоким риском неблагоприятных исходов. Заключение. Для своевременного и адекватного оказания неотложной медицинской помощи, связанной с патологической акушерской кровопотерей, следует использовать персонифицированный подход к расчету ОЦК с учетом индекса массы тела женщины, а также применять системную оценку ОК, включающую как минимум объем и расчет ШИ в динамике.
Ключевые слова: акушерская кровопотеря, послеродовое кровотечение, объем кровопотери, шоковый индекс
________________________________________________
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in Russia and worldwide. Accurate calculation of circulating blood volume (CBV) and personalized estimation of the extent of blood loss (EBL) play vital roles in the early diagnosis of PPH. Visual assessment of BL in childbirth is an available diagnostic method, but it has a high error rate compared to the gravimetric method. A dynamic assessment of the shock index (SI) as an indicator that reflects hemodynamic disorders early enough can be used as an additional diagnostic method for PPH and a test that allows predicting the need for transfusion of blood products. Aim. To review current literature on the assessment of BL in childbirth and the diagnosis of PPH. Materials and methods. The search for publications by Russian and foreign authors was carried out in the information electronic databases PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and eLibrary from 2016 to January 2024 using the keywords "obstetric blood loss," "PPH," and "SI." Results. When assessing the CBV, its correlation with the body mass index was revealed. Subjective methods for the PPH assessment have a large margin of error, which does not depend on the experience and seniority of the healthcare provider. The gravimetric method is more accurate, but it can underestimate the clinical situation when physiological blood loss is exceeded. Dynamic assessment of SI is an early marker of hemodynamic disorders and makes it possible to identify patients with a high risk of adverse outcomes more reliably than other parameters. Conclusion. In order to provide timely and adequate emergency medical care for excessive obstetric blood loss, a personalized approach should be used to calculate the EBL, taking into account the woman's body mass index, as well as a systematic assessment of the BL, including at least the extent of blood loss and monitoring of the SI.
Keywords: obstetric blood loss, postpartum hemorrhage, extent of blood loss, shock index
1. Vermeulen T, Van de Velde M. The role of fibrinogen in postpartum hemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2022;36(3-4):399-410. DOI:10.1016/j.bpa.2022.10.002
2. Liu CN, Yu FB, Xu YZ, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of severe postpartum hemorrhage: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):332. DOI:10.1186/s12884-021-03818-1
3. Glonnegger H, Glenzer MM, Lancaster L, et al. Prepartum Anemia and Risk of Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis and Brief Review. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2023;29:10760296231214536. DOI:10.1177/10760296231214536
4. Послеродовое кровотечение: клинические рекомендации (протокол лечения) Минздрава России ID:KP119 от 2021 г. [Poslerodovoe krovotechenie: klinicheskie rekomendatsii (protokol lecheniia) Minzdrava Rossii ID:KP119 ot 2021 g. (in Russian)].
5. Lord MG, Calderon JA, Ahmadzia HK, Pacheco LD. Emerging technology for early detection and management of postpartum hemorrhage to prevent morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2023;5(2S):100742. DOI:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100742
6. Bonetta-Misteli F, Collins T, Pavek T, et al. Development and evaluation of a wearable peripheral vascular compensation sensor in a swine model of hemorrhage. Biomed Opt Express. 2023;14(10):5338-57. DOI:10.1364/BOE.494720
7. Зиганшин А.М., Кулавский В.А., Нагимова Э.М., и др. Материнская смертность от послеродовых кровотечений. Медицинский вестник Башкортостана. 2019;14(6):53-7 [Ziganshin AM, Kulavskiy VA, Nagimova EM, et al. Maternal mortality from postpartum haemorrhage. Bashkortostan Medical Journal. 2019;14(6):53-7 (in Russian)].
