Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения.
Чтобы посмотреть материал полностью
Авторизуйтесь
или зарегистрируйтесь.
Инновационная контрацепция с эстетролом и молочная железа: современный взгляд на проблему снижения маммологических рисков. Обзор литературы
Инновационная контрацепция с эстетролом и молочная железа: современный взгляд на проблему снижения маммологических рисков. Обзор литературы
Прилепская В.Н., Юрова М.В. Инновационная контрацепция с эстетролом и молочная железа: современный взгляд на проблему снижения маммологических рисков. Обзор литературы. Гинекология. 2025;27(4):264–271. DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2025.4.203488
________________________________________________
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения.
Чтобы посмотреть материал полностью
Авторизуйтесь
или зарегистрируйтесь.
Аннотация
Нарушение гомеостаза половых гормонов, в частности эстрогенов, гестагенов и андрогенов, связано с повышенным риском развития злокачественных новообразований молочной железы, в связи с чем в клинической практике применяют препараты, направленные на достижение эуэстрогенного статуса, обладающие риск-редуцирующим эффектом для рака эндометрия, рака яичников. Однако продолжаются исследования, направленные на изучение онкомаммологических рисков, ассоциированных с применением для контрацепции гормональных препаратов. Учитывая противоречивые позиции международного медицинского сообщества о влиянии комбинированных гормональных контрацептивов на ткань молочной железы, в представленном обзоре литературы на основании наиболее современных исследований описаны особенности действия контрацептивов с позиции онконастороженности и онкопрофилактики, а также с акцентом на применение инновационных препаратов.
Ключевые слова: гормональная контрацепция, дроспиренон, молочная железа, рак молочной железы, селективный эстроген, эстетрол
Keywords: hormonal contraception, drospirenone, breast, breast cancer, selective estrogen, estetrol
Ключевые слова: гормональная контрацепция, дроспиренон, молочная железа, рак молочной железы, селективный эстроген, эстетрол
________________________________________________
Keywords: hormonal contraception, drospirenone, breast, breast cancer, selective estrogen, estetrol
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Доброкачественная дисплазия молочной железы. Клинические рекомендации. 2024. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/598_3. Ссылка активна на 26.08.2025 [Dobrokachestvennaia displaziia molochnoi zhelezy. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. 2024. Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/598_3. Accessed: 26.08.2025 (in Russian)].
2. Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2021 г. (заболеваемость и смертность). Под ред. А.Д. Каприна, В.В. Старинского, А.О. Шахзадовой. М. 2022 [Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovaniia v Rossii v 2021 g. (zabolevaemost' i smertnost'). Pod red. AD Kaprina, VV Starinskogo, AO Shakhzadovoi. Moscow. 2022 (in Russian)].
3. Santucci C, Mignozzi S, Levi F, et al. European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2025 with focus on breast cancer. Annals of Oncology. 2025;36(4):460-6. DOI:10.1016/j.annonc.2025.01.014
4. Bodewes FTH, van Asselt AA, Dorrius MD, et al. Mammographic breast density and the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast. 2022;66:62-8. DOI:10.1016/j.breast.2022.09.007
5. Andersson TM, Crowther MJ, Czene K, et al. Mammographic Density Reduction as a Prognostic Marker for Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Results Using a Joint Longitudinal-Survival Modeling Approach. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(9):1065-103. DOI:10.1093/aje/kwx178
6. Conner P. Breast response to menopausal hormone therapy – aspects on proliferation, apoptosis and mammographic density. Ann Med. 2007;39(1):28-41. DOI:10.1080/07853890601039842
7. Hirschberg AL, Tani E, Brismar K, Lundström E. Effects of drospirenone and norethisterone acetate combined with estradiol on mammographic density and proliferation of breast epithelial cells – A prospective randomized trial. Maturitas. 2019;126:18-24. DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.04.205
8. Byrne C, Ursin G, Martin CF, et al. Mammographic Density Change With Estrogen and Progestin Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(9):djx001. DOI:10.1093/jnci/djx001
9. Kiran H, Tok A, Yüksel M, et al. Estradiol plus drospirenone therapy increases mammographic breast density in perimenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011;159(2):384-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.09.023
10. Радзинский В.Е., Оразов М.Р., Долгов Е.Д., Быкова О.А. Не только контрацепция. КОК: преимущества второй линии. Информационный бюллетень. М.: Редакция журнала StatusPraesens, 2024 [Radzinskii VE, Orazov MR, Dolgov ED, Bykova OA. Ne tol'ko kontratseptsiia. KOK: preimushchestva vtoroi linii. Informatsionnyi biulleten'. Moscow: Redaktsiia zhurnala StatusPraesens, 2024 (in Russian)].
11. Национальные медицинские критерии приемлемости методов контрацепции. Под ред. Г.Т. Сухих, В.Н. Прилепской. М. 2023 [Natsional'nye meditsinskie kriterii priemlemosti metodov kontratseptsii. Pod red. GT Sukhikh, VN Prilepskoi. Moscow. 2023 (in Russian)].
