Ожирение и расстройства сна у детей

1. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Fakhouri TH et al. Prevalence of Obesity Among Youths by Household Income and Education Level of Head of Household – United States 2011–2014. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2018; 67 (6): 186–9.
2. Finkelstein EA, Khavjou OA, Thompson H et al. Obesity and severe obesity forecasts through 2030. Am J Prev Med 2012; 42 (6): 563–70.
3. Owens J. Classification and epidemiology of childhood sleep disorders. Prim Care 2008; 35 (3): 533–46.
4. Alonso-Alvarez ML, Cordero-Guevara JA, Teran-Santos J et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in obese community-dwelling children: the NANOS study. Sleep 2014; 37 (5): 943–9.
5. Redline S, Tishler PV, Schluchter M et al. Risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in children: associations with obesity, race, and respiratory problems. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159 (5): 1527–32.
6. Gozal D, Kheirandish‐Gozal L. Childhood obesity and sleep: relatives, partners, or both? – a critical perspective on the evidence. An New York Acad Sci. 2012; 1264 (1): 135–41.
7. Arens R, Sin S, Nandalike K et al. Upper airway structure and body fat composition in obese children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183 (6): 782–7.
8. Dayyat E, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Capdevila OS et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in children: relative contributions of body mass index and adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Chest 2009; 136 (1): 137–44.
9. Bhattacharjee R, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Spruyt K et al. Adenotonsillectomy outcomes in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children: a multicenter retrospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182 (5): 676–83.
10. Marcus CL, Moore RH, Rosen CL et al. A randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea. New Eng J Med 2013; 368 (25): 2366–76.
11. Canapari CA, Hoppin AG, Kinane TB et al. Relationship between sleep apnea, fat distribution, and insulin resistance in obese children. J Clin Sleep Med 2011; 7 (3): 268–73.
12. Reid MB, Lannergren J, Westerblad H. Respiratory and limb muscle weakness induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha: involvement of muscle myofilaments. Am 
J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166 (4): 479–84.
13. Tsaoussoglou M, Bixler EO, Calhoun S et al. Sleep-disordered breathing in obese children is associated with prevalent excessive daytime sleepiness, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95 (1): 143–50.
14. Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Lin HM et al. Marked decrease in sleepiness in patients with sleep apnea by etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89 (9): 4409–13.
15. Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gileles-Hillel A, Alonso-Álvarez ML et al. Effects of adenotonsillectomy on plasma inflammatory biomarkers in obese children with obstructive sleep apnea: a community-based study. Int J Obesity 2015; 39 (7): 1094.
16. Bhattacharjee R, Kim J, Kheirandish‐Gozal L, Gozal D. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: a tale of inflammatory cascades. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46 (4): 313–23.
17. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO et al. Sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness and fatigue: relation to visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercytokinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85 (3): 1151–8.
18. Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness in prepubertal children with obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics 2009; 123 (1): 13–8.
19. LaGrotte C, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Calhoun SL et al. The relative association of obstructive sleep apnea, obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness with incident depression: a longitudinal, population-based study. Int J Obes 2016; 40 (9): 1397–404.
20. Saper CB, Chou TC, Scammell TE. The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24 (12): 726–31.
21. Pace-Schott EF, Hobson JA. The neurobiology of sleep: genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3 (8): 591.
22. Saper CB. Staying awake for dinner: hypothalamic integration of sleep, feeding, and circadian rhythms. Prog Brain Res 2006; 153: 243–52.
23. Abizaid A, Horvath TL. Brain circuits regulating energy homeostasis. Regul Pept 2008; 149 (1–3): 3–10.
24. Knutson KL, Van Cauter E. Associations between sleep loss and increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1129 (1): 287–304.
25. Schoeller D, Cella L, Sinha M, Caro J. Entrainment of the diurnal rhythm of plasma leptin to meal timing. J Clin Invest 1997; 100 (7): 1882–7.
