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Стресс-зависимые расстройства менструального цикла: современное состояние проблемы
Стресс-зависимые расстройства менструального цикла: современное состояние проблемы
Подзолкова Н.М., Глазкова О.Л., Чепорев Л.А., Масс Е.Е., Сумятина Л.В. Стресс-зависимые расстройства менструального цикла: современное состояние проблемы. Гинекология. 2025;27(3):203–208. DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2025.3.203422
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2025 г.
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2025 г.
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Аннотация
Изменение параметров менструального цикла до определенных пределов вплоть до непродолжительной ановуляции можно рассматривать как нормальную и преходящую реакцию на неблагоприятные условия жизни, в том числе на стрессовые факторы. Грань, отделяющая такую нормальную реакцию от болезни, очень подвижна и при наличии предрасположенности может быть преодолена. К стрессовым воздействиям относятся объективно неблагоприятные и субъективно значимые факторы разной продолжительности и интенсивности. Предрасположенность к формированию нарушений менструального цикла может иметь генетические предпосылки, а также реализовываться под влиянием эпигенетических факторов. В обзоре литературы представлены актуальные данные по проблеме стресс-зависимых расстройств менструального цикла. В связи со значительной ролью нарушений обмена пролактина в генезе таких расстройств рассмотрена возможность применения растительных дофаминомиметиков, в том числе у юных пациенток.
Ключевые слова: нарушения менструального цикла, стресс, дофаминомиметики, пролактин
Keywords: menstrual disorders, stress, dopaminomimetics, prolactin
Ключевые слова: нарушения менструального цикла, стресс, дофаминомиметики, пролактин
________________________________________________
Keywords: menstrual disorders, stress, dopaminomimetics, prolactin
Полный текст
Список литературы
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8. Męczekalski B, Niwczyk O, Battipaglia C, et al. Neuroendocrine disturbances in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an update and future directions. Endocrine. 2024;84(3):769-85. DOI:10.1007/s12020-023-03619-w
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12. Stamou MI, Cox KH, Crowley WF Jr. Discovering genes essential to the hypothalamic regulation of human reproduction using a human disease model: adjusting to life in the “-omics” Era. Endocr Rev. 2015;36:603-21. DOI:10.1210/er.2015-1045
13. Stamou MI, Georgopoulos NA. Kallmann syndrome: phenotype and genotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Metabolism. 2018;86:124-34. DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.10.012
14. Franco B, Guioli S, Pragliola A, et al. A gene deleted in Kallmann’s syndrome shares homology with neural cell adhesion and axonal path-finding molecules. Nature. 1991;353:529-36. DOI:10.1038/353529a0
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16. Beneduzzi D, Trarbach EB, Min L, et al. Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor mutations in patients with a wide spectrum of pubertal delay. Fertil Steril. 2014;102:838-46.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.05.044
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19. Caronia LM, Martin C, Welt CK, et al. A genetic basis for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:215-25. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0911064
20. Kim SH, Hu Y, Cadman S, Bouloux P. Diversity in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 regulation: learning from the investigation of Kallmann syndrome. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008;20:141-63. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2007.01627.x
21. Matsumoto S, Yamazaki C, Masumoto KH, et al. Abnormal development of the olfactory bulb and reproductive system in mice lacking prokineticin receptor PKR2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:4140-5. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0508881103
22. Delaney A, Burkholder AB, Lavender CA, et al. Increased burden of rare sequence variants in gnRH-associated genes in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106:e1441-52. DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgaa609
23. Fontana L, Garzia E, Marfia G, et al. Epigenetics of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:953431. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2022.953431
24. Vazquez MJ, Toro CA, Castellano JM, et al. SIRT1 mediates obesity- and nutrient-dependent perturbation of pubertal timing by epigenetically controlling Kiss1 expression. Nat Commun. 2018;9:4194. DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-06459-9
