Современные международные и национальные рекомендации по выбору антибиотика и пробиотика в педиатрической практике

1. Marlies EJ, Hulsher L, Richard P et al. Antibiotic prescribing in hospitals: a social and behavioural scientific approach. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 1 (4): 237–47.
2. Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, Elseviers M; ESAC Project Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet 2005; 365: 579–87.
3. Vander Stichele RH, Elseviers MM, Ferech M et al. Hospital consumption of antibiotics in 15 European countries: results of the ESAC Retrospective Data Collection (1997–2002). Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58: 159–67.
4. Данные по потреблению противомикробных препаратов за 2011–2014 гг. Европейское бюро ВОЗ. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/2015/51028-WHO-Russian-AMC-report-final.pdf / Dannye po potrebleniiu protivomikrobnykh preparatov za 2011–2014 gg. Evropeiskoe biuro VOZ. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/
2015/51028-WHO-Russian-AMC-report-final.pdf [in Russian]
5. Бехтерева М.К., Волохова О.А., Вахнина А.В. Антибактериальная терапия инфекционных диарей у детей. https://www.Ivrach.ru/2013/08/15435777 / Bekhtereva M.K., Volokhova O.A., Vakhnina A.V. Antibakterial'naia terapiia infektsionnykh diarei u detei. https://www.Ivrach.ru/2013/08/15435777 [in Russian]
6. Tacconelli E. Antimicrobial use: risk driver of multidrug resistant microorganisms in healthcare settings. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22: 352–8.
7. Lopez-Lozano JM, Monnet DL, Yague A et al. Modelling and forecasting antimicrobial resistance and its dynamic relationship to antimicrobial use: a time series analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 14: 21–31.
8. Antibiotic resistance: Multi-country public awareness survey. World Health Organization. 2015. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22245en/s22245en.pdf
9. Global action plan on antibiotic resistance//World Health Organization. 2015. http://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/publications/global-action-plan/en
10. Проект Распоряжения Правительства Российской Федерации «Об утверждении Стратегии предупреждения и преодоления устойчивости микроорганизмов и вредных организмов растений к лекарственным препаратам, химическим и биологическим средствам на период до 2030 года и дальнейшую перспективу» (подготовлен Минздравом России 08.06.2017). http:/www.garant.ru/
products/ipo/prime/doc/56615311/#ixzz4m4H9f8Yy / Proekt Rasporiazheniia Pravitel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii “Ob utverzhdenii Strategii preduprezhdeniia i preodoleniia ustoichivosti mikroorganizmov i vrednykh organizmov rastenii k lekarstvennym preparatam, khimicheskim i biologicheskim sredstvam na period do 2030 goda i dal'neishuiu perspektivu” (podgotovlen Minzdravom Rossii 08.06.2017). http:/www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/56615311/#ixzz4m4H9f8Yy [in Russian]
11. Hand TW, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Ridaura VK, Belkaid Y. Linking the Microbiota, Chronic Disease, and the Immune System. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27 (12): 831–43.
12. Correa-Oliveira R, Fachi JL, Vieira A et al. Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5 (4): e73.
13. Elinav E, Strowig T, Kau AL et al. NLRP6 inflammasome regulates colonic microbial ecology and risk for colitis. Cell 2011; 145 (5): 745–57.
14. Frantz AL, Rogier EW, Weber CR et al. Targeted deletion of MyD88 in intestinal epithelial cells results in compromised antibacterial immunity associated with downregulation of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, mucin-2, and antibacterial peptides. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5 (5): 501–12.
15. Rodriguez JM, Murphy K, Stanton C et al. The composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on early life. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2015; 26: 26050. DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.26050
16. Manyaka P, Khafipour E, Ghia JE. External influence of early childhood establishment of gut microbiota and subsequent health implications. Frontiers Pediatrics 2014; 2: 109–24.
17. Scholtens P, Oozeer R, Martin R et al. The early settlers: intestinal microbiology in early life. Ann Rev Food Sci Technol 2012; 3: 425–7.
18. Bischoff S. Gut health: a new objective in medicine? BMC Med 2011; 9: 24.
19. Faith JJ, Guruge JL, Charbonneau M et al. The long-term stability of the human gut microbiota. Science 2013; 341: 1237–439.
20. Gerritsen J, Smidt H, Rijkers GT, De Vos WM. Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: the impact of probiotics. Genes Nutr 2011; 6: 209–40.
21. Wopereis H, Oozeer R, Knipping K et al. The first thousand days-intestinal microbiology of early life: establishing a symbiosis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014; 25: 428–38.
22. Parfrey LW, Knight R. Spatial and temporal variability of the human microbiota. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18 (4): 8–11.
23. Guinane CM, Cotter PD. Role of the gut microbiota in health and chronic gastrointestinal disease: understanding a hidden metabolic organ. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2013; 6: 295–308.
24. Smyth RM, Gargon E, Kirkham J et al. Adverse drug reactions in children a systematic review. PloS One 2012; 7 (3): e24061.