26. Simon C, Gronfier C, Schlienger J, Brandenberger G. Circadian and ultradian variations of leptin in normal man under continuous enteral nutrition: relationship to sleep and body temperature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83 (6): 1893–9.
27. Mullington J, Chan J, Van Dongen H et al. Sleep loss reduces diurnal rhythm amplitude of leptin in healthy men. J Neuroendocrinol 2003; 15 (9): 851–4.
28. Dzaja A, Dalal MA, Himmerich H et al. Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol 2004; 286 (6): E963–7.
29. Weikel JC, Wichniak A, Ising M et al. Ghrelin promotes slow-wave sleep in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol 2003; 284 (2): E407–E15.
30. Taheri S. The link between short sleep duration and obesity: we should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91 (11): 881–4.
31. Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D et al. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med 2004; 1 (3): e62.
32. Mullington JM, Chan JL, Van Dongen HP et al. Sleep loss reduces diurnal rhythm amplitude of leptin in healthy men. J Neuroendocrinol 2003; 15 (9): 851–4.
33. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E. Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141 (11): 846–50.
34. Nedeltcheva AV, Kilkus JM, Imperial J et al. Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89 (1): 126–33.
35. Shechter A, O'Keeffe M, Roberts AL et al. Alterations in sleep architecture in response to experimental sleep curtailment are associated with signs of positive energy balance. Am J Phys Reg Integrative Comp Physiol 2012; 303 (9): R883–9.
36. Buxton OM, Cain SW, O'Connor SP et al. Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4 (129): 129ra43.
37. Taveras EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E et al. Short sleep duration in infancy and risk of childhood overweight. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008; 162 (4): 305–11.7. Taveras EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E et al. Short sleep duration in infancy and risk of childhood overweight. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008; 162 (4): 305–11.
38. Agras WS, Hammer LD, McNicholas F, Kraemer HC. Risk factors for childhood overweight: a prospective study from birth to 9.5 years. J Pediatr 2004; 145 (1): 20–5.
39. Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR et al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ 2005; 330 (7504): 1357.
40. Gupta NK, Mueller WH, Chan W, Meininger JC. Is obesity associated with poor sleep quality in adolescents? Am J Hum Biol (The Official Journal of the Human Biology Council) 2002; 14 (6): 762–8.
41. Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala NB et al. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep 2008; 31 (5): 619–26.
42. Patel SR, Hu FB. Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity 2008; 16 (3): 643–53.
43. Bell JF, Zimmerman FJ. Shortened nighttime sleep duration in early life and subsequent childhood obesity. Arch Ped Adolesc Med 2010; 164 (9): 840–5.
44. Cappuccio FP, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (2): 414–20.
45. Thivel D, Isacco L, Aucouturier J et al. Bedtime and sleep timing but not sleep duration are associated with eating habits in primary school children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2015; 36 (3): 158–65.
46. Scharf RJ, DeBoer MD. Sleep timing and longitudinal weight gain in 4‐and 5‐year‐old children. Pediatr Obes 2015; 10 (2): 141–8.
47. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res 2014; 23 (1): 3–12.
48. St-Onge MP, Roberts AL, Chen J et al. Short sleep duration increases energy intakes but does not change energy expenditure in normal-weight individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94 (2): 410–6.
49. Beebe DW, Miller N, Kirk S et al. The association between obstructive sleep apnea and dietary choices among obese individuals during middle to late childhood. Sleep Med 2011; 12 (8): 797–9.
50. Buxton OM, Quintiliani LM, Yang MH et al. Association of sleep adequacy with more healthful food choices and positive workplace experiences among motor freight workers. Am J Public Health 2009; 99 (Suppl. 3): S636–3.
51. Benedict C, Brooks SJ, O'Daly OG et al. Acute sleep deprivation enhances the brain's response to hedonic food stimuli: an fMRI study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97 (3): E443–7.
52. St-Onge MP, McReynolds A, Trivedi ZB et al. Sleep restriction leads to increased activation of brain regions sensitive to food stimuli. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95 (4): 818–24.
