Цель. Врожденные пороки сердца (ВПС) считаются частым препятствием к занятиям спортом у детей и подростков. В связи с этим проведен анализ частоты и роли ВПС у профессиональных юных спортсменов. Материал. Обследованы 440 спортсменов в возрасте 15,6±1,8 года, занимающихся разными видами спорта в течение 6,4±2,5 года и прошедших эхокардиографию (ЭхоКГ). Врожденная патология сердца по направляющим диагнозам составляла 77 (17,5%), после эхокардиографической верификации – 238 (54,1%); p<0,00001. У 114 (47,9%) спортсменов с ВПС были ограничены объемы и интенсивность тренировок в связи с морфологическими и функциональными изменениями сердца. У 144 (52,1%) подобных изменений, препятствующих занятиям спортом, выявлено не было. Выводы. 1. Использование ЭхоКГ позволяет выявить ВПС у детей-спортсменов в 3 раза чаще, чем физикальное обследование в сочетании с электрокардиографией. 2. Топическая диагностика с помощью квалифицированной ЭхоКГ существенно изменяет структуру диагнозов, предполагаемых на местах. 3. Сам по себе факт наличия ВПС не является противопоказанием к занятиям спортом, необходима оценка гемодинамических нарушений, связанных с данным пороком. 4. Аномально расположенные хорды и трабекулы не сопровождаются какими-либо осложнениями и не являются препятствием для занятий спортом.
Purpose. The congenital heart diseases (CHD) are considered as a frequent obstacle to sports activities at children and teenagers. In this regard the analysis of frequency and a role of CHD at professional young athletes is carried out. Material. 440 athletes at the age of 15.6±1.8 years which are engaged in different types of sport during 6.4±2.5 years, and passed echocardiographic research (ECHO) are examined. Congenital pathology of heart according to the directing diagnoses made in 77 (17.5%), after echocardiographic verification – in 238 (54.1%); p<0.00001. At 114 (47.9%) athletes with CHD volumes and intensity of trainings in connection with morphological and functional changes of heart were limited. At 144 (52.1%) the similar changes interfering sports activities it wasn't revealed. Conclusions. 1. Use of ECHO allows to reveal CHD at children athletes three times more often than clinical inspection in combination with an ECG. 2. Qualified ECHO significantly changes structure of the diagnoses assumed on provinces. 3. The existence in itself of CHD isn't contraindication to sports activities, the assessment of the haemodynamic disturbances connected with this defect is necessary. 4. Abnormally located chords and trabeculas aren't followed by any complications, and aren't an obstacle for sports activities.
1. Приказ Минздравсоцразвития России от 9 августа 2010 г. №613н «Об утверждении порядка оказания медицинской помощи при проведении физкультурных и спортивных мероприятий» (зарегистрировано в Минюсте России 14 сентября 2010 г. №18428). / Prikaz Minzdravsotsrazvitiia Rossii ot 9 avgusta 2010 g. №613n «Ob utverzhdenii poriadka okazaniia meditsinskoi pomoshchi pri provedenii fizkul'turnykh i sportivnykh meropriiatii» (zaregistrirovano v Miniuste Rossii 14 sentiabria 2010 g. №18428). [in Russian]
2. Макарова Г.А., Мирошникова Ю.В., Дидур М.Д. и др. Медицинские противопоказания к учебно-тренировочному процессу и участию в спортивных соревнованиях. Методические рекомендации. М., 2014. / Makarova G.A., Miroshnikova Iu.V., Didur M.D. i dr. Meditsinskie protivopokazaniia k uchebno-trenirovochnomu protsessu i uchastiiu v sportivnykh sorevnovaniiakh. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii. M., 2014. [in Russian]
3. Maron BJ, Zipes DP. 36th Bethesda Conference: Eligibility Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45 (8): 1313–75.
4. Pelliccia A, Fagard R, Bjornstad HH et al. Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease. A consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1422–45.