12. Контрацепция. Наблюдение за применением противозачаточных средств. Клинические рекомендации. Проект. 2024. Режим доступа: https://roag-portal.ru/projects_gynecology. Ссылка активна на 26.08.2025 [Kontratseptsiia. Nabliudenie za primeneniem protivozachatochnykh sredstv. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Proekt. 2024. Available at: https://roag-portal.ru/projects_gynecology. Accessed: 26.08.2025 (in Russian)].
13. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Control Clin Trials. 1998;19(1):61-109. DOI:10.1016/s0197-2456(97)00078-0
14. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321-33. DOI:10.1001/jama.288.3.321
15. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1701-12. DOI:10.1001/jama.291.14.1701
16. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996;347(9017):1713-27. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90806-5
17. Fitzpatrick D, Pirie K, Reeves G, et al. Combined and progestagen-only hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk: A UK nested case-control study and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2023;20(3):e1004188. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004188
18. Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228-39. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1700732
19. Fu XD, Giretti MS, Goglia L, et al. Comparative actions of progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, drospirenone and nestorone on breast cancer cell migration and invasion. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:166. DOI:10.1186/1471-2407-8-166
20. Lundström E, Söderqvist G, Svane G, et al. Digitized assessment of mammographic breast density in patients who received low-dose intrauterine levonorgestrel in continuous combination with oral estradiol valerate: a pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2006;85(4):989-95. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.09.026
21. Asi N, Mohammed K, Haydour Q, et al. Progesterone vs. synthetic progestins and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):121. DOI:10.1186/s13643-016-0294-5
22. Pinkerton JV, Harvey JA, Pan K, et al. Breast effects of bazedoxifene-conjugated estrogens: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(5):959-68. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31828c5974
23. Hofling M, Lundström E, Azavedo E, et al. Testosterone addition during menopausal hormone therapy: effects on mammographic breast density. Climacteric. 2007;10(2):155-63. DOI:10.1080/13697130701258812
24. Zang H, Sahlin L, Masironi B, et al. Effects of testosterone treatment on endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(6):2169-75. DOI:10.1210/jc.2006-2171
25. Louw-du Toit R, Simons M, Africander D. Progestins and breast cancer hallmarks: The role of the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2024;237:106440. DOI:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106440
26. Boonyaratanakornkit V, Hamilton N, Márquez-Garbán DC, et al. Extranuclear signaling by sex steroid receptors and clinical implications in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018;466:51-72. DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2017.11.010
27. Yuk JS, Kim T, Cho H, Gwak G. Breast cancer risk association with postmenopausal hormone therapy: Health Insurance Database in South Korea-based cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2024;190(1):1-11. DOI:10.1093/ejendo/lvad168
28. Simoncini T, Genazzani AR. A review of the cardiovascular and breast actions of drospirenone in preclinical studies. Climacteric. 2010;13(1):22-33. DOI:10.3109/13697130903437375
29. Burchardt NA, Eliassen AH, Shafrir AL, et al. Oral contraceptive use by formulation and breast cancer risk by subtype in the Nurses' Health Study II: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(6):821.e1-821.e26. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.022
30. Trivers KF, Gammon MD, Abrahamson PE, et al. Oral contraceptives and survival in breast cancer patients aged 20 to 54 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(9):1822-7. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0053
31. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, et al. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(11):1375-81.
32. Gérard C, Foidart JM. Estetrol: From Preclinical to Clinical Pharmacology and Advances in the Understanding of the Molecular Mechanism of Action. Drugs R D. 2023;23(2):77-92. DOI:10.1007/s40268-023-00419-5
33. Gallez A, Dias Da Silva I, Wuidar V, et al. Estetrol and Mammary Gland: Friends or Foes? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2021;26(3):297-308. DOI:10.1007/s10911-021-09497-0
34. Gérard C, Mestdagt M, Tskitishvili E, et al. Combined estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties of estetrol on breast cancer may provide a safe therapeutic window for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Oncotarget. 2015;6(19):17621-36. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.4184
35. Cirillo F, Spinelli A, Talia M, et al. Estetrol/GPER/SERPINB2 transduction signaling inhibits the motility of triple-negative breast cancer cells. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):450. DOI:10.1186/s12967-024-05269-6
36. Abderrahman B, Maximov PY, Curpan RF, et al. Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Estrogen Estetrol and Estrogen Mimic BMI-135 for the Treatment of Endocrine-Resistant Breast Cancer. Mol Pharmacol. 2020;98(4):364-81. DOI:10.1124/molpharm.120.000054
37. Gallez A, Blacher S, Maquoi E, et al. Estetrol Combined to Progestogen for Menopause or Contraception Indication Is Neutral on Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(10):2486. DOI:10.3390/cancers13102486
38. Giretti MS, Montt Guevara MM, Cecchi E, et al. Effects of Estetrol on Migration and Invasion in T47-D Breast Cancer Cells through the Actin Cytoskeleton. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:80. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2014.00080
39. Chiu JH, Wen CS, Wang JY, et al. Role of estrogen receptors and Src signaling in mechanisms of bone metastasis by estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):97. DOI:10.1186/s12967-017-1192-x
40. Прилепская В.Н., Юрова М.В. Эстетрол: новое слово в современной гормональной контрацепции. Гинекология. 2024;26(2):108-18 [Prilepskaya VN, Iurova MV. Estetrol: a new word in modern hormonal contraception. A review. Gynecology. 2024;26(2):108-18 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/20795696.2024.2.202621
41. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, et al. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(11):1375-81.