25. Frieling H, Gozner A, Römer KD, et al. Global DNA hypomethylation and DNA hypermethylation of the alpha synuclein promoter in females with anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12:229-30. DOI:10.1038/sj.mp.4001931
26. Neyazi A, Buchholz V, Burkert A, et al. Association of leptin gene DNA methylation with diagnosis and treatment outcome of anorexia nervosa. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:197. DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00197
27. Batury VL, Walton E, Tam F, et al. DNA methylation of ghrelin and leptin receptors in underweight and recovered patients with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;131:271-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.026
28. Welt CK, Chan JL, Bullen J, et al. Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. New Engl J Med. 2004;351:987-97. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa040388
29. Xie Q, Kang Y, Zhang C, et al. The role of kisspeptin in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:925206. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2022.925206
30. Morrison AE, Fleming S, Levy MJ. A review of the pathophysiology of functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea in women subject to psychological stress, disordered eating, excessive exercise or a combination of these factors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021;95:229-38. DOI:10.1111/cen.14399
31. Laughlin GA, Dominguez CE, Yen SS. Nutritional and endocrine-metabolic aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:25-32. DOI:10.1210/jcem.83.1.4502
32. Batury VL, Walton E, Tam F, et al. DNA methylation of ghrelin and leptin receptors in underweight and recovered patients with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;131:271-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.026
33. Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, et al. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature. 2001;409:194-8. DOI:10.1038/35051587
34. Bernardoni F, Bernhardt N, Pooseh S, et al. Metabolic state and value-based decision-making in acute and recovered female patients with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2020;45:253-61. DOI:10.1503/jpn.190031
35. Barbagallo F, Condorelli RA, Mongioi LM, et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between obesity and male infertility. Metabolites. 2021;11:840. DOI:10.3390/metabo11120840
36. Bolotova NV, Timofeeva SV, Polyakov VK, et al. The Role of Kisspeptin in Menstrual Disorders in Adolescent Girls. Treatment of Clinically Manifested Endocrine Abnormalities. Doctor.Ru. 2020;19(2):13-9 (in Russian). DOI:10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-2-13-19
37. Fontana L, Garzia E, Marfia G, et al. Epigenetics of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:953431. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2022.953431
38. Cao C, Ding Y, Kong X, et al. Reproductive role of miRNA in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2018;88:130-7. DOI:10.1016/j.mcn.2018.01.008
39. Lannes J, L’Hôte D, Garrel G, et al. Rapid communication: A microRNA-132/212 pathway mediates GnRH activation of FSH expression. Mol Endocrinol. 2015;29:364-72. DOI:10.1210/me.2014-1390
40. Ye RS, Li M, Li CY, et al. miR-361-3p regulates FSH by targeting FSHB in a porcine anterior pituitary cell model. Reproduction. 2017;153:341-9. DOI:10.1530/REP-16-0373
41. Calogero AE, Burrello N, Bosboom AM, et al. Glucocorticoids inhibit gonadotropin-releasing hormone by acting directly at the hypothalamic level. J Endocrinol Invest. 1999;22:666-70. DOI:10.1007/BF03343627
42. Nappi RE, Petraglia F, Genazzani AD, et al. Hypothalamic amenorrhea: evidence for a central derangement of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis activity. Fertil Steril. 1993;59:571-6. DOI:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55802-6
43. Lin SH. Prolactin-releasing peptide. Results Probl Cell Differ. 2008;46:57-88. DOI:10.1007/400_2007_048
44. Shakhtshneider EV, Ivanoshchuk DE, Voevoda SM, Rymar OD. Results of targeted sequencing of the PRL, PRLR, PRLHR genes in young women with non-tumor hyperprolactinemia. Sibirskiy nauchnyy meditsinskiy zhurnal = Siberian Scientific Medical Journal. 2022;42(4):79-86 (in Russian). DOI:10.18699/SSMJ20220407
45. Gala RR. The physiology and mechanisms of the stress-induced changes in prolactin secretion in the rat. Life Sci. 1990;46(20):1407-20. DOI:10.1016/0024-3205(90)90456-2
46. Torner L, Toschi N, Pohlinger A, et al. Anxiolytic and anti-stress effects of brain prolactin: improved efficacy of antisense targeting of the prolactin receptor by molecular modeling. J Neurosci. 2001;21(9):3207-14.