25. Стратегия и тактика рационального применения антимикробных средств в амбулаторной практике: Евразийские клинические рекомендации. Под ред. С.В.Яковлева, С.В.Сидоренко, В.В.Рафальского, Т.В.Спичак. М., 2016. / Strategiia i taktika ratsional'nogo primeneniia antimikrobnykh sredstv v ambulatornoi praktike: Evraziiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Pod red. S.V.Iakovleva, S.V.Sidorenko, V.V.Rafal'skogo, T.V.Spichak. M., 2016. [in Russian]
26. Wistrom J, Norrby SR, Myhre EB. Frequency of antibioticassociated diarrhea in 2462 antibiotic-treatad hospitalized patients: a prospective study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47: 4350.
27. Bartlett JG. Antibioticassociated diarrhea. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 (5): 334339.
28. Turck D, Bernet JP, Marx J et al. Incidence and risk factors of oral antibiotic-associated diarrhea in an outpatient pediatric population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37: 22–6.
29. Elstner CL, Lindsay AN, Book LS, Matsen JM. Lack of relationship of Clostridium difficile to antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. Pediatr Inf Dis 1983; 2: 364–6.
30. Surawicz CM. Probiotics, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile diarrhea in humans. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 17: 775–83.
31. Chassany O, Michaux A, Bergmann JF. Drug-induced diarrhea. Drug Saf 2000; 22: 53–72.
32. Hogenauer C, Hammer H, Krejs G. Mechanisms and management of antibiotic associated diarrhea. Clin Inf Dis 1998; 27: 702–10.
33. McFarland LV. Facteurs de risque de la diarrhea associee aux antibiotiques. Une revue de la litterature. Ann Med Interne 1998; 149: 261–6.
34. Wilcox MH, Mooney L, Bendall R et al. A case-control study of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62: 388–96.
35. Nerandzic MM, Pultz MJ, Donskey CJ. Examination of potential mechanisms to explain the association between proton pump inhibitors and Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 4133–7.
36. Johnston BC, Supina AL, Vohra S. Probiotics for pediatric antibiotic-associated diar-rhea: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. CMAJ 2006; 175 (4): 377–83.
37. Johnston BC, Supina AL, Ospina M et al. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 2: CD004827.
38. D'Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J et al. Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: meta-analysis. BMJ 2002; 324 (7350): 1361.
39. Szajewska H, Ruszczynski M, Radzikowski A. Probiotics in the prevention antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr 2006; 149 (3): 367–72.
40. Videlock EJ, Cremonini F. Meta-analysis: probiotics in antibiotic-associated diar-rhea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35 (12): 1355–69.
41. Lau SC, Chamberlain RS. Proboitics are effective at preventing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern J General Med 2016; 22 (9): 27–37.
42. Goldenberg JZ, Lytvyn L, Steurich J et al. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatrics antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015: 12: CD004827.
43. Zoppi G, Cinquetti M, Benini A et al. Modulation of the intestinal ecosystem by probiotics and lactulose in children during treatment with ceftriaxone. Curr Ther Res 2001; 62: 418–35.
44. Vesikari T, Uhari M, Renko M et al. Impact and effectiveness of RotaTeqR vaccine based on 3 years of surveillance following introduction of rotavirus immunization program in Finland. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32 (12): 1365–73.
45. Quigley MA, Kelly YJ, Sacker A. Breastfeeding and hospitalization for diarrheal and respiratory infection in the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 837–42.
46. Guarino A, Albano F, Ashkenazi Sh et al. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases Evidence-based Guidelines for the Management of Acute Gastroeteritis in Children in Europe. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutrition 2008; 46: 81–184.
47. Roberfroid MB. Prebiotics: the concept revisited. J Nutr 2007; 137 (3): 830–7.
48. Roberfroid M, Robertson D. Effect of inulin and oligofructose on health and well-being. Brit J Nutr 2005; 9 (1): 1–27.
49. Horvath A, Dziechciarz P, Szayewska H. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in functional gastrointestinal disoders associated with abdominal pain in childhood. Alimentary Pharmacol Ther 2013; 3: 1302–10.
50. Hojsak I, Snovak N, Abdovic S et al. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention og gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in children who attend care centers a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2010; 29 (3): 312–6.
51. Kianifar H, Jafari SA, Kiani M et al. Probiotic for irritable bower syndrome in pediatrics patients a randomized controlled clinical trial. Electron Physician 2015; 7 (5): 1255–60.
52. Derrien M, van Hylckama Vieg JET. Fate, activity, and impact of ingested bacteria within the human gut microbiota. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23 (6): 354–66.
53. Sanders ME. Impact of probiotics on colonizing microbiota of the gut. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45 (3): S115–S119.
54. Martens U, Enck P, Zieseniss P. Probiotic treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in children. Ger Med Sci 2010; 8: 1–15.