42. Gérard C, Arnal JF, Jost M, et al. Profile of estetrol, a promising native estrogen for oral contraception and the relief of climacteric symptoms of menopause. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022;15(2):121-37. DOI:10.1080/17512433.2022.2054413
43. Visser M, Kloosterboer HJ, Bennink HJ. Estetrol prevents and suppresses mammary tumors induced by DMBA in a rat model. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2012;9(1):95-103. DOI:10.1515/hmbci-2012-0015
44. Singer CF, Bennink HJ, Natter C, et al. Antiestrogenic effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in women with estrogen-receptor positive early breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(11):2447-51. DOI:10.1093/carcin/bgu144
45. Trivers KF, Gammon MD, Abrahamson PE, Lund MJ, Flagg EW, Moorman PG, et al. Oral contraceptives and survival in breast cancer patients aged 20 to 54 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(9):1822-7. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0053
46. Nur U, El Reda D, Hashim D, Weiderpass E. A prospective investigation of oral contraceptive use and breast cancer mortality: findings from the Swedish women's lifestyle and health cohort. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):807. DOI:10.1186/s12885-019-5985-6
47. Karlsson T, Johansson T, Höglund J, et al. Time-Dependent Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Breast, Ovarian, and Endometrial Cancers. Cancer Res. 2021;81(4):1153-12. DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-2476
48. Liu Q, Wuu J, Lambe M, et al. Transient increase in breast cancer risk after giving birth: postpartum period with the highest risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13(4):299-305. DOI:10.1023/a:1015287208222
49. Lambe M, Hsieh C, Trichopoulos D, et al. Transient increase in the risk of breast cancer after giving birth. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(1):5-9. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199407073310102
50. Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(11):1931-43. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0298
51. GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1775-812. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2
52. Bassuk SS, Manson JE. Oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy: relative and attributable risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other health outcomes. Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25(3):193-200. DOI:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.11.004
2. Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovaniia v Rossii v 2021 g. (zabolevaemost' i smertnost'). Pod red. AD Kaprina, VV Starinskogo, AO Shakhzadovoi. Moscow. 2022 (in Russian).
3. Santucci C, Mignozzi S, Levi F, et al. European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2025 with focus on breast cancer. Annals of Oncology. 2025;36(4):460-6. DOI:10.1016/j.annonc.2025.01.014
4. Bodewes FTH, van Asselt AA, Dorrius MD, et al. Mammographic breast density and the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast. 2022;66:62-8. DOI:10.1016/j.breast.2022.09.007
5. Andersson TM, Crowther MJ, Czene K, et al. Mammographic Density Reduction as a Prognostic Marker for Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Results Using a Joint Longitudinal-Survival Modeling Approach. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(9):1065-103. DOI:10.1093/aje/kwx178
6. Conner P. Breast response to menopausal hormone therapy – aspects on proliferation, apoptosis and mammographic density. Ann Med. 2007;39(1):28-41. DOI:10.1080/07853890601039842
7. Hirschberg AL, Tani E, Brismar K, Lundström E. Effects of drospirenone and norethisterone acetate combined with estradiol on mammographic density and proliferation of breast epithelial cells – A prospective randomized trial. Maturitas. 2019;126:18-24. DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.04.205
8. Byrne C, Ursin G, Martin CF, et al. Mammographic Density Change With Estrogen and Progestin Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(9):djx001. DOI:10.1093/jnci/djx001
9. Kiran H, Tok A, Yüksel M, et al. Estradiol plus drospirenone therapy increases mammographic breast density in perimenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011;159(2):384-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.09.023
10. Radzinskii VE, Orazov MR, Dolgov ED, Bykova OA. Ne tol'ko kontratseptsiia. KOK: preimushchestva vtoroi linii. Informatsionnyi biulleten'. Moscow: Redaktsiia zhurnala StatusPraesens, 2024 (in Russian).
11. Natsional'nye meditsinskie kriterii priemlemosti metodov kontratseptsii. Pod red. GT Sukhikh, VN Prilepskoi. Moscow. 2023 (in Russian).
12. Kontratseptsiia. Nabliudenie za primeneniem protivozachatochnykh sredstv. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Proekt. 2024. Available at: https://roag-portal.ru/projects_gynecology. Accessed: 26.08.2025 (in Russian).
13. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Control Clin Trials. 1998;19(1):61-109. DOI:10.1016/s0197-2456(97)00078-0
14. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321-33. DOI:10.1001/jama.288.3.321
15. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1701-12. DOI:10.1001/jama.291.14.1701
16. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996;347(9017):1713-27. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90806-5
17. Fitzpatrick D, Pirie K, Reeves G, et al. Combined and progestagen-only hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk: A UK nested case-control study and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2023;20(3):e1004188. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004188
18. Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228-39. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1700732
19. Fu XD, Giretti MS, Goglia L, et al. Comparative actions of progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, drospirenone and nestorone on breast cancer cell migration and invasion. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:166. DOI:10.1186/1471-2407-8-166
20. Lundström E, Söderqvist G, Svane G, et al. Digitized assessment of mammographic breast density in patients who received low-dose intrauterine levonorgestrel in continuous combination with oral estradiol valerate: a pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2006;85(4):989-95. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.09.026
21. Asi N, Mohammed K, Haydour Q, et al. Progesterone vs. synthetic progestins and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):121. DOI:10.1186/s13643-016-0294-5
22. Pinkerton JV, Harvey JA, Pan K, et al. Breast effects of bazedoxifene-conjugated estrogens: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(5):959-68. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31828c5974
23. Hofling M, Lundström E, Azavedo E, et al. Testosterone addition during menopausal hormone therapy: effects on mammographic breast density. Climacteric. 2007;10(2):155-63. DOI:10.1080/13697130701258812
24. Zang H, Sahlin L, Masironi B, et al. Effects of testosterone treatment on endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(6):2169-75. DOI:10.1210/jc.2006-2171
25. Louw-du Toit R, Simons M, Africander D. Progestins and breast cancer hallmarks: The role of the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2024;237:106440. DOI:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106440
26. Boonyaratanakornkit V, Hamilton N, Márquez-Garbán DC, et al. Extranuclear signaling by sex steroid receptors and clinical implications in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018;466:51-72. DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2017.11.010
27. Yuk JS, Kim T, Cho H, Gwak G. Breast cancer risk association with postmenopausal hormone therapy: Health Insurance Database in South Korea-based cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2024;190(1):1-11. DOI:10.1093/ejendo/lvad168
28. Simoncini T, Genazzani AR. A review of the cardiovascular and breast actions of drospirenone in preclinical studies. Climacteric. 2010;13(1):22-33. DOI:10.3109/13697130903437375
29. Burchardt NA, Eliassen AH, Shafrir AL, et al. Oral contraceptive use by formulation and breast cancer risk by subtype in the Nurses' Health Study II: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(6):821.e1-821.e26. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.022
30. Trivers KF, Gammon MD, Abrahamson PE, et al. Oral contraceptives and survival in breast cancer patients aged 20 to 54 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(9):1822-7. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0053
31. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, et al. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(11):1375-81.
32. Gérard C, Foidart JM. Estetrol: From Preclinical to Clinical Pharmacology and Advances in the Understanding of the Molecular Mechanism of Action. Drugs R D. 2023;23(2):77-92. DOI:10.1007/s40268-023-00419-5
33. Gallez A, Dias Da Silva I, Wuidar V, et al. Estetrol and Mammary Gland: Friends or Foes? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2021;26(3):297-308. DOI:10.1007/s10911-021-09497-0
34. Gérard C, Mestdagt M, Tskitishvili E, et al. Combined estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties of estetrol on breast cancer may provide a safe therapeutic window for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Oncotarget. 2015;6(19):17621-36. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.4184
35. Cirillo F, Spinelli A, Talia M, et al. Estetrol/GPER/SERPINB2 transduction signaling inhibits the motility of triple-negative breast cancer cells. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):450. DOI:10.1186/s12967-024-05269-6
36. Abderrahman B, Maximov PY, Curpan RF, et al. Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Estrogen Estetrol and Estrogen Mimic BMI-135 for the Treatment of Endocrine-Resistant Breast Cancer. Mol Pharmacol. 2020;98(4):364-81. DOI:10.1124/molpharm.120.000054
37. Gallez A, Blacher S, Maquoi E, et al. Estetrol Combined to Progestogen for Menopause or Contraception Indication Is Neutral on Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(10):2486. DOI:10.3390/cancers13102486
38. Giretti MS, Montt Guevara MM, Cecchi E, et al. Effects of Estetrol on Migration and Invasion in T47-D Breast Cancer Cells through the Actin Cytoskeleton. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:80. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2014.00080
39. Chiu JH, Wen CS, Wang JY, et al. Role of estrogen receptors and Src signaling in mechanisms of bone metastasis by estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):97. DOI:10.1186/s12967-017-1192-x
40. Prilepskaya VN, Iurova MV. Estetrol: a new word in modern hormonal contraception. A review. Gynecology. 2024;26(2):108-18 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/20795696.2024.2.202621
41. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, et al. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(11):1375-81.