8. Liu Y, Zhu W, Shen Y, et al. Assessing the accuracy of visual blood loss estimation in postpartum hemorrhage in Shanghai hospitals: A web-based survey for nurses and midwives. J Clin Nurs. 2021;30(23-24):3556-62. DOI:10.1111/jocn.15860
9. Bartels HC, O'Doherty J, Wolsztynski E, et al. Radiomics-based prediction of FIGO grade for placenta accreta spectrum. Eur Radiol Exp. 2023;7(1):54. DOI:10.1186/s41747-023-00369-2
10. Madar H, Sentilhes L, Goffinet F, et al. Comparison of quantitative and calculated postpartum blood loss after vaginal delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2023;5(9):101065. DOI:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.101065
11. Vricella LK, Louis JM, Chien E, Mercer BM. Blood volume determination in obese and normal-weight gravidas: the hydroxyethyl starch method. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(3):408.e1-6. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.021
12. Whitley J, Dazelle W, Kripalani S, Ahmadzia H. The association between body mass index and postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean delivery. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):11998. DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-38526-7
13. Kennedy H, Haynes SL, Shelton CL. Maternal body weight and estimated circulating blood volume: a review and practical nonlinear approach. Br J Anaesth. 2022;129(5):716-25. DOI:10.1016/j.bja.2022.08.011
14. Gari A, Hussein K, Daghestani M, et al. Estimating blood loss during cesarean delivery: A comparison of methods. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2022;17(5):732-6. DOI:10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.03.004
15. Wiklund I, Fernández SA, Jonsson M. Midwives' ability during third stage of childbirth to estimate postpartum haemorrhage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X. 2022;15:100158. DOI:10.1016/j.eurox.2022.100158
16. Andrikopoulou M, D'Alton ME. Postpartum hemorrhage: early identification challenges. Semin Perinatol. 2019;43(1):11-7. DOI:10.1053/j.semperi.2018.11.003
17. Артымук Н.В., Белокриницкая Т.Е. Кровотечения в акушерской практике. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2024 [Artymuk NV, Belokrinitskaia TE. Krovotecheniia v akusherskoi praktike. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2024 (in Russian)].
18. Athar MW, Abir G, Seay RC, et al. Accuracy of visual estimation of blood loss in obstetrics using clinical reconstructions: an observational simulation cohort study. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2022;50:103539. DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2022.103539
19. Chávez-Navarro JJ, Yépez-Jiménez G, Cruz-Aceves I, Herrera-Gómez FJ. Análisis comparativo de volumen de sangrado mediante técnica visual. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2023;61(Suppl. 2):S220-5 [in Spain].
20. Escobar MF, Nassar AH, Theron G, et al. FIGO recommendations on the management of postpartum hemorrhage 2022. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022;157(Suppl. 1):3-50. DOI:10.1002/ijgo.14116
21. Higgins N, Patel SK, Toledo P. Postpartum hemorrhage revisited: new challenges and solutions. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2019;32(3):278-84. DOI:10.1097/ACO.0000000000000717
22. Koutras A, Fasoulakis Z, Syllaios A, et al. Physiology and Pathology of Contractility of the Myometrium. In Vivo. 2021;35(3):1401-8. DOI:10.21873/invivo.12392
23. Bamberg C, Niepraschk-von Dollen K, Mickley L, et al. Evaluation of measured postpartum blood loss after vaginal delivery using a collector bag in relation to postpartum hemorrhage management strategies: a prospective observational study. J Perinat Med. 2016;44(4):433-9. DOI:10.1515/jpm-2015-0200
24. Piaggio G, Carvalho JF, Althabe F. Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: a distributional approach for analysis. Reprod Health. 2018;15(Suppl. 1):97.
DOI:10.1186/s12978-018-0530-7
25. Wang F, Lu N, Weng X, et al. Measurement of postpartum blood loss using a new two-set liquid collection bag for vaginal delivery: A prospective, randomized, case control study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(19):e25906. DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000025906
26. Lemée J, Scalabre A, Chauleur C, Raia-Barjat T. Visual estimation of postpartum blood loss during a simulation training: A prospective study. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2020;49(4):101673. DOI:10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.101673
27. Thurer RL, Doctorvaladan S, Carvalho B, Jelks AT. Limitations of Gravimetric Quantitative Blood Loss during Cesarean Delivery. AJP Rep. 2022;12(1):e36-40.