53. Barber L, Grawitch MJ, Munz DC. Are better sleepers more engaged workers? A self-regulatory approach to sleep hygiene and work engagement. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress 2013; 29 (4): 307–16.
54. Huang W, Ramsey KM, Marcheva B, Bass J. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and metabolism. J Clin Invest 2011; 121 (6): 2133–41.
55. Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Role of sleep and sleep loss in hormonal release and metabolism. Pediatric Neuroendocrinology. 17: Karger Publishers 2010; p. 11–21.
56. Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B. Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27 485 people. Occup Environ Med 2001; 58 (11): 747–52.
57. Morikawa Y, Nakagawa H, Miura K et al. Effect of shift work on body mass index and metabolic parameters. Scand J Work Environ Health 2007; 33 (1): 45–50.
58. Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Sakata K et al. A longitudinal study on the effect of shift work on weight gain in male Japanese workers. Obesity 2008; 16 (8): 1887–93.
59. Zhao I, Bogossian F, Turner C. Does maintaining or changing shift types affect BMI? A longitudinal study. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 54 (5): 525–31.
60. Kalsbeek A, Fliers E, Romijn J et al. The suprachiasmatic nucleus generates the diurnal changes in plasma leptin levels. Endocrinology 2001; 142 (6): 2677–85.
61. Muccioli G, Tschöp M, Papotti M et al. Neuroendocrine and peripheral activities of ghrelin: implications in metabolism and obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 440 (2–3): 235–54.
62. Dzaja A, Dalal MA, Himmerich H et al. Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol 2004; 286 (6): E963–E7.
63. Van Cauter E, Caufriez A, Kerkhofs M et al. Sleep, awakenings, and insulin-like growth factor-I modulate the growth hormone (GH) secretory response to GH-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74 (6): 1451–9.
64. Bierwolf C, Struve K, Marshall L et al. Slow Wave Sleep Drives Inhibition of Pituitary‐Adrenal Secretion in Humans. J Neuroendocrinol 1997; 9 (6): 479–84.
65. Pruessner JC, Wolf OT, Hellhammer DH et al. Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity. Life Sci 1997; 61 (26): 2539–49.
66. Laferrère B, Fried SK, Osborne T, Pi‐Sunyer FX. Effect of one morning meal and a bolus of dexamethasone on 24‐hour variation of serum leptin levels in humans. Obes Res 2000; 8 (7): 481–6.
67. Spiegel K, Leproult R, L'Hermite-Baleriaux M et al. Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89 (11): 5762–71.
68. Espelund U, Hansen TK, Højlund K et al. Fasting unmasks a strong inverse association between ghrelin and cortisol in serum: studies in obese and normal-weight subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90 (2): 741–6.
69. Sakurai T. Roles of orexin/hypocretin in regulation of sleep/wakefulness and energy homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 9 (4): 231–41.
70. Samson WK, Taylor MM, Ferguson AV. Non-sleep effects of hypocretin/orexin. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 9 (4): 243–52.
71. Williams RH, Alexopoulos H, Jensen LT et al. Adaptive sugar sensors in hypothalamic feeding circuits. Proc Nat Acad Sci 2008; 105 (33): 11975–80.
72. Williams RH, Jensen LT, Verkhratsky A et al. Control of hypothalamic orexin neurons by acid and CO2. Proc Nat Acad Sci 2007; 104 (25): 10685–90.
73. Chabas D, Foulon C, Gonzalez J et al. Eating disorder and metabolism in narcoleptic patients. Sleep 2007; 30 (10): 1267–73.
74. Nixon GM, Brouillette RT. Sleep and breathing in Prader‐Willi syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol 2002; 34 (3): 209–17.
75. Arens R, Gozal D, Burrell BC et al. Arousal and cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia in Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153 (1): 283–7.
76. Carroll MS, Patwari PP, Weese-Mayer DE. Carbon dioxide chemoreception and hypoventilation syndromes with autonomic dysregulation. J Appl Physiol 2010; 108 (4): 979–88.
77. Swaab DF. The human hypothalamus: basic and clinical aspects. Part II. 1st ed. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier; 2004.