42. Gérard C, Arnal JF, Jost M, et al. Profile of estetrol, a promising native estrogen for oral contraception and the relief of climacteric symptoms of menopause. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022;15(2):121-37. DOI:10.1080/17512433.2022.2054413
43. Visser M, Kloosterboer HJ, Bennink HJ. Estetrol prevents and suppresses mammary tumors induced by DMBA in a rat model. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2012;9(1):95-103. DOI:10.1515/hmbci-2012-0015
44. Singer CF, Bennink HJ, Natter C, et al. Antiestrogenic effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in women with estrogen-receptor positive early breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(11):2447-51. DOI:10.1093/carcin/bgu144
45. Trivers KF, Gammon MD, Abrahamson PE, Lund MJ, Flagg EW, Moorman PG, et al. Oral contraceptives and survival in breast cancer patients aged 20 to 54 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(9):1822-7. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0053
46. Nur U, El Reda D, Hashim D, Weiderpass E. A prospective investigation of oral contraceptive use and breast cancer mortality: findings from the Swedish women's lifestyle and health cohort. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):807. DOI:10.1186/s12885-019-5985-6
47. Karlsson T, Johansson T, Höglund J, et al. Time-Dependent Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Breast, Ovarian, and Endometrial Cancers. Cancer Res. 2021;81(4):1153-12. DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-2476
48. Liu Q, Wuu J, Lambe M, et al. Transient increase in breast cancer risk after giving birth: postpartum period with the highest risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13(4):299-305. DOI:10.1023/a:1015287208222
49. Lambe M, Hsieh C, Trichopoulos D, et al. Transient increase in the risk of breast cancer after giving birth. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(1):5-9. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199407073310102
50. Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(11):1931-43. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0298
51. GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1775-812. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2
52. Bassuk SS, Manson JE. Oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy: relative and attributable risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other health outcomes. Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25(3):193-200. DOI:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.11.004
2. Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2021 г. (заболеваемость и смертность). Под ред. А.Д. Каприна, В.В. Старинского, А.О. Шахзадовой. М. 2022 [Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovaniia v Rossii v 2021 g. (zabolevaemost' i smertnost'). Pod red. AD Kaprina, VV Starinskogo, AO Shakhzadovoi. Moscow. 2022 (in Russian)].
3. Santucci C, Mignozzi S, Levi F, et al. European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2025 with focus on breast cancer. Annals of Oncology. 2025;36(4):460-6. DOI:10.1016/j.annonc.2025.01.014
4. Bodewes FTH, van Asselt AA, Dorrius MD, et al. Mammographic breast density and the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast. 2022;66:62-8. DOI:10.1016/j.breast.2022.09.007
5. Andersson TM, Crowther MJ, Czene K, et al. Mammographic Density Reduction as a Prognostic Marker for Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Results Using a Joint Longitudinal-Survival Modeling Approach. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(9):1065-103. DOI:10.1093/aje/kwx178
6. Conner P. Breast response to menopausal hormone therapy – aspects on proliferation, apoptosis and mammographic density. Ann Med. 2007;39(1):28-41. DOI:10.1080/07853890601039842
7. Hirschberg AL, Tani E, Brismar K, Lundström E. Effects of drospirenone and norethisterone acetate combined with estradiol on mammographic density and proliferation of breast epithelial cells – A prospective randomized trial. Maturitas. 2019;126:18-24. DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.04.205
8. Byrne C, Ursin G, Martin CF, et al. Mammographic Density Change With Estrogen and Progestin Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(9):djx001. DOI:10.1093/jnci/djx001
9. Kiran H, Tok A, Yüksel M, et al. Estradiol plus drospirenone therapy increases mammographic breast density in perimenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011;159(2):384-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.09.023
10. Радзинский В.Е., Оразов М.Р., Долгов Е.Д., Быкова О.А. Не только контрацепция. КОК: преимущества второй линии. Информационный бюллетень. М.: Редакция журнала StatusPraesens, 2024 [Radzinskii VE, Orazov MR, Dolgov ED, Bykova OA. Ne tol'ko kontratseptsiia. KOK: preimushchestva vtoroi linii. Informatsionnyi biulleten'. Moscow: Redaktsiia zhurnala StatusPraesens, 2024 (in Russian)].
11. Национальные медицинские критерии приемлемости методов контрацепции. Под ред. Г.Т. Сухих, В.Н. Прилепской. М. 2023 [Natsional'nye meditsinskie kriterii priemlemosti metodov kontratseptsii. Pod red. GT Sukhikh, VN Prilepskoi. Moscow. 2023 (in Russian)].
12. Контрацепция. Наблюдение за применением противозачаточных средств. Клинические рекомендации. Проект. 2024. Режим доступа: https://roag-portal.ru/projects_gynecology. Ссылка активна на 26.08.2025 [Kontratseptsiia. Nabliudenie za primeneniem protivozachatochnykh sredstv. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Proekt. 2024. Available at: https://roag-portal.ru/projects_gynecology. Accessed: 26.08.2025 (in Russian)].
13. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Control Clin Trials. 1998;19(1):61-109. DOI:10.1016/s0197-2456(97)00078-0
14. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321-33. DOI:10.1001/jama.288.3.321
15. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1701-12. DOI:10.1001/jama.291.14.1701
16. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996;347(9017):1713-27. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90806-5
17. Fitzpatrick D, Pirie K, Reeves G, et al. Combined and progestagen-only hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk: A UK nested case-control study and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2023;20(3):e1004188. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004188
18. Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228-39. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1700732
19. Fu XD, Giretti MS, Goglia L, et al. Comparative actions of progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, drospirenone and nestorone on breast cancer cell migration and invasion. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:166. DOI:10.1186/1471-2407-8-166
20. Lundström E, Söderqvist G, Svane G, et al. Digitized assessment of mammographic breast density in patients who received low-dose intrauterine levonorgestrel in continuous combination with oral estradiol valerate: a pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2006;85(4):989-95. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.09.026
21. Asi N, Mohammed K, Haydour Q, et al. Progesterone vs. synthetic progestins and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):121. DOI:10.1186/s13643-016-0294-5
22. Pinkerton JV, Harvey JA, Pan K, et al. Breast effects of bazedoxifene-conjugated estrogens: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(5):959-68. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31828c5974
23. Hofling M, Lundström E, Azavedo E, et al. Testosterone addition during menopausal hormone therapy: effects on mammographic breast density. Climacteric. 2007;10(2):155-63. DOI:10.1080/13697130701258812
24. Zang H, Sahlin L, Masironi B, et al. Effects of testosterone treatment on endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(6):2169-75. DOI:10.1210/jc.2006-2171
25. Louw-du Toit R, Simons M, Africander D. Progestins and breast cancer hallmarks: The role of the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2024;237:106440. DOI:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106440
26. Boonyaratanakornkit V, Hamilton N, Márquez-Garbán DC, et al. Extranuclear signaling by sex steroid receptors and clinical implications in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018;466:51-72. DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2017.11.010
27. Yuk JS, Kim T, Cho H, Gwak G. Breast cancer risk association with postmenopausal hormone therapy: Health Insurance Database in South Korea-based cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2024;190(1):1-11. DOI:10.1093/ejendo/lvad168
28. Simoncini T, Genazzani AR. A review of the cardiovascular and breast actions of drospirenone in preclinical studies. Climacteric. 2010;13(1):22-33. DOI:10.3109/13697130903437375
29. Burchardt NA, Eliassen AH, Shafrir AL, et al. Oral contraceptive use by formulation and breast cancer risk by subtype in the Nurses' Health Study II: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(6):821.e1-821.e26. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.022
30. Trivers KF, Gammon MD, Abrahamson PE, et al. Oral contraceptives and survival in breast cancer patients aged 20 to 54 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(9):1822-7. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0053
31. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, et al. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(11):1375-81.
32. Gérard C, Foidart JM. Estetrol: From Preclinical to Clinical Pharmacology and Advances in the Understanding of the Molecular Mechanism of Action. Drugs R D. 2023;23(2):77-92. DOI:10.1007/s40268-023-00419-5
33. Gallez A, Dias Da Silva I, Wuidar V, et al. Estetrol and Mammary Gland: Friends or Foes? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2021;26(3):297-308. DOI:10.1007/s10911-021-09497-0
34. Gérard C, Mestdagt M, Tskitishvili E, et al. Combined estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties of estetrol on breast cancer may provide a safe therapeutic window for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Oncotarget. 2015;6(19):17621-36. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.4184
35. Cirillo F, Spinelli A, Talia M, et al. Estetrol/GPER/SERPINB2 transduction signaling inhibits the motility of triple-negative breast cancer cells. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):450. DOI:10.1186/s12967-024-05269-6
36. Abderrahman B, Maximov PY, Curpan RF, et al. Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Estrogen Estetrol and Estrogen Mimic BMI-135 for the Treatment of Endocrine-Resistant Breast Cancer. Mol Pharmacol. 2020;98(4):364-81. DOI:10.1124/molpharm.120.000054
37. Gallez A, Blacher S, Maquoi E, et al. Estetrol Combined to Progestogen for Menopause or Contraception Indication Is Neutral on Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(10):2486. DOI:10.3390/cancers13102486
38. Giretti MS, Montt Guevara MM, Cecchi E, et al. Effects of Estetrol on Migration and Invasion in T47-D Breast Cancer Cells through the Actin Cytoskeleton. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:80. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2014.00080
39. Chiu JH, Wen CS, Wang JY, et al. Role of estrogen receptors and Src signaling in mechanisms of bone metastasis by estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):97. DOI:10.1186/s12967-017-1192-x
40. Прилепская В.Н., Юрова М.В. Эстетрол: новое слово в современной гормональной контрацепции. Гинекология. 2024;26(2):108-18 [Prilepskaya VN, Iurova MV. Estetrol: a new word in modern hormonal contraception. A review. Gynecology. 2024;26(2):108-18 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/20795696.2024.2.202621
41. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, et al. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(11):1375-81.
42. Gérard C, Arnal JF, Jost M, et al. Profile of estetrol, a promising native estrogen for oral contraception and the relief of climacteric symptoms of menopause. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022;15(2):121-37. DOI:10.1080/17512433.2022.2054413
43. Visser M, Kloosterboer HJ, Bennink HJ. Estetrol prevents and suppresses mammary tumors induced by DMBA in a rat model. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2012;9(1):95-103. DOI:10.1515/hmbci-2012-0015
44. Singer CF, Bennink HJ, Natter C, et al. Antiestrogenic effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in women with estrogen-receptor positive early breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(11):2447-51. DOI:10.1093/carcin/bgu144
45. Trivers KF, Gammon MD, Abrahamson PE, Lund MJ, Flagg EW, Moorman PG, et al. Oral contraceptives and survival in breast cancer patients aged 20 to 54 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(9):1822-7. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0053
46. Nur U, El Reda D, Hashim D, Weiderpass E. A prospective investigation of oral contraceptive use and breast cancer mortality: findings from the Swedish women's lifestyle and health cohort. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):807. DOI:10.1186/s12885-019-5985-6
47. Karlsson T, Johansson T, Höglund J, et al. Time-Dependent Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Breast, Ovarian, and Endometrial Cancers. Cancer Res. 2021;81(4):1153-12. DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-2476
48. Liu Q, Wuu J, Lambe M, et al. Transient increase in breast cancer risk after giving birth: postpartum period with the highest risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13(4):299-305. DOI:10.1023/a:1015287208222
49. Lambe M, Hsieh C, Trichopoulos D, et al. Transient increase in the risk of breast cancer after giving birth. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(1):5-9. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199407073310102
50. Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(11):1931-43. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0298
51. GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1775-812. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2
52. Bassuk SS, Manson JE. Oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy: relative and attributable risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other health outcomes. Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25(3):193-200. DOI:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.11.004
________________________________________________
2. Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovaniia v Rossii v 2021 g. (zabolevaemost' i smertnost'). Pod red. AD Kaprina, VV Starinskogo, AO Shakhzadovoi. Moscow. 2022 (in Russian).