5. Национальные рекомендации по допуску спортсменов с отклонениями со стороны сердечно-сосудистой системы к тренировочно-соревновательному процессу. Объединенная рабочая группа по подготовке рекомендаций Всероссийского научного общества кардиологов (ВНОК), Российской ассоциации по спортивной медицине и реабилитации больных и инвалидов (РАСМИРБИ), Российского общества холтеровского мониторирования и неинвазивной электрофизиологии (РОХМИНЭ), Ассоциации детских кардиологов России. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2011; 7 (Прил. 6): 2–60. / Natsional'nye rekomendatsii po dopusku sportsmenov s otkloneniiami so storony serdechno-sosudistoi sistemy k trenirovochno-sorevnovatel'nomu protsessu. Ob"edinennaia rabochaia gruppa po podgotovke rekomendatsii Vserossiiskogo nauchnogo obshchestva kardiologov (VNOK), Rossiiskoi assotsiatsii po sportivnoi meditsine i reabilitatsii bol'nykh i invalidov (RASMIRBI), Rossiiskogo obshchestva kholterovskogo monitorirovaniia i neinvazivnoi elektrofiziologii (ROKhMINE), Assotsiatsii detskikh kardiologov Rossii. Ratsional'naia farmakoterapiia v kardiologii. 2011; 7 (Pril. 6): 2–60. [in Russian]
6. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB et al. Рекомендации по количественной оценке структуры и функции камер сердца. Рос. кардиол. журн. 2012; 95 (3; Прил. 1): 1–28. / Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB et al. Rekomendatsii po kolichestvennoi otsenke struktury i funktsii kamer serdtsa. Ros. kardiol. zhurn. 2012; 95 (3; Pril. 1): 1–28. [in Russian]
7. Pettersen MD, Du W, Skeens ME, Humes RA. Regression equations for calculation of z scores of cardiac structures in a large cohort of healthy infants, children, and adolescents: an echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiography 2008; 2: 922–34.
8. Warren AE, Boyd ML, O’Connell C, Dodds L. Dilatation of the ascending aorta in paediatric patients with bicuspid aortic valve: frequency, rate of progression and risk factors. Heart 2006; 92: 1496–500.
9. Pelliccia A, Di Paolo FM, Corrado D et al. Evidence for efficacy of the Italian national pre-participation screening programme for identification of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in competitive athletes. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2196–200.
10. Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A et al. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA 2006; 296: 1593–601.
11. Sluysmans T, Colan SD. Theoretical and empirical derivation of cardiovascular allometric relationships in children. J Appl Physiol 2005; 99: 445–57.
12. Kampmann C, Wiethoff CM, Wenzel A et al. Normal values of M mode echocardiographic measurements of more than 2000 healthy infants and children in central Eur. Heart 2000; 83: 667–72.
13. Lawless CE, Olshansk B, Washington RL et al. Sports and exercise cardiology in the United States. Cardiovascular specialists as members of the Athlete Healthcare Team. J Am Coll Card 2014; 63 (15): 1461–72.
14. Шарыкин А.С., Орджоникидзе З.Г., Бадтиева В.А. Принципы проведения эхокардиографического исследования при диспансеризации юных спортсменов. Методические рекомендации №29. М., 2015. / Sharykin A.S., Ordzhonikidze Z.G., Badtieva V.A. Printsipy provedeniia ekhokardiograficheskogo issledovaniia pri dispanserizatsii iunykh sportsmenov. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii №29. M., 2015. [in Russian]
15. Шарыкин А.С. Пролапс митрального клапана – изменения в критериях диагностики и варианты течения заболевания. Consilium Medicum. Педиатрия (Прил.). 2013; 2: 43–8. / Sharykin A.S. Prolaps mitral'nogo klapana – izmeneniia v kriteriiakh diagnostiki i varianty techeniia zabolevaniia. Consilium Medicum. Pediatrics (Suppl.). 2013; 2: 43–8. [in Russian]
16. Silbiger JJ. Left ventricular false tendons: anatomic, echocardiographic, and pathophysiologic insights. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26: 582–8.
17. Abouezzeddine O, Suleiman M, Buescher T et al. Relevance of endocavitary structures in ablation procedures for ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010; 21: 245–54.
18. Malhotra R, Saunders C, Eagle J et al. Screening elite athletes with congenital echo: feasibility and findings in our first year. JACC 2012; 59 (13; Suppl): E1930.
19. Vetter VL, Dugan N, Rong Guo R et al. A pilot study of the feasibility of heart screening for sudden cardiac arrest in healthy children. Am Heart J 2011; 161 (5): 1000–6.