DOI:10.1055/s-0041-1742267
28. Blosser C, Smith A, Poole AT. Quantification of Blood Loss Improves Detection of Postpartum Hemorrhage and Accuracy of Postpartum Hemorrhage Rates: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Cureus. 2021;13(2):e13591. DOI:10.7759/cureus.13591
29. Young H, Ehrig JC, Hammonds K, Hofkamp MP. Effect of a placenta accreta spectrum multidisciplinary team and checklist on maternal outcomes for planned hysterectomy at time of cesarean delivery. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2022;35(6):755-8. DOI:10.1080/08998280.2022.2109113
30. Ponterio J, Ahmad M, Vancheswaran A, Lakhi N. Multidisciplinary Programed Learning Simulation to Improve Visual Blood Loss Estimation for Obstetric Trauma Scenarios. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2022;10(1):1-11. DOI:10.30476/JAMP.2021.91990.1466
31. Артымук Н.В., Белокриницкая Т.Е. Клинические нормы. Акушерство и гинекология: справочник для врачей. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2018 [Artymuk NV, Belokrinitskaia TE. Klinicheskie normy. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia: spravochnik dlia vrachei. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2018 (in Russian)].
32. Pacagnella RC, Borovac-Pinheiro A. Assessing and managing hypovolemic shock in puerperal women. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;61:89-105. DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.05.012
33. Bento SF, Borovac-Pinheiro A, Tanaka EZ, et al. Understanding How Health Providers Identify Women with Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Qualitative Study. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2021;43(9):648-54. DOI:10.1055/s-0041-1733997
34. Роненсон А.М., Шифман Е.М., Куликов А.В. Оценка волемического статуса в послеродовом периоде: пилотное проспективное когортное исследование. Вестник интенсивной терапии им. А.И. Салтанова. 2021;(3):88-97 [Ronenson AM, Shifman EM, Kulikov AV. Assessment of volemic status in the postpartum period: a pilot prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Bulletin Named After A.I. Saltanov. 2021;(3):88-97 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.21320/1818-474X-2021-3-88-97
35. Руководство по перинатологии. Под ред. Д.О. Иванова. 2-е изд. Т. 1. СПб: Информнавигатор, 2019 [Rukovodstvo po perinatologii. Pod red. D.O. Ivanova. 2-e izd. Т. 1. Saint Petersburg: Informnavigator, 2019 (in Russian)].
36. Ushida T, Kotani T, Imai K, et al. Shock Index and Postpartum Hemorrhage in Vaginal Deliveries: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Shock. 2021;55(3):332-7. DOI:10.1097/SHK.0000000000001634
37. Bonanno FG. Management of Hemorrhagic Shock: Physiology Approach, Timing and Strategies. J Clin Med. 2022;12(1). DOI:10.3390/jcm12010260
38. Chaudhary M, Maitra N, Sheth T, Vaishnav P. Shock Index in the Prediction of Adverse Maternal Outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2020;70(5):355-9.
DOI:10.1007/s13224-020-01355-z
39. El Ayadi AM, Nathan HL, Seed PT, et al. Vital Sign Prediction of Adverse Maternal Outcomes in Women with Hypovolemic Shock: The Role of Shock Index. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148729. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0148729
40. Liu LY, Nathan L, Sheen JJ, Goffman D. Review of Current Insights and Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Refractory Postpartum Hemorrhage. Int J Womens Health. 2023;15:905-26. DOI:10.2147/IJWH.S366675
41. Kassie B, Ahmed B, Degu G. Predictors of time to recovery from postpartum hemorrhage in Debre Markos comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2020/21. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):498. DOI:10.1186/s12884-022-04834-5
42. Rojas-Suarez J, Paternina-Caicedo Á, Tolosa JE, et al. The impact of maternal anemia and labor on the obstetric Shock Index in women in a developing country. Obstet Med. 2020;13(2):83-7. DOI:10.1177/1753495X19837127
________________________________________________
1. Vermeulen T, Van de Velde M. The role of fibrinogen in postpartum hemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2022;36(3-4):399-410. DOI:10.1016/j.bpa.2022.10.002
2. Liu CN, Yu FB, Xu YZ, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of severe postpartum hemorrhage: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):332. DOI:10.1186/s12884-021-03818-1
3. Glonnegger H, Glenzer MM, Lancaster L, et al. Prepartum Anemia and Risk of Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis and Brief Review. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2023;29:10760296231214536. DOI:10.1177/10760296231214536
4. Poslerodovoe krovotechenie: klinicheskie rekomendatsii (protokol lecheniia) Minzdrava Rossii ID:KP119 ot 2021 g. (in Russian).