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1. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Fakhouri TH et al. Prevalence of Obesity Among Youths by Household Income and Education Level of Head of Household – United States 2011–2014. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2018; 67 (6): 186–9.
2. Finkelstein EA, Khavjou OA, Thompson H et al. Obesity and severe obesity forecasts through 2030. Am J Prev Med 2012; 42 (6): 563–70.
3. Owens J. Classification and epidemiology of childhood sleep disorders. Prim Care 2008; 35 (3): 533–46.
4. Alonso-Alvarez ML, Cordero-Guevara JA, Teran-Santos J et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in obese community-dwelling children: the NANOS study. Sleep 2014; 37 (5): 943–9.
5. Redline S, Tishler PV, Schluchter M et al. Risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in children: associations with obesity, race, and respiratory problems. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159 (5): 1527–32.
6. Gozal D, Kheirandish‐Gozal L. Childhood obesity and sleep: relatives, partners, or both? – a critical perspective on the evidence. An New York Acad Sci. 2012; 1264 (1): 135–41.
7. Arens R, Sin S, Nandalike K et al. Upper airway structure and body fat composition in obese children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183 (6): 782–7.
8. Dayyat E, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Capdevila OS et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in children: relative contributions of body mass index and adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Chest 2009; 136 (1): 137–44.
9. Bhattacharjee R, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Spruyt K et al. Adenotonsillectomy outcomes in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children: a multicenter retrospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182 (5): 676–83.
10. Marcus CL, Moore RH, Rosen CL et al. A randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea. New Eng J Med 2013; 368 (25): 2366–76.
11. Canapari CA, Hoppin AG, Kinane TB et al. Relationship between sleep apnea, fat distribution, and insulin resistance in obese children. J Clin Sleep Med 2011; 7 (3): 268–73.
12. Reid MB, Lannergren J, Westerblad H. Respiratory and limb muscle weakness induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha: involvement of muscle myofilaments. Am 
J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166 (4): 479–84.
13. Tsaoussoglou M, Bixler EO, Calhoun S et al. Sleep-disordered breathing in obese children is associated with prevalent excessive daytime sleepiness, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95 (1): 143–50.
14. Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Lin HM et al. Marked decrease in sleepiness in patients with sleep apnea by etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89 (9): 4409–13.
15. Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gileles-Hillel A, Alonso-Álvarez ML et al. Effects of adenotonsillectomy on plasma inflammatory biomarkers in obese children with obstructive sleep apnea: a community-based study. Int J Obesity 2015; 39 (7): 1094.
16. Bhattacharjee R, Kim J, Kheirandish‐Gozal L, Gozal D. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: a tale of inflammatory cascades. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46 (4): 313–23.
17. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO et al. Sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness and fatigue: relation to visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercytokinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85 (3): 1151–8.
18. Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness in prepubertal children with obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics 2009; 123 (1): 13–8.
19. LaGrotte C, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Calhoun SL et al. The relative association of obstructive sleep apnea, obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness with incident depression: a longitudinal, population-based study. Int J Obes 2016; 40 (9): 1397–404.
20. Saper CB, Chou TC, Scammell TE. The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24 (12): 726–31.
21. Pace-Schott EF, Hobson JA. The neurobiology of sleep: genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3 (8): 591.
22. Saper CB. Staying awake for dinner: hypothalamic integration of sleep, feeding, and circadian rhythms. Prog Brain Res 2006; 153: 243–52.
23. Abizaid A, Horvath TL. Brain circuits regulating energy homeostasis. Regul Pept 2008; 149 (1–3): 3–10.
24. Knutson KL, Van Cauter E. Associations between sleep loss and increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1129 (1): 287–304.
25. Schoeller D, Cella L, Sinha M, Caro J. Entrainment of the diurnal rhythm of plasma leptin to meal timing. J Clin Invest 1997; 100 (7): 1882–7.
26. Simon C, Gronfier C, Schlienger J, Brandenberger G. Circadian and ultradian variations of leptin in normal man under continuous enteral nutrition: relationship to sleep and body temperature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83 (6): 1893–9.