47. Torner L, Toschi N, Nava G, et al. Increased hypothalamic expression of prolactin in lactation: involvement in behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses. Eur J Neurosci. 2002;15:1381-9. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01965.x
48. Faron-Górecka A, Kuśmider M, Solich J, et al. Involvement of prolactin and somatostatin in depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol Rep. 2013;65(6):1640-6. DOI:10.1016/S1734-1140(13)71525-1
49. Podzolkova NM, Poletova TN, Glazkova OL, et al. A clinical evaluation of nonhormonal monotherapy in disorders of the menstrual function. Vopr. ginekol. akus. perinatol./Gynecology, Obstetrics and Perinatology. 2009;8(3):33-6 (in Russian).
50. Artymuk NV, Zotova OA. The effect of the Cyclodynon drug on sexual function in patients with infertility and menstrual disorders. Akusherstvo i Ginekologiya/Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2023;(11):158-68 (in Russian). DOI:10.18565/aig.2023.1939
51. Shahnazi M, Khalili AF, Hamdi K, Ghahremaninasab P. The Effects of Combined Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives and Vitex Agnus on the Improvement of Clinical and Paraclinical Parameters of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Triple-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(12):e37510. DOI:10.5812/ircmj.37510
52. Uvarova EV. Effectiveness and safety of herbal medicinal product Cyclodinone® in treatment of menstrual irregularities in adolescent girls: a review of clinical usage. Reproduktivnoe zdorov’e detey i podrostkov. 2021;17(2):51-64 (in Russian). DOI:10.33029/1816-2134-2020-17-2-51-64
53. Vuttke V, Iarri G, Zaidlova-Vuttke D, et al. Terapevticheskie vozmozhnosti ekstraktov iz Avraamova dereva (Vitex Agnus castus) v ginekologicheskoi praktike. Problemy reproduktsii. 2009;(4):53-8 (in Russian).
54. Kuznetsova IV, Uspenskaya YuB, Dil VV, Grineva AM. Use of herbal dopamine mimetics in adolescents and young women with menstrual irregularities. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya/Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2015;(11):70-7 (in Russian).
55. Yavorskaya SD. Herbal medicine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia patients. Gynecology. 2013;15(4):28-30 (in Russian).
56. Bryukhina EV, Okrainskaya OA, Usoltseva EN. Experience of using the drug cyclodynone in the treatment of menstrual disorders in adolescents. Reproductive health of children and adolescents. 2008;3:37-40 (in Russian).
2. Подзолкова Н.М., Глазкова О.Л. Репродуктивное здоровье бортпроводниц гражданской авиации: медицинский мониторинг и профилактика. М.: Воздушный транспорт, 2004 [Podzolkova NM, Glazkova OL. Reproduktivnoe zdorov'e bortprovodnits grazhdanskoi aviatsii: meditsinskii monitoring i profilaktika. Moscow: Vozdushnyi transport, 2004 (in Russian)].