________________________________________________

1. Marlies EJ, Hulsher L, Richard P et al. Antibiotic prescribing in hospitals: a social and behavioural scientific approach. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 1 (4): 237–47.
2. Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, Elseviers M; ESAC Project Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet 2005; 365: 579–87.
3. Vander Stichele RH, Elseviers MM, Ferech M et al. Hospital consumption of antibiotics in 15 European countries: results of the ESAC Retrospective Data Collection (1997–2002). Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58: 159–67.
4. Dannye po potrebleniiu protivomikrobnykh preparatov za 2011–2014 gg. Evropeiskoe biuro VOZ. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/
2015/51028-WHO-Russian-AMC-report-final.pdf [in Russian]
5. Bekhtereva M.K., Volokhova O.A., Vakhnina A.V. Antibakterial'naia terapiia infektsionnykh diarei u detei. https://www.Ivrach.ru/2013/08/15435777 [in Russian]
6. Tacconelli E. Antimicrobial use: risk driver of multidrug resistant microorganisms in healthcare settings. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22: 352–8.
7. Lopez-Lozano JM, Monnet DL, Yague A et al. Modelling and forecasting antimicrobial resistance and its dynamic relationship to antimicrobial use: a time series analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 14: 21–31.
8. Antibiotic resistance: Multi-country public awareness survey. World Health Organization. 2015. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22245en/s22245en.pdf
9. Global action plan on antibiotic resistance//World Health Organization. 2015. http://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/publications/global-action-plan/en
10. Proekt Rasporiazheniia Pravitel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii “Ob utverzhdenii Strategii preduprezhdeniia i preodoleniia ustoichivosti mikroorganizmov i vrednykh organizmov rastenii k lekarstvennym preparatam, khimicheskim i biologicheskim sredstvam na period do 2030 goda i dal'neishuiu perspektivu” (podgotovlen Minzdravom Rossii 08.06.2017). http:/www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/56615311/#ixzz4m4H9f8Yy [in Russian]
11. Hand TW, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Ridaura VK, Belkaid Y. Linking the Microbiota, Chronic Disease, and the Immune System. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27 (12): 831–43.
12. Correa-Oliveira R, Fachi JL, Vieira A et al. Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5 (4): e73.
13. Elinav E, Strowig T, Kau AL et al. NLRP6 inflammasome regulates colonic microbial ecology and risk for colitis. Cell 2011; 145 (5): 745–57.
14. Frantz AL, Rogier EW, Weber CR et al. Targeted deletion of MyD88 in intestinal epithelial cells results in compromised antibacterial immunity associated with downregulation of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, mucin-2, and antibacterial peptides. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5 (5): 501–12.
15. Rodriguez JM, Murphy K, Stanton C et al. The composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on early life. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2015; 26: 26050. DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.26050
16. Manyaka P, Khafipour E, Ghia JE. External influence of early childhood establishment of gut microbiota and subsequent health implications. Frontiers Pediatrics 2014; 2: 109–24.
17. Scholtens P, Oozeer R, Martin R et al. The early settlers: intestinal microbiology in early life. Ann Rev Food Sci Technol 2012; 3: 425–7.
18. Bischoff S. Gut health: a new objective in medicine? BMC Med 2011; 9: 24.
19. Faith JJ, Guruge JL, Charbonneau M et al. The long-term stability of the human gut microbiota. Science 2013; 341: 1237–439.
20. Gerritsen J, Smidt H, Rijkers GT, De Vos WM. Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: the impact of probiotics. Genes Nutr 2011; 6: 209–40.
21. Wopereis H, Oozeer R, Knipping K et al. The first thousand days-intestinal microbiology of early life: establishing a symbiosis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014; 25: 428–38.
22. Parfrey LW, Knight R. Spatial and temporal variability of the human microbiota. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18 (4): 8–11.
23. Guinane CM, Cotter PD. Role of the gut microbiota in health and chronic gastrointestinal disease: understanding a hidden metabolic organ. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2013; 6: 295–308.
24. Smyth RM, Gargon E, Kirkham J et al. Adverse drug reactions in children a systematic review. PloS One 2012; 7 (3): e24061.
25. Strategiia i taktika ratsional'nogo primeneniia antimikrobnykh sredstv v ambulatornoi praktike: Evraziiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Pod red. S.V.Iakovleva, S.V.Sidorenko, V.V.Rafal'skogo, T.V.Spichak. M., 2016. [in Russian]
26. Wistrom J, Norrby SR, Myhre EB. Frequency of antibioticassociated diarrhea in 2462 antibiotic-treatad hospitalized patients: a prospective study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47: 4350.