________________________________________________
1. Prikaz Minzdravsotsrazvitiia Rossii ot 9 avgusta 2010 g. №613n «Ob utverzhdenii poriadka okazaniia meditsinskoi pomoshchi pri provedenii fizkul'turnykh i sportivnykh meropriiatii» (zaregistrirovano v Miniuste Rossii 14 sentiabria 2010 g. №18428). [in Russian]
2. Makarova G.A., Miroshnikova Iu.V., Didur M.D. i dr. Meditsinskie protivopokazaniia k uchebno-trenirovochnomu protsessu i uchastiiu v sportivnykh sorevnovaniiakh. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii. M., 2014. [in Russian]
3. Maron BJ, Zipes DP. 36th Bethesda Conference: Eligibility Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45 (8): 1313–75.
4. Pelliccia A, Fagard R, Bjornstad HH et al. Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease. A consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1422–45.
5. Natsional'nye rekomendatsii po dopusku sportsmenov s otkloneniiami so storony serdechno-sosudistoi sistemy k trenirovochno-sorevnovatel'nomu protsessu. Ob"edinennaia rabochaia gruppa po podgotovke rekomendatsii Vserossiiskogo nauchnogo obshchestva kardiologov (VNOK), Rossiiskoi assotsiatsii po sportivnoi meditsine i reabilitatsii bol'nykh i invalidov (RASMIRBI), Rossiiskogo obshchestva kholterovskogo monitorirovaniia i neinvazivnoi elektrofiziologii (ROKhMINE), Assotsiatsii detskikh kardiologov Rossii. Ratsional'naia farmakoterapiia v kardiologii. 2011; 7 (Pril. 6): 2–60. [in Russian]
6. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB et al. Рекомендации по количественной оценке структуры и функции камер сердца. Рос. кардиол. журн. 2012; 95 (3; Прил. 1): 1–28. / Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB et al. Rekomendatsii po kolichestvennoi otsenke struktury i funktsii kamer serdtsa. Ros. kardiol. zhurn. 2012; 95 (3; Pril. 1): 1–28. [in Russian]
7. Pettersen MD, Du W, Skeens ME, Humes RA. Regression equations for calculation of z scores of cardiac structures in a large cohort of healthy infants, children, and adolescents: an echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiography 2008; 2: 922–34.
8. Warren AE, Boyd ML, O’Connell C, Dodds L. Dilatation of the ascending aorta in paediatric patients with bicuspid aortic valve: frequency, rate of progression and risk factors. Heart 2006; 92: 1496–500.
9. Pelliccia A, Di Paolo FM, Corrado D et al. Evidence for efficacy of the Italian national pre-participation screening programme for identification of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in competitive athletes. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2196–200.
10. Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A et al. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA 2006; 296: 1593–601.
11. Sluysmans T, Colan SD. Theoretical and empirical derivation of cardiovascular allometric relationships in children. J Appl Physiol 2005; 99: 445–57.
12. Kampmann C, Wiethoff CM, Wenzel A et al. Normal values of M mode echocardiographic measurements of more than 2000 healthy infants and children in central Eur. Heart 2000; 83: 667–72.
13. Lawless CE, Olshansk B, Washington RL et al. Sports and exercise cardiology in the United States. Cardiovascular specialists as members of the Athlete Healthcare Team. J Am Coll Card 2014; 63 (15): 1461–72.
14. Sharykin A.S., Ordzhonikidze Z.G., Badtieva V.A. Printsipy provedeniia ekhokardiograficheskogo issledovaniia pri dispanserizatsii iunykh sportsmenov. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii №29. M., 2015. [in Russian]
15. Sharykin A.S. Prolaps mitral'nogo klapana – izmeneniia v kriteriiakh diagnostiki i varianty techeniia zabolevaniia. Consilium Medicum. Pediatrics (Suppl.). 2013; 2: 43–8. [in Russian]
16. Silbiger JJ. Left ventricular false tendons: anatomic, echocardiographic, and pathophysiologic insights. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26: 582–8.
17. Abouezzeddine O, Suleiman M, Buescher T et al. Relevance of endocavitary structures in ablation procedures for ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010; 21: 245–54.
18. Malhotra R, Saunders C, Eagle J et al. Screening elite athletes with congenital echo: feasibility and findings in our first year. JACC 2012; 59 (13; Suppl): E1930.
19. Vetter VL, Dugan N, Rong Guo R et al. A pilot study of the feasibility of heart screening for sudden cardiac arrest in healthy children. Am Heart J 2011; 161 (5): 1000–6.
Авторы
А.С.Шарыкин*
ГБОУ ВПО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1
*sharykin1947@mail.ru
________________________________________________
A.S.Sharykin*
N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1
*sharykin1947@mail.ru