3. Адамян Л.В., Сибирская Е.В., Пивазян Л.Г., и др. Роль кисспептина в патогенезе функциональной гипоталамической аменореи. Проблемы репродукции. 2023;29(6):81-6 [Adamyan LV, Sibirskaya EV, Pivazyan LG, et al. Role of kisspeptin in the pathogenesis of the functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Russian Journal of Human Reproduction. 2023;29(6):81-6 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17116/repro20232906181
4. Gordon CM, Ackerman KE, Berga SL, et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:1413-39. DOI:10.1210/jc.2017-00131
5. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Current evaluation of amenorrhea. Fertil Steril. 2006;86:S148-55. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.08.013
6. Saadedine M, Kapoor E, Shufelt C. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: recognition and management of a challenging diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2023;98:1376-85. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.05.027
7. Gordon CM. Clinical practice. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(4):365-71. DOI:10.1056/NEJMcp0912024
8. Męczekalski B, Niwczyk O, Battipaglia C, et al. Neuroendocrine disturbances in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an update and future directions. Endocrine. 2024;84(3):769-85. DOI:10.1007/s12020-023-03619-w
9. Seminara SB, Hayes FJ, Crowley WF Jr. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency in the human (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann’s syndrome): pathophysiological and genetic considerations. Endocr Rev. 1998;19:521-39. DOI:10.1210/edrv.19.5.0344
10. Laitinen EM, Vaaralahti K, Tommiska J, et al. Incidence, phenotypic features and molecular genetics of Kallmann syndrome in Finland. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2011;6:41. DOI:10.1186/1750-1172-6-41
11. Bianco SD, Kaiser UB. The genetic and molecular basis of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5:569-76. DOI:10.1038/nrendo.2009.177
12. Stamou MI, Cox KH, Crowley WF Jr. Discovering genes essential to the hypothalamic regulation of human reproduction using a human disease model: adjusting to life in the “-omics” Era. Endocr Rev. 2015;36:603-21. DOI:10.1210/er.2015-1045
13. Stamou MI, Georgopoulos NA. Kallmann syndrome: phenotype and genotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Metabolism. 2018;86:124-34. DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.10.012
14. Franco B, Guioli S, Pragliola A, et al. A gene deleted in Kallmann’s syndrome shares homology with neural cell adhesion and axonal path-finding molecules. Nature. 1991;353:529-36. DOI:10.1038/353529a0
15. Gianetti E, Hall JE, Au MG, et al. When genetic load does not correlate with phenotypic spectrum: lessons from the GnRH receptor (GNRHR). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E1798-807. DOI:10.1210/jc.2012-1264
16. Beneduzzi D, Trarbach EB, Min L, et al. Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor mutations in patients with a wide spectrum of pubertal delay. Fertil Steril. 2014;102:838-46.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.05.044
17. Hietamäki J, Hero M, Holopainen E, et al. GnRH receptor gene mutations in adolescents and young adults presenting with signs of partial gonadotropin deficiency. PloS One. 2017;12:e0188750. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0188750
18. de Roux N, Young J, Misrahi M, et al. A family with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and mutations in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1597-602. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199711273372205
19. Caronia LM, Martin C, Welt CK, et al. A genetic basis for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:215-25. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0911064
20. Kim SH, Hu Y, Cadman S, Bouloux P. Diversity in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 regulation: learning from the investigation of Kallmann syndrome. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008;20:141-63. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2007.01627.x
21. Matsumoto S, Yamazaki C, Masumoto KH, et al. Abnormal development of the olfactory bulb and reproductive system in mice lacking prokineticin receptor PKR2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:4140-5. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0508881103
22. Delaney A, Burkholder AB, Lavender CA, et al. Increased burden of rare sequence variants in gnRH-associated genes in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106:e1441-52. DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgaa609
23. Fontana L, Garzia E, Marfia G, et al. Epigenetics of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:953431. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2022.953431
24. Vazquez MJ, Toro CA, Castellano JM, et al. SIRT1 mediates obesity- and nutrient-dependent perturbation of pubertal timing by epigenetically controlling Kiss1 expression. Nat Commun. 2018;9:4194. DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-06459-9