5. Lord MG, Calderon JA, Ahmadzia HK, Pacheco LD. Emerging technology for early detection and management of postpartum hemorrhage to prevent morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2023;5(2S):100742. DOI:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100742
6. Bonetta-Misteli F, Collins T, Pavek T, et al. Development and evaluation of a wearable peripheral vascular compensation sensor in a swine model of hemorrhage. Biomed Opt Express. 2023;14(10):5338-57. DOI:10.1364/BOE.494720
7. Ziganshin AM, Kulavskiy VA, Nagimova EM, et al. Maternal mortality from postpartum haemorrhage. Bashkortostan Medical Journal. 2019;14(6):53-7 (in Russian).
8. Liu Y, Zhu W, Shen Y, et al. Assessing the accuracy of visual blood loss estimation in postpartum hemorrhage in Shanghai hospitals: A web-based survey for nurses and midwives. J Clin Nurs. 2021;30(23-24):3556-62. DOI:10.1111/jocn.15860
9. Bartels HC, O'Doherty J, Wolsztynski E, et al. Radiomics-based prediction of FIGO grade for placenta accreta spectrum. Eur Radiol Exp. 2023;7(1):54. DOI:10.1186/s41747-023-00369-2
10. Madar H, Sentilhes L, Goffinet F, et al. Comparison of quantitative and calculated postpartum blood loss after vaginal delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2023;5(9):101065. DOI:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.101065
11. Vricella LK, Louis JM, Chien E, Mercer BM. Blood volume determination in obese and normal-weight gravidas: the hydroxyethyl starch method. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(3):408.e1-6. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.021
12. Whitley J, Dazelle W, Kripalani S, Ahmadzia H. The association between body mass index and postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean delivery. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):11998. DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-38526-7
13. Kennedy H, Haynes SL, Shelton CL. Maternal body weight and estimated circulating blood volume: a review and practical nonlinear approach. Br J Anaesth. 2022;129(5):716-25. DOI:10.1016/j.bja.2022.08.011
14. Gari A, Hussein K, Daghestani M, et al. Estimating blood loss during cesarean delivery: A comparison of methods. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2022;17(5):732-6. DOI:10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.03.004
15. Wiklund I, Fernández SA, Jonsson M. Midwives' ability during third stage of childbirth to estimate postpartum haemorrhage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X. 2022;15:100158. DOI:10.1016/j.eurox.2022.100158
16. Andrikopoulou M, D'Alton ME. Postpartum hemorrhage: early identification challenges. Semin Perinatol. 2019;43(1):11-7. DOI:10.1053/j.semperi.2018.11.003
17. Artymuk NV, Belokrinitskaia TE. Krovotecheniia v akusherskoi praktike. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2024 (in Russian).
18. Athar MW, Abir G, Seay RC, et al. Accuracy of visual estimation of blood loss in obstetrics using clinical reconstructions: an observational simulation cohort study. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2022;50:103539. DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2022.103539
19. Chávez-Navarro JJ, Yépez-Jiménez G, Cruz-Aceves I, Herrera-Gómez FJ. Análisis comparativo de volumen de sangrado mediante técnica visual. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2023;61(Suppl. 2):S220-5 [in Spain].
20. Escobar MF, Nassar AH, Theron G, et al. FIGO recommendations on the management of postpartum hemorrhage 2022. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022;157(Suppl. 1):3-50. DOI:10.1002/ijgo.14116
21. Higgins N, Patel SK, Toledo P. Postpartum hemorrhage revisited: new challenges and solutions. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2019;32(3):278-84. DOI:10.1097/ACO.0000000000000717
22. Koutras A, Fasoulakis Z, Syllaios A, et al. Physiology and Pathology of Contractility of the Myometrium. In Vivo. 2021;35(3):1401-8. DOI:10.21873/invivo.12392
23. Bamberg C, Niepraschk-von Dollen K, Mickley L, et al. Evaluation of measured postpartum blood loss after vaginal delivery using a collector bag in relation to postpartum hemorrhage management strategies: a prospective observational study. J Perinat Med. 2016;44(4):433-9. DOI:10.1515/jpm-2015-0200
24. Piaggio G, Carvalho JF, Althabe F. Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: a distributional approach for analysis. Reprod Health. 2018;15(Suppl. 1):97.