27. Mullington J, Chan J, Van Dongen H et al. Sleep loss reduces diurnal rhythm amplitude of leptin in healthy men. J Neuroendocrinol 2003; 15 (9): 851–4.
28. Dzaja A, Dalal MA, Himmerich H et al. Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol 2004; 286 (6): E963–7.
29. Weikel JC, Wichniak A, Ising M et al. Ghrelin promotes slow-wave sleep in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol 2003; 284 (2): E407–E15.
30. Taheri S. The link between short sleep duration and obesity: we should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91 (11): 881–4.
31. Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D et al. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med 2004; 1 (3): e62.
32. Mullington JM, Chan JL, Van Dongen HP et al. Sleep loss reduces diurnal rhythm amplitude of leptin in healthy men. J Neuroendocrinol 2003; 15 (9): 851–4.
33. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E. Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141 (11): 846–50.
34. Nedeltcheva AV, Kilkus JM, Imperial J et al. Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89 (1): 126–33.
35. Shechter A, O'Keeffe M, Roberts AL et al. Alterations in sleep architecture in response to experimental sleep curtailment are associated with signs of positive energy balance. Am J Phys Reg Integrative Comp Physiol 2012; 303 (9): R883–9.
36. Buxton OM, Cain SW, O'Connor SP et al. Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4 (129): 129ra43.
37. Taveras EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E et al. Short sleep duration in infancy and risk of childhood overweight. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008; 162 (4): 305–11.7. Taveras EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E et al. Short sleep duration in infancy and risk of childhood overweight. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008; 162 (4): 305–11.
38. Agras WS, Hammer LD, McNicholas F, Kraemer HC. Risk factors for childhood overweight: a prospective study from birth to 9.5 years. J Pediatr 2004; 145 (1): 20–5.
39. Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR et al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ 2005; 330 (7504): 1357.
40. Gupta NK, Mueller WH, Chan W, Meininger JC. Is obesity associated with poor sleep quality in adolescents? Am J Hum Biol (The Official Journal of the Human Biology Council) 2002; 14 (6): 762–8.
41. Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala NB et al. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep 2008; 31 (5): 619–26.
42. Patel SR, Hu FB. Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity 2008; 16 (3): 643–53.
43. Bell JF, Zimmerman FJ. Shortened nighttime sleep duration in early life and subsequent childhood obesity. Arch Ped Adolesc Med 2010; 164 (9): 840–5.
44. Cappuccio FP, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (2): 414–20.
45. Thivel D, Isacco L, Aucouturier J et al. Bedtime and sleep timing but not sleep duration are associated with eating habits in primary school children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2015; 36 (3): 158–65.
46. Scharf RJ, DeBoer MD. Sleep timing and longitudinal weight gain in 4‐and 5‐year‐old children. Pediatr Obes 2015; 10 (2): 141–8.
47. Berentzen NE, Smit HA, Bekkers MB et al. Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Sleep Res 2014; 23 (1): 3–12.
48. St-Onge MP, Roberts AL, Chen J et al. Short sleep duration increases energy intakes but does not change energy expenditure in normal-weight individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94 (2): 410–6.
49. Beebe DW, Miller N, Kirk S et al. The association between obstructive sleep apnea and dietary choices among obese individuals during middle to late childhood. Sleep Med 2011; 12 (8): 797–9.
50. Buxton OM, Quintiliani LM, Yang MH et al. Association of sleep adequacy with more healthful food choices and positive workplace experiences among motor freight workers. Am J Public Health 2009; 99 (Suppl. 3): S636–3.
51. Benedict C, Brooks SJ, O'Daly OG et al. Acute sleep deprivation enhances the brain's response to hedonic food stimuli: an fMRI study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97 (3): E443–7.
52. St-Onge MP, McReynolds A, Trivedi ZB et al. Sleep restriction leads to increased activation of brain regions sensitive to food stimuli. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95 (4): 818–24.