25. Frieling H, Gozner A, Römer KD, et al. Global DNA hypomethylation and DNA hypermethylation of the alpha synuclein promoter in females with anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12:229-30. DOI:10.1038/sj.mp.4001931
26. Neyazi A, Buchholz V, Burkert A, et al. Association of leptin gene DNA methylation with diagnosis and treatment outcome of anorexia nervosa. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:197. DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00197
27. Batury VL, Walton E, Tam F, et al. DNA methylation of ghrelin and leptin receptors in underweight and recovered patients with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;131:271-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.026
28. Welt CK, Chan JL, Bullen J, et al. Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. New Engl J Med. 2004;351:987-97. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa040388
29. Xie Q, Kang Y, Zhang C, et al. The role of kisspeptin in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:925206. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2022.925206
30. Morrison AE, Fleming S, Levy MJ. A review of the pathophysiology of functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea in women subject to psychological stress, disordered eating, excessive exercise or a combination of these factors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021;95:229-38. DOI:10.1111/cen.14399
31. Laughlin GA, Dominguez CE, Yen SS. Nutritional and endocrine-metabolic aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:25-32. DOI:10.1210/jcem.83.1.4502
32. Batury VL, Walton E, Tam F, et al. DNA methylation of ghrelin and leptin receptors in underweight and recovered patients with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;131:271-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.026
33. Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, et al. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature. 2001;409:194-8. DOI:10.1038/35051587
34. Bernardoni F, Bernhardt N, Pooseh S, et al. Metabolic state and value-based decision-making in acute and recovered female patients with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2020;45:253-61. DOI:10.1503/jpn.190031
35. Barbagallo F, Condorelli RA, Mongioi LM, et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between obesity and male infertility. Metabolites. 2021;11:840. DOI:10.3390/metabo11120840
36. Болотова Н.В., Тимофеева С.В., Поляков В.К., и др. Роль кисспептина в нарушениях менструальной функции у девочек-подростков. Коррекция клинико-гормональных нарушений. Доктор.Ру. 2020;19(2):13-9 [Bolotova NV, Timofeeva SV, Polyakov VK, et al. The Role of Kisspeptin in Menstrual Disorders in Adolescent Girls. Treatment of Clinically Manifested Endocrine Abnormalities. Doctor.Ru. 2020;19(2):13-9 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-2-13-19
37. Fontana L, Garzia E, Marfia G, et al. Epigenetics of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:953431. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2022.953431
38. Cao C, Ding Y, Kong X, et al. Reproductive role of miRNA in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2018;88:130-7. DOI:10.1016/j.mcn.2018.01.008
39. Lannes J, L’Hôte D, Garrel G, et al. Rapid communication: A microRNA-132/212 pathway mediates GnRH activation of FSH expression. Mol Endocrinol. 2015;29:364-72. DOI:10.1210/me.2014-1390
40. Ye RS, Li M, Li CY, et al. miR-361-3p regulates FSH by targeting FSHB in a porcine anterior pituitary cell model. Reproduction. 2017;153:341-9. DOI:10.1530/REP-16-0373
41. Calogero AE, Burrello N, Bosboom AM, et al. Glucocorticoids inhibit gonadotropin-releasing hormone by acting directly at the hypothalamic level. J Endocrinol Invest. 1999;22:666-70. DOI:10.1007/BF03343627
42. Nappi RE, Petraglia F, Genazzani AD, et al. Hypothalamic amenorrhea: evidence for a central derangement of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis activity. Fertil Steril. 1993;59:571-6. DOI:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55802-6
43. Lin SH. Prolactin-releasing peptide. Results Probl Cell Differ. 2008;46:57-88. DOI:10.1007/400_2007_048
44. Шахтшнейдер Е.В., Иванощук Д.Е., Воевода С.М., Рымар О.Д. Результаты таргетного секвенирования генов PRL, PRLR, PRLHR у молодых женщин с гиперпролактинемией неопухолевого генеза. Сибирский научный медицинский журнал. 2022;42 (4):79-86 [Shakhtshneider EV, Ivanoshchuk DE, Voevoda SM, Rymar OD. Results of targeted sequencing of the PRL, PRLR, PRLHR genes in young women with non-tumor hyperprolactinemia. Sibirskiy nauchnyy meditsinskiy zhurnal = Siberian Scientific Medical Journal. 2022;42(4):79-86 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18699/SSMJ20220407
45. Gala RR. The physiology and mechanisms of the stress-induced changes in prolactin secretion in the rat. Life Sci. 1990;46(20):1407-20. DOI:10.1016/0024-3205(90)90456-2
46. Torner L, Toschi N, Pohlinger A, et al. Anxiolytic and anti-stress effects of brain prolactin: improved efficacy of antisense targeting of the prolactin receptor by molecular modeling. J Neurosci. 2001;21(9):3207-14.
