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Акушерская травма в генезе генитального пролапса: клинико-патогенетический анализ
Акушерская травма в генезе генитального пролапса: клинико-патогенетический анализ
Оразов М.Р., Радзинский В.Е., Миннуллина Ф.Ф. Акушерская травма в генезе генитального пролапса: клинико-патогенетический анализ. Гинекология. 2025;27(3):223–227. DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2025.3.203395
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2025 г.
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2025 г.
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Аннотация
Обоснование. Пролапс тазовых органов (ПТО) – значимая медико-социальная проблема с широкой распространенностью и неуклонным ростом заболеваемости, существенным негативным влиянием на качество жизни и склонностью к рецидивированию после хирургической коррекции поддерживающих структур тазового дна. Несмотря на доказанную связь ПТО с акушерскими травмами, их вклад остается малоизученным.
Цель. Оценить частоту акушерских травм у пациенток с ПТО и определить возможности их профилактики.
Материалы и методы. Проведено проспективное исследование «случай-контроль» с участием 210 женщин (150 пациенток с ПТО, 60 – контроль), прошедших хирургическое лечение в 2023–2024 гг. Проанализирован акушерский анамнез: травмы промежности, эпизио-/перинеотомия, роды крупным плодом, тип родоразрешения.
Результаты. Абсолютное число родов не влияло на риск развития ПТО (p>0,05), но осложненное течение родов было ключевым предиктором; у пациенток с акушерскими травмами риск ПТО повышен в 4,2 раза (относительный риск – ОР 4,20, 95% доверительный интервал – ДИ 1,68–8,78), с эпизио-/перинеотомией – в 8,8 раза (ОР 8,80, 95% ДИ 1,9–18,6), с макросомией плода – в 5,4 раза (ОР 5,40, 95% ДИ 3,35–13,43). Кесарево сечение не показало протективного эффекта в отношении профилактики ПТО (p>0,05).
Заключение. Акушерские травмы – значимый, но частично модифицируемый фактор риска ПТО. Профилактика макросомии, отказ от рутинной эпизиотомии и минимизация акушерского травматизма – ключевые направления снижения заболеваемости ПТО.
Ключевые слова: пролапс тазовых органов, дисфункция мышц тазового дна, акушерский травматизм, макросомия плода, эпизиотомия, перинеотомия, кесарево сечение
Aim. To assess the frequency of obstetric traumas in patients with POP and determine the directions for their prevention.
Materials and methods. A prospective case-controlled study was conducted involving 210 women (150 patients with POP and 60 control patients) who underwent surgical treatment in 2023–2024. Obstetric history was reviewed, including perineal trauma, episio-/perineotomy, large foetus, type of delivery.
Results. The absolute number of births did not affect the risk of POP (p>0.05); however, the complicated course of labor was a key predictor; in patients with obstetric traumas, the risk was 4.2 times higher (relative risk – RR 4.20, 95% confidence interval – CI 1.68–8.78), with episio-/perineotomy – 8.8 times higher (RR 8.80, 95% CI 1.9–18.6), with fetal macrosomy – 5.4 times higher (RR 5.40, 95% CI 3.35–13.43). Cesarean section did not show a protective effect on POP prevention (p>0.05).
Conclusion. Obstetric traumas are a significant but partially modifiable risk factor for POP. Prevention of macrosomia, avoidance of routine episiotomy, and minimization of obstetric traumas are key areas for reducing the POP incidence.
Keywords: pelvic organ prolapse, pelvic floor muscle dysfunction, obstetric trauma, fetal macrosomy, episiotomy, perineotomy, cesarean section
Цель. Оценить частоту акушерских травм у пациенток с ПТО и определить возможности их профилактики.
Материалы и методы. Проведено проспективное исследование «случай-контроль» с участием 210 женщин (150 пациенток с ПТО, 60 – контроль), прошедших хирургическое лечение в 2023–2024 гг. Проанализирован акушерский анамнез: травмы промежности, эпизио-/перинеотомия, роды крупным плодом, тип родоразрешения.
Результаты. Абсолютное число родов не влияло на риск развития ПТО (p>0,05), но осложненное течение родов было ключевым предиктором; у пациенток с акушерскими травмами риск ПТО повышен в 4,2 раза (относительный риск – ОР 4,20, 95% доверительный интервал – ДИ 1,68–8,78), с эпизио-/перинеотомией – в 8,8 раза (ОР 8,80, 95% ДИ 1,9–18,6), с макросомией плода – в 5,4 раза (ОР 5,40, 95% ДИ 3,35–13,43). Кесарево сечение не показало протективного эффекта в отношении профилактики ПТО (p>0,05).