27. Bartlett JG. Antibioticassociated diarrhea. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 (5): 334339.
28. Turck D, Bernet JP, Marx J et al. Incidence and risk factors of oral antibiotic-associated diarrhea in an outpatient pediatric population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37: 22–6.
29. Elstner CL, Lindsay AN, Book LS, Matsen JM. Lack of relationship of Clostridium difficile to antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. Pediatr Inf Dis 1983; 2: 364–6.
30. Surawicz CM. Probiotics, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile diarrhea in humans. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 17: 775–83.
31. Chassany O, Michaux A, Bergmann JF. Drug-induced diarrhea. Drug Saf 2000; 22: 53–72.
32. Hogenauer C, Hammer H, Krejs G. Mechanisms and management of antibiotic associated diarrhea. Clin Inf Dis 1998; 27: 702–10.
33. McFarland LV. Facteurs de risque de la diarrhea associee aux antibiotiques. Une revue de la litterature. Ann Med Interne 1998; 149: 261–6.
34. Wilcox MH, Mooney L, Bendall R et al. A case-control study of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62: 388–96.
35. Nerandzic MM, Pultz MJ, Donskey CJ. Examination of potential mechanisms to explain the association between proton pump inhibitors and Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 4133–7.
36. Johnston BC, Supina AL, Vohra S. Probiotics for pediatric antibiotic-associated diar-rhea: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. CMAJ 2006; 175 (4): 377–83.
37. Johnston BC, Supina AL, Ospina M et al. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 2: CD004827.
38. D'Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J et al. Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: meta-analysis. BMJ 2002; 324 (7350): 1361.
39. Szajewska H, Ruszczynski M, Radzikowski A. Probiotics in the prevention antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr 2006; 149 (3): 367–72.
40. Videlock EJ, Cremonini F. Meta-analysis: probiotics in antibiotic-associated diar-rhea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35 (12): 1355–69.
41. Lau SC, Chamberlain RS. Proboitics are effective at preventing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern J General Med 2016; 22 (9): 27–37.
42. Goldenberg JZ, Lytvyn L, Steurich J et al. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatrics antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015: 12: CD004827.
43. Zoppi G, Cinquetti M, Benini A et al. Modulation of the intestinal ecosystem by probiotics and lactulose in children during treatment with ceftriaxone. Curr Ther Res 2001; 62: 418–35.
44. Vesikari T, Uhari M, Renko M et al. Impact and effectiveness of RotaTeqR vaccine based on 3 years of surveillance following introduction of rotavirus immunization program in Finland. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32 (12): 1365–73.
45. Quigley MA, Kelly YJ, Sacker A. Breastfeeding and hospitalization for diarrheal and respiratory infection in the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 837–42.
46. Guarino A, Albano F, Ashkenazi Sh et al. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases Evidence-based Guidelines for the Management of Acute Gastroeteritis in Children in Europe. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutrition 2008; 46: 81–184.
47. Roberfroid MB. Prebiotics: the concept revisited. J Nutr 2007; 137 (3): 830–7.
48. Roberfroid M, Robertson D. Effect of inulin and oligofructose on health and well-being. Brit J Nutr 2005; 9 (1): 1–27.
49. Horvath A, Dziechciarz P, Szayewska H. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in functional gastrointestinal disoders associated with abdominal pain in childhood. Alimentary Pharmacol Ther 2013; 3: 1302–10.
50. Hojsak I, Snovak N, Abdovic S et al. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention og gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in children who attend care centers a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2010; 29 (3): 312–6.
51. Kianifar H, Jafari SA, Kiani M et al. Probiotic for irritable bower syndrome in pediatrics patients a randomized controlled clinical trial. Electron Physician 2015; 7 (5): 1255–60.
52. Derrien M, van Hylckama Vieg JET. Fate, activity, and impact of ingested bacteria within the human gut microbiota. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23 (6): 354–66.
53. Sanders ME. Impact of probiotics on colonizing microbiota of the gut. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45 (3): S115–S119.
54. Martens U, Enck P, Zieseniss P. Probiotic treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in children. Ger Med Sci 2010; 8: 1–15.

Н.И.Урсова*

ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф.Владимирского». 129110, Россия, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2, корп. 5
*ursovan@mail.ru

________________________________________________

N.I.Ursova*

M.F.Vladimirskiy Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute. 129110, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Shchepkina, d. 61/2
*ursovan@mail.ru