47. Torner L, Toschi N, Nava G, et al. Increased hypothalamic expression of prolactin in lactation: involvement in behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses. Eur J Neurosci. 2002;15:1381-9. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01965.x
48. Faron-Górecka A, Kuśmider M, Solich J, et al. Involvement of prolactin and somatostatin in depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol Rep. 2013;65(6):1640-6. DOI:10.1016/S1734-1140(13)71525-1
49. Подзолкова Н.М., Полетова Т.Н., Глазкова О.Л., Созаева Л.Г. Клиническая оценка негормональной монотерапии при нарушениях менструальной функции. Вопросы гинекологии, акушерства и перинатологии. 2009;8(3):33-6 [Podzolkova NM, Poletova TN, Glazkova OL, et al. A clinical evaluation of nonhormonal monotherapy in disorders of the menstrual function. Vopr. ginekol. akus. perinatol./Gynecology, Obstetrics and Perinatology. 2009;8(3):33-6 (in Russian)].
50. Артымук Н.В., Зотова О.А. Влияние препарата «Циклодинон» на сексуальную функцию у пациенток с бесплодием и нарушениями менструального цикла. Акушерство и гинекология. 2023;(11):158-68 [Artymuk NV, Zotova OA. The effect of the Cyclodynon drug on sexual function in patients with infertility and menstrual disorders. Akusherstvo i Ginekologiya/Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2023;(11):158-68 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/aig.2023.1939
51. Shahnazi M, Khalili AF, Hamdi K, Ghahremaninasab P. The Effects of Combined Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives and Vitex Agnus on the Improvement of Clinical and Paraclinical Parameters of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Triple-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(12):e37510. DOI:10.5812/ircmj.37510
52. Уварова Е.В. Эффективность и безопасность применения растительного лекарственного препарата Циклодинон® для лечения нарушений менструального цикла у девочек-подростков: обзор опыта клинического применения. Репродуктивное здоровье детей и подростков. 2021;17(2):51-6 [Uvarova EV. Effectiveness and safety of herbal medicinal product Cyclodinone® in treatment of menstrual irregularities in adolescent girls: a review of clinical usage. Reproduktivnoe zdorov’e detey i podrostkov. 2021;17(2):51-64 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.33029/1816-2134-2020-17-2-51-64
53. Вуттке В., Ярри Г., Зайдлова-Вуттке Д., и др. Терапевтические возможности экстрактов из Авраамова дерева (Vitex Agnus castus) в гинекологической практике. Проблемы репродукции. 2009;(4):53-8 [Vuttke V, Iarri G, Zaidlova-Vuttke D, et al. Terapevticheskie vozmozhnosti ekstraktov iz Avraamova dereva (Vitex Agnus castus) v ginekologicheskoi praktike. Problemy reproduktsii. 2009;(4):53-8 (in Russian)].
54. Кузнецова И.В., Успенская Ю.Б., Диль В.В., Гринева А.М. Использование растительных дофаминомиметиков у подростков и молодых женщин с нарушенным менструальным циклом. Акушерство и гинекология. 2015;(11):70-7 [Kuznetsova IV, Uspenskaya YuB, Dil VV, Grineva AM. Use of herbal dopamine mimetics in adolescents and young women with menstrual irregularities. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya/Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2015;(11):70-7 (in Russian)].
55. Яворская С.Д. Место фитотерапии в лечении пациенток с гиперпролактинемией. Гинекология. 2013;15(4):28-30 [Yavorskaya SD. Herbal medicine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia patients. Gynecology. 2013;15(4):28-30 (in Russian)].