3. Santucci C, Mignozzi S, Levi F, et al. European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2025 with focus on breast cancer. Annals of Oncology. 2025;36(4):460-6. DOI:10.1016/j.annonc.2025.01.014
4. Bodewes FTH, van Asselt AA, Dorrius MD, et al. Mammographic breast density and the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast. 2022;66:62-8. DOI:10.1016/j.breast.2022.09.007
5. Andersson TM, Crowther MJ, Czene K, et al. Mammographic Density Reduction as a Prognostic Marker for Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Results Using a Joint Longitudinal-Survival Modeling Approach. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(9):1065-103. DOI:10.1093/aje/kwx178
6. Conner P. Breast response to menopausal hormone therapy – aspects on proliferation, apoptosis and mammographic density. Ann Med. 2007;39(1):28-41. DOI:10.1080/07853890601039842
7. Hirschberg AL, Tani E, Brismar K, Lundström E. Effects of drospirenone and norethisterone acetate combined with estradiol on mammographic density and proliferation of breast epithelial cells – A prospective randomized trial. Maturitas. 2019;126:18-24. DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.04.205
8. Byrne C, Ursin G, Martin CF, et al. Mammographic Density Change With Estrogen and Progestin Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(9):djx001. DOI:10.1093/jnci/djx001
9. Kiran H, Tok A, Yüksel M, et al. Estradiol plus drospirenone therapy increases mammographic breast density in perimenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011;159(2):384-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.09.023
10. Radzinskii VE, Orazov MR, Dolgov ED, Bykova OA. Ne tol'ko kontratseptsiia. KOK: preimushchestva vtoroi linii. Informatsionnyi biulleten'. Moscow: Redaktsiia zhurnala StatusPraesens, 2024 (in Russian).
11. Natsional'nye meditsinskie kriterii priemlemosti metodov kontratseptsii. Pod red. GT Sukhikh, VN Prilepskoi. Moscow. 2023 (in Russian).
12. Kontratseptsiia. Nabliudenie za primeneniem protivozachatochnykh sredstv. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Proekt. 2024. Available at: https://roag-portal.ru/projects_gynecology. Accessed: 26.08.2025 (in Russian).
13. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Control Clin Trials. 1998;19(1):61-109. DOI:10.1016/s0197-2456(97)00078-0
14. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321-33. DOI:10.1001/jama.288.3.321
15. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1701-12. DOI:10.1001/jama.291.14.1701
16. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996;347(9017):1713-27. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90806-5
17. Fitzpatrick D, Pirie K, Reeves G, et al. Combined and progestagen-only hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk: A UK nested case-control study and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2023;20(3):e1004188. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004188
18. Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228-39. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1700732
19. Fu XD, Giretti MS, Goglia L, et al. Comparative actions of progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, drospirenone and nestorone on breast cancer cell migration and invasion. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:166. DOI:10.1186/1471-2407-8-166
20. Lundström E, Söderqvist G, Svane G, et al. Digitized assessment of mammographic breast density in patients who received low-dose intrauterine levonorgestrel in continuous combination with oral estradiol valerate: a pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2006;85(4):989-95. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.09.026
21. Asi N, Mohammed K, Haydour Q, et al. Progesterone vs. synthetic progestins and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):121. DOI:10.1186/s13643-016-0294-5
22. Pinkerton JV, Harvey JA, Pan K, et al. Breast effects of bazedoxifene-conjugated estrogens: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(5):959-68. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31828c5974
23. Hofling M, Lundström E, Azavedo E, et al. Testosterone addition during menopausal hormone therapy: effects on mammographic breast density. Climacteric. 2007;10(2):155-63. DOI:10.1080/13697130701258812
24. Zang H, Sahlin L, Masironi B, et al. Effects of testosterone treatment on endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(6):2169-75. DOI:10.1210/jc.2006-2171
25. Louw-du Toit R, Simons M, Africander D. Progestins and breast cancer hallmarks: The role of the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2024;237:106440. DOI:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106440
26. Boonyaratanakornkit V, Hamilton N, Márquez-Garbán DC, et al. Extranuclear signaling by sex steroid receptors and clinical implications in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018;466:51-72. DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2017.11.010
27. Yuk JS, Kim T, Cho H, Gwak G. Breast cancer risk association with postmenopausal hormone therapy: Health Insurance Database in South Korea-based cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2024;190(1):1-11. DOI:10.1093/ejendo/lvad168
28. Simoncini T, Genazzani AR. A review of the cardiovascular and breast actions of drospirenone in preclinical studies. Climacteric. 2010;13(1):22-33. DOI:10.3109/13697130903437375
29. Burchardt NA, Eliassen AH, Shafrir AL, et al. Oral contraceptive use by formulation and breast cancer risk by subtype in the Nurses' Health Study II: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(6):821.e1-821.e26. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.022
30. Trivers KF, Gammon MD, Abrahamson PE, et al. Oral contraceptives and survival in breast cancer patients aged 20 to 54 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(9):1822-7. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0053
31. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, et al. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(11):1375-81.