Заключение. Акушерские травмы – значимый, но частично модифицируемый фактор риска ПТО. Профилактика макросомии, отказ от рутинной эпизиотомии и минимизация акушерского травматизма – ключевые направления снижения заболеваемости ПТО.
Ключевые слова: пролапс тазовых органов, дисфункция мышц тазового дна, акушерский травматизм, макросомия плода, эпизиотомия, перинеотомия, кесарево сечение
________________________________________________
Aim. To assess the frequency of obstetric traumas in patients with POP and determine the directions for their prevention.
Materials and methods. A prospective case-controlled study was conducted involving 210 women (150 patients with POP and 60 control patients) who underwent surgical treatment in 2023–2024. Obstetric history was reviewed, including perineal trauma, episio-/perineotomy, large foetus, type of delivery.
Results. The absolute number of births did not affect the risk of POP (p>0.05); however, the complicated course of labor was a key predictor; in patients with obstetric traumas, the risk was 4.2 times higher (relative risk – RR 4.20, 95% confidence interval – CI 1.68–8.78), with episio-/perineotomy – 8.8 times higher (RR 8.80, 95% CI 1.9–18.6), with fetal macrosomy – 5.4 times higher (RR 5.40, 95% CI 3.35–13.43). Cesarean section did not show a protective effect on POP prevention (p>0.05).
Conclusion. Obstetric traumas are a significant but partially modifiable risk factor for POP. Prevention of macrosomia, avoidance of routine episiotomy, and minimization of obstetric traumas are key areas for reducing the POP incidence.
Keywords: pelvic organ prolapse, pelvic floor muscle dysfunction, obstetric trauma, fetal macrosomy, episiotomy, perineotomy, cesarean section
Полный текст
Список литературы
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3. Malaekah H, Al Medbel HS, Al Mowallad S, et al. Prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunction in women in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Women’s Health. 2022;18:174550652110722. DOI:10.1177/17455065211072252
4. Sawai M, Yuno C, Shogenji M, et al. Prevalence of symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction and related factors among Japanese female healthcare workers. Low Urin Tract Symptoms. 2022;14(5):380-6. DOI:10.1111/luts.12455
5. Liu H, Wu W, Xiang W, Yuan J. Lifestyle factors, metabolic factors and socioeconomic status for pelvic organ prolapse: A Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):183. DOI:10.1186/s40001-023-01148-w
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8. Eggebo TM, Rygh AB, von Brandis P, Skjeldestad FE. Prevention of obstetric anal sphincter injuries with perineal support and lateral episiotomy: A historical cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2024;103:488-97. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14742
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11. Hage-Fransen MAH, Wiezer M, Otto A, et al. Pregnancy- and obstetric-related risk factors for urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, or pelvic organ prolapse later in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021;100(3):373-82. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14027
12. Schulten SFM, Claas-Quax MJ, Weemhoff M, et al. Risk factors for primary pelvic organ prolapse and prolapse recurrence: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;227(2):192-208. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.04.046
13. Cattani L, Decoene J, Page AS, et al. Pregnancy, labour and delivery as risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse: A systematic review. Int Urogynecol J. 2021;32(7):1623-31. DOI:10.1007/s00192-021-04724-y
14. DeLancey JOL, Masteling M, Pipitone F, et al. Pelvic floor injury during vaginal birth is life-altering and preventable: What can we do about it? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;230(3):279-94.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.11.1253
15. Wang Q, Wu X, Wang S, et al. Mechanical stress-oxidative stress axis: Biological basis in the vaginal wall and pelvic floor muscles of rats with simulated birth injury. Int Urogynecol J. 2024;35(11):2141-52. DOI:10.1007/s00192-024-05943-9
2. Benti Terefe A, Gemeda Gudeta T, Teferi Mengistu G, Abebe SS. Determinants of pelvic floor disorders among women visiting the gynecology outpatient department in wolkite university specialized center, wolkite, Ethiopia. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2022;13(2022):1-10. DOI:10.1155/2022/6949700
3. Malaekah H, Al Medbel HS, Al Mowallad S, et al. Prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunction in women in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Women’s Health. 2022;18:174550652110722. DOI:10.1177/17455065211072252
4. Sawai M, Yuno C, Shogenji M, et al. Prevalence of symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction and related factors among Japanese female healthcare workers. Low Urin Tract Symptoms. 2022;14(5):380-6. DOI:10.1111/luts.12455
5. Liu H, Wu W, Xiang W, Yuan J. Lifestyle factors, metabolic factors and socioeconomic status for pelvic organ prolapse: A Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):183. DOI:10.1186/s40001-023-01148-w