56. Брюхина Е.В., Окраинская О.А., Усольцева Е.Н. Опыт использования препарата циклодинон при лечении нарушений менструального цикла у подростков. Репродуктивное здоровье детей и подростков. 2008;3:37-40 [Bryukhina EV, Okrainskaya OA, Usoltseva EN. Experience of using the drug cyclodynone in the treatment of menstrual disorders in adolescents. Reproductive health of children and adolescents. 2008;3:37-40 (in Russian)].
________________________________________________
2. Podzolkova NM, Glazkova OL. Reproduktivnoe zdorov'e bortprovodnits grazhdanskoi aviatsii: meditsinskii monitoring i profilaktika. Moscow: Vozdushnyi transport, 2004 (in Russian).
3. Adamyan LV, Sibirskaya EV, Pivazyan LG, et al. Role of kisspeptin in the pathogenesis of the functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Russian Journal of Human Reproduction. 2023;29(6):81-6 (in Russian). DOI:10.17116/repro20232906181
4. Gordon CM, Ackerman KE, Berga SL, et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:1413-39. DOI:10.1210/jc.2017-00131
5. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Current evaluation of amenorrhea. Fertil Steril. 2006;86:S148-55. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.08.013
6. Saadedine M, Kapoor E, Shufelt C. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: recognition and management of a challenging diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2023;98:1376-85. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.05.027
7. Gordon CM. Clinical practice. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(4):365-71. DOI:10.1056/NEJMcp0912024
8. Męczekalski B, Niwczyk O, Battipaglia C, et al. Neuroendocrine disturbances in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an update and future directions. Endocrine. 2024;84(3):769-85. DOI:10.1007/s12020-023-03619-w
9. Seminara SB, Hayes FJ, Crowley WF Jr. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency in the human (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann’s syndrome): pathophysiological and genetic considerations. Endocr Rev. 1998;19:521-39. DOI:10.1210/edrv.19.5.0344
10. Laitinen EM, Vaaralahti K, Tommiska J, et al. Incidence, phenotypic features and molecular genetics of Kallmann syndrome in Finland. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2011;6:41. DOI:10.1186/1750-1172-6-41
11. Bianco SD, Kaiser UB. The genetic and molecular basis of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5:569-76. DOI:10.1038/nrendo.2009.177
12. Stamou MI, Cox KH, Crowley WF Jr. Discovering genes essential to the hypothalamic regulation of human reproduction using a human disease model: adjusting to life in the “-omics” Era. Endocr Rev. 2015;36:603-21. DOI:10.1210/er.2015-1045
13. Stamou MI, Georgopoulos NA. Kallmann syndrome: phenotype and genotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Metabolism. 2018;86:124-34. DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.10.012
14. Franco B, Guioli S, Pragliola A, et al. A gene deleted in Kallmann’s syndrome shares homology with neural cell adhesion and axonal path-finding molecules. Nature. 1991;353:529-36. DOI:10.1038/353529a0
15. Gianetti E, Hall JE, Au MG, et al. When genetic load does not correlate with phenotypic spectrum: lessons from the GnRH receptor (GNRHR). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E1798-807. DOI:10.1210/jc.2012-1264
16. Beneduzzi D, Trarbach EB, Min L, et al. Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor mutations in patients with a wide spectrum of pubertal delay. Fertil Steril. 2014;102:838-46.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.05.044
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Авторы
Н.М. Подзолкова*1,2, О.Л. Глазкова1,2, Л.А. Чепорев2, Е.Е. Масс1, Л.В. Сумятина1
1ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Московский многопрофильный научно-клинический центр им. С.П. Боткина» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия
*podzolkova@gmail.com
1Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia;
2Botkin Moscow Multidisciplinary Research and Clinical Center, Moscow, Russia
*podzolkova@gmail.com
1ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Московский многопрофильный научно-клинический центр им. С.П. Боткина» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия
*podzolkova@gmail.com
________________________________________________
1Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia;
2Botkin Moscow Multidisciplinary Research and Clinical Center, Moscow, Russia
*podzolkova@gmail.com
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