32. Gérard C, Foidart JM. Estetrol: From Preclinical to Clinical Pharmacology and Advances in the Understanding of the Molecular Mechanism of Action. Drugs R D. 2023;23(2):77-92. DOI:10.1007/s40268-023-00419-5
33. Gallez A, Dias Da Silva I, Wuidar V, et al. Estetrol and Mammary Gland: Friends or Foes? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2021;26(3):297-308. DOI:10.1007/s10911-021-09497-0
34. Gérard C, Mestdagt M, Tskitishvili E, et al. Combined estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties of estetrol on breast cancer may provide a safe therapeutic window for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Oncotarget. 2015;6(19):17621-36. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.4184
35. Cirillo F, Spinelli A, Talia M, et al. Estetrol/GPER/SERPINB2 transduction signaling inhibits the motility of triple-negative breast cancer cells. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):450. DOI:10.1186/s12967-024-05269-6
36. Abderrahman B, Maximov PY, Curpan RF, et al. Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Estrogen Estetrol and Estrogen Mimic BMI-135 for the Treatment of Endocrine-Resistant Breast Cancer. Mol Pharmacol. 2020;98(4):364-81. DOI:10.1124/molpharm.120.000054
37. Gallez A, Blacher S, Maquoi E, et al. Estetrol Combined to Progestogen for Menopause or Contraception Indication Is Neutral on Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(10):2486. DOI:10.3390/cancers13102486
38. Giretti MS, Montt Guevara MM, Cecchi E, et al. Effects of Estetrol on Migration and Invasion in T47-D Breast Cancer Cells through the Actin Cytoskeleton. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:80. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2014.00080
39. Chiu JH, Wen CS, Wang JY, et al. Role of estrogen receptors and Src signaling in mechanisms of bone metastasis by estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):97. DOI:10.1186/s12967-017-1192-x
40. Prilepskaya VN, Iurova MV. Estetrol: a new word in modern hormonal contraception. A review. Gynecology. 2024;26(2):108-18 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/20795696.2024.2.202621
41. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, et al. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(11):1375-81.
42. Gérard C, Arnal JF, Jost M, et al. Profile of estetrol, a promising native estrogen for oral contraception and the relief of climacteric symptoms of menopause. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022;15(2):121-37. DOI:10.1080/17512433.2022.2054413
43. Visser M, Kloosterboer HJ, Bennink HJ. Estetrol prevents and suppresses mammary tumors induced by DMBA in a rat model. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2012;9(1):95-103. DOI:10.1515/hmbci-2012-0015
44. Singer CF, Bennink HJ, Natter C, et al. Antiestrogenic effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in women with estrogen-receptor positive early breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(11):2447-51. DOI:10.1093/carcin/bgu144
45. Trivers KF, Gammon MD, Abrahamson PE, Lund MJ, Flagg EW, Moorman PG, et al. Oral contraceptives and survival in breast cancer patients aged 20 to 54 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(9):1822-7. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0053
46. Nur U, El Reda D, Hashim D, Weiderpass E. A prospective investigation of oral contraceptive use and breast cancer mortality: findings from the Swedish women's lifestyle and health cohort. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):807. DOI:10.1186/s12885-019-5985-6
47. Karlsson T, Johansson T, Höglund J, et al. Time-Dependent Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Breast, Ovarian, and Endometrial Cancers. Cancer Res. 2021;81(4):1153-12. DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-2476
48. Liu Q, Wuu J, Lambe M, et al. Transient increase in breast cancer risk after giving birth: postpartum period with the highest risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13(4):299-305. DOI:10.1023/a:1015287208222
49. Lambe M, Hsieh C, Trichopoulos D, et al. Transient increase in the risk of breast cancer after giving birth. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(1):5-9. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199407073310102
50. Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(11):1931-43. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0298
51. GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1775-812. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2
52. Bassuk SS, Manson JE. Oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy: relative and attributable risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other health outcomes. Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25(3):193-200. DOI:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.11.004
Авторы
В.Н. Прилепская1, М.В. Юрова*1,2
1ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. академика В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России, Москва, Российская Федерация
2ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Российская Федерация
*m_yurova@oparina4.ru
1Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russian Federation
2Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
*m_yurova@oparina4.ru
1ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. академика В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России, Москва, Российская Федерация
2ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Российская Федерация
*m_yurova@oparina4.ru
________________________________________________
1Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russian Federation
2Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
*m_yurova@oparina4.ru
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.