DOI:10.1186/s12978-018-0530-7
25. Wang F, Lu N, Weng X, et al. Measurement of postpartum blood loss using a new two-set liquid collection bag for vaginal delivery: A prospective, randomized, case control study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(19):e25906. DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000025906
26. Lemée J, Scalabre A, Chauleur C, Raia-Barjat T. Visual estimation of postpartum blood loss during a simulation training: A prospective study. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2020;49(4):101673. DOI:10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.101673
27. Thurer RL, Doctorvaladan S, Carvalho B, Jelks AT. Limitations of Gravimetric Quantitative Blood Loss during Cesarean Delivery. AJP Rep. 2022;12(1):e36-40.
DOI:10.1055/s-0041-1742267
28. Blosser C, Smith A, Poole AT. Quantification of Blood Loss Improves Detection of Postpartum Hemorrhage and Accuracy of Postpartum Hemorrhage Rates: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Cureus. 2021;13(2):e13591. DOI:10.7759/cureus.13591
29. Young H, Ehrig JC, Hammonds K, Hofkamp MP. Effect of a placenta accreta spectrum multidisciplinary team and checklist on maternal outcomes for planned hysterectomy at time of cesarean delivery. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2022;35(6):755-8. DOI:10.1080/08998280.2022.2109113
30. Ponterio J, Ahmad M, Vancheswaran A, Lakhi N. Multidisciplinary Programed Learning Simulation to Improve Visual Blood Loss Estimation for Obstetric Trauma Scenarios. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2022;10(1):1-11. DOI:10.30476/JAMP.2021.91990.1466
31. Artymuk NV, Belokrinitskaia TE. Klinicheskie normy. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia: spravochnik dlia vrachei. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2018 (in Russian).
32. Pacagnella RC, Borovac-Pinheiro A. Assessing and managing hypovolemic shock in puerperal women. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;61:89-105. DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.05.012
33. Bento SF, Borovac-Pinheiro A, Tanaka EZ, et al. Understanding How Health Providers Identify Women with Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Qualitative Study. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2021;43(9):648-54. DOI:10.1055/s-0041-1733997
34. Ronenson AM, Shifman EM, Kulikov AV. Assessment of volemic status in the postpartum period: a pilot prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Bulletin Named After A.I. Saltanov. 2021;(3):88-97 (in Russian). DOI:10.21320/1818-474X-2021-3-88-97
35. Rukovodstvo po perinatologii. Pod red. D.O. Ivanova. 2-e izd. Т. 1. Saint Petersburg: Informnavigator, 2019 (in Russian).
36. Ushida T, Kotani T, Imai K, et al. Shock Index and Postpartum Hemorrhage in Vaginal Deliveries: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Shock. 2021;55(3):332-7. DOI:10.1097/SHK.0000000000001634
37. Bonanno FG. Management of Hemorrhagic Shock: Physiology Approach, Timing and Strategies. J Clin Med. 2022;12(1). DOI:10.3390/jcm12010260
38. Chaudhary M, Maitra N, Sheth T, Vaishnav P. Shock Index in the Prediction of Adverse Maternal Outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2020;70(5):355-9.
DOI:10.1007/s13224-020-01355-z
39. El Ayadi AM, Nathan HL, Seed PT, et al. Vital Sign Prediction of Adverse Maternal Outcomes in Women with Hypovolemic Shock: The Role of Shock Index. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148729. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0148729
40. Liu LY, Nathan L, Sheen JJ, Goffman D. Review of Current Insights and Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Refractory Postpartum Hemorrhage. Int J Womens Health. 2023;15:905-26. DOI:10.2147/IJWH.S366675
41. Kassie B, Ahmed B, Degu G. Predictors of time to recovery from postpartum hemorrhage in Debre Markos comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2020/21. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):498. DOI:10.1186/s12884-022-04834-5
42. Rojas-Suarez J, Paternina-Caicedo Á, Tolosa JE, et al. The impact of maternal anemia and labor on the obstetric Shock Index in women in a developing country. Obstet Med. 2020;13(2):83-7. DOI:10.1177/1753495X19837127
Авторы
Т.Е. Белокриницкая*, А.Г. Сидоркина, В.А. Мудров
ФГБОУ ВО «Читинская государственная медицинская академия» Минздрава России, Чита, Россия
*tanbell24@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Tatiana E. Belokrinitskaya*, Anastasia G. Sidorkina, Viktor A. Mudrov