6. Eggebø TM, Volløyhaug I. The pelvic floor during pregnancy and delivery: Can pelvic floor trauma and disorders be prevented? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2024;103(6):1012-4. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14875
7. Packet B, Page AS, Cattani L, et al. Predictive factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury in primiparous women: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2023;62:486-96. DOI:10.1002/uog.26292
8. Eggebo TM, Rygh AB, von Brandis P, Skjeldestad FE. Prevention of obstetric anal sphincter injuries with perineal support and lateral episiotomy: A historical cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2024;103:488-97. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14742
9. Okeahialam NA, Sultan AH, Thakar R. The prevention of perineal trauma during vaginal birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.06.021
10. Eggebø TM, Benediktsdottir S, Hjartardottir H, et al. Ultrasound examination of the pelvic floor during active labor: A longitudinal cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2023;102(9):1203-9. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14620
11. Hage-Fransen MAH, Wiezer M, Otto A, et al. Pregnancy- and obstetric-related risk factors for urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, or pelvic organ prolapse later in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021;100(3):373-82. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14027
12. Schulten SFM, Claas-Quax MJ, Weemhoff M, et al. Risk factors for primary pelvic organ prolapse and prolapse recurrence: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;227(2):192-208. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.04.046
13. Cattani L, Decoene J, Page AS, et al. Pregnancy, labour and delivery as risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse: A systematic review. Int Urogynecol J. 2021;32(7):1623-31. DOI:10.1007/s00192-021-04724-y
14. DeLancey JOL, Masteling M, Pipitone F, et al. Pelvic floor injury during vaginal birth is life-altering and preventable: What can we do about it? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;230(3):279-94.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.11.1253
15. Wang Q, Wu X, Wang S, et al. Mechanical stress-oxidative stress axis: Biological basis in the vaginal wall and pelvic floor muscles of rats with simulated birth injury. Int Urogynecol J. 2024;35(11):2141-52. DOI:10.1007/s00192-024-05943-9
2. Benti Terefe A, Gemeda Gudeta T, Teferi Mengistu G, Abebe SS. Determinants of pelvic floor disorders among women visiting the gynecology outpatient department in wolkite university specialized center, wolkite, Ethiopia. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2022;13(2022):1-10. DOI:10.1155/2022/6949700
3. Malaekah H, Al Medbel HS, Al Mowallad S, et al. Prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunction in women in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Women’s Health. 2022;18:174550652110722. DOI:10.1177/17455065211072252
4. Sawai M, Yuno C, Shogenji M, et al. Prevalence of symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction and related factors among Japanese female healthcare workers. Low Urin Tract Symptoms. 2022;14(5):380-6. DOI:10.1111/luts.12455
5. Liu H, Wu W, Xiang W, Yuan J. Lifestyle factors, metabolic factors and socioeconomic status for pelvic organ prolapse: A Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):183. DOI:10.1186/s40001-023-01148-w
6. Eggebø TM, Volløyhaug I. The pelvic floor during pregnancy and delivery: Can pelvic floor trauma and disorders be prevented? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2024;103(6):1012-4. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14875
7. Packet B, Page AS, Cattani L, et al. Predictive factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury in primiparous women: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2023;62:486-96. DOI:10.1002/uog.26292
8. Eggebo TM, Rygh AB, von Brandis P, Skjeldestad FE. Prevention of obstetric anal sphincter injuries with perineal support and lateral episiotomy: A historical cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2024;103:488-97. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14742
9. Okeahialam NA, Sultan AH, Thakar R. The prevention of perineal trauma during vaginal birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.06.021
10. Eggebø TM, Benediktsdottir S, Hjartardottir H, et al. Ultrasound examination of the pelvic floor during active labor: A longitudinal cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2023;102(9):1203-9. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14620
11. Hage-Fransen MAH, Wiezer M, Otto A, et al. Pregnancy- and obstetric-related risk factors for urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, or pelvic organ prolapse later in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021;100(3):373-82. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14027
12. Schulten SFM, Claas-Quax MJ, Weemhoff M, et al. Risk factors for primary pelvic organ prolapse and prolapse recurrence: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;227(2):192-208. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.04.046
13. Cattani L, Decoene J, Page AS, et al. Pregnancy, labour and delivery as risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse: A systematic review. Int Urogynecol J. 2021;32(7):1623-31. DOI:10.1007/s00192-021-04724-y
14. DeLancey JOL, Masteling M, Pipitone F, et al. Pelvic floor injury during vaginal birth is life-altering and preventable: What can we do about it? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;230(3):279-94.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.11.1253
15. Wang Q, Wu X, Wang S, et al. Mechanical stress-oxidative stress axis: Biological basis in the vaginal wall and pelvic floor muscles of rats with simulated birth injury. Int Urogynecol J. 2024;35(11):2141-52. DOI:10.1007/s00192-024-05943-9
________________________________________________
2. Benti Terefe A, Gemeda Gudeta T, Teferi Mengistu G, Abebe SS. Determinants of pelvic floor disorders among women visiting the gynecology outpatient department in wolkite university specialized center, wolkite, Ethiopia. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2022;13(2022):1-10. DOI:10.1155/2022/6949700
3. Malaekah H, Al Medbel HS, Al Mowallad S, et al. Prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunction in women in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Women’s Health. 2022;18:174550652110722. DOI:10.1177/17455065211072252
4. Sawai M, Yuno C, Shogenji M, et al. Prevalence of symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction and related factors among Japanese female healthcare workers. Low Urin Tract Symptoms. 2022;14(5):380-6. DOI:10.1111/luts.12455
5. Liu H, Wu W, Xiang W, Yuan J. Lifestyle factors, metabolic factors and socioeconomic status for pelvic organ prolapse: A Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):183. DOI:10.1186/s40001-023-01148-w
6. Eggebø TM, Volløyhaug I. The pelvic floor during pregnancy and delivery: Can pelvic floor trauma and disorders be prevented? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2024;103(6):1012-4. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14875
7. Packet B, Page AS, Cattani L, et al. Predictive factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury in primiparous women: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2023;62:486-96. DOI:10.1002/uog.26292
8. Eggebo TM, Rygh AB, von Brandis P, Skjeldestad FE. Prevention of obstetric anal sphincter injuries with perineal support and lateral episiotomy: A historical cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2024;103:488-97. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14742
9. Okeahialam NA, Sultan AH, Thakar R. The prevention of perineal trauma during vaginal birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.06.021
10. Eggebø TM, Benediktsdottir S, Hjartardottir H, et al. Ultrasound examination of the pelvic floor during active labor: A longitudinal cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2023;102(9):1203-9. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14620
11. Hage-Fransen MAH, Wiezer M, Otto A, et al. Pregnancy- and obstetric-related risk factors for urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, or pelvic organ prolapse later in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021;100(3):373-82. DOI:10.1111/aogs.14027
12. Schulten SFM, Claas-Quax MJ, Weemhoff M, et al. Risk factors for primary pelvic organ prolapse and prolapse recurrence: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;227(2):192-208. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.04.046
13. Cattani L, Decoene J, Page AS, et al. Pregnancy, labour and delivery as risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse: A systematic review. Int Urogynecol J. 2021;32(7):1623-31. DOI:10.1007/s00192-021-04724-y
14. DeLancey JOL, Masteling M, Pipitone F, et al. Pelvic floor injury during vaginal birth is life-altering and preventable: What can we do about it? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;230(3):279-94.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.11.1253
15. Wang Q, Wu X, Wang S, et al. Mechanical stress-oxidative stress axis: Biological basis in the vaginal wall and pelvic floor muscles of rats with simulated birth injury. Int Urogynecol J. 2024;35(11):2141-52. DOI:10.1007/s00192-024-05943-9
Авторы
М.Р. Оразов*1, В.Е. Радзинский1, Ф.Ф. Миннуллина2,3
1ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов им. Патриса Лумумбы», Москва, Россия;
2ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет», Казань, Россия;
3ГАУЗ «Городская клиническая больница №7 им. М.Н. Садыкова»
*omekan@mail.ru
1Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia;
2Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia;
3Sadykov City Clinical Hospital No. 7, Kazan, Russia
*omekan@mail.ru
1ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов им. Патриса Лумумбы», Москва, Россия;
2ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет», Казань, Россия;
3ГАУЗ «Городская клиническая больница №7 им. М.Н. Садыкова»
*omekan@mail.ru
________________________________________________
1Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia;
2Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia;
3Sadykov City Clinical Hospital No. 7, Kazan, Russia
*omekan@mail.ru
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