53. Barber L, Grawitch MJ, Munz DC. Are better sleepers more engaged workers? A self-regulatory approach to sleep hygiene and work engagement. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress 2013; 29 (4): 307–16.
54. Huang W, Ramsey KM, Marcheva B, Bass J. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and metabolism. J Clin Invest 2011; 121 (6): 2133–41.
55. Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Role of sleep and sleep loss in hormonal release and metabolism. Pediatric Neuroendocrinology. 17: Karger Publishers 2010; p. 11–21.
56. Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B. Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27 485 people. Occup Environ Med 2001; 58 (11): 747–52.
57. Morikawa Y, Nakagawa H, Miura K et al. Effect of shift work on body mass index and metabolic parameters. Scand J Work Environ Health 2007; 33 (1): 45–50.
58. Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Sakata K et al. A longitudinal study on the effect of shift work on weight gain in male Japanese workers. Obesity 2008; 16 (8): 1887–93.
59. Zhao I, Bogossian F, Turner C. Does maintaining or changing shift types affect BMI? A longitudinal study. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 54 (5): 525–31.
60. Kalsbeek A, Fliers E, Romijn J et al. The suprachiasmatic nucleus generates the diurnal changes in plasma leptin levels. Endocrinology 2001; 142 (6): 2677–85.
61. Muccioli G, Tschöp M, Papotti M et al. Neuroendocrine and peripheral activities of ghrelin: implications in metabolism and obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 440 (2–3): 235–54.
62. Dzaja A, Dalal MA, Himmerich H et al. Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol 2004; 286 (6): E963–E7.
63. Van Cauter E, Caufriez A, Kerkhofs M et al. Sleep, awakenings, and insulin-like growth factor-I modulate the growth hormone (GH) secretory response to GH-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74 (6): 1451–9.
64. Bierwolf C, Struve K, Marshall L et al. Slow Wave Sleep Drives Inhibition of Pituitary‐Adrenal Secretion in Humans. J Neuroendocrinol 1997; 9 (6): 479–84.
65. Pruessner JC, Wolf OT, Hellhammer DH et al. Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity. Life Sci 1997; 61 (26): 2539–49.
66. Laferrère B, Fried SK, Osborne T, Pi‐Sunyer FX. Effect of one morning meal and a bolus of dexamethasone on 24‐hour variation of serum leptin levels in humans. Obes Res 2000; 8 (7): 481–6.
67. Spiegel K, Leproult R, L'Hermite-Baleriaux M et al. Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89 (11): 5762–71.
68. Espelund U, Hansen TK, Højlund K et al. Fasting unmasks a strong inverse association between ghrelin and cortisol in serum: studies in obese and normal-weight subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90 (2): 741–6.
69. Sakurai T. Roles of orexin/hypocretin in regulation of sleep/wakefulness and energy homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 9 (4): 231–41.
70. Samson WK, Taylor MM, Ferguson AV. Non-sleep effects of hypocretin/orexin. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 9 (4): 243–52.
71. Williams RH, Alexopoulos H, Jensen LT et al. Adaptive sugar sensors in hypothalamic feeding circuits. Proc Nat Acad Sci 2008; 105 (33): 11975–80.
72. Williams RH, Jensen LT, Verkhratsky A et al. Control of hypothalamic orexin neurons by acid and CO2. Proc Nat Acad Sci 2007; 104 (25): 10685–90.
73. Chabas D, Foulon C, Gonzalez J et al. Eating disorder and metabolism in narcoleptic patients. Sleep 2007; 30 (10): 1267–73.
74. Nixon GM, Brouillette RT. Sleep and breathing in Prader‐Willi syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol 2002; 34 (3): 209–17.
75. Arens R, Gozal D, Burrell BC et al. Arousal and cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia in Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153 (1): 283–7.
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И.А. Кельмансон*

ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России, Санкт-Петербург, Россия; СПб ГАОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный институт психологии и социальной работы», Санкт-Петербург, Россия
*iakelmanson@hotmail.com

________________________________________________

Igor A. Kelmanson*

Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia;
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Psychology and Social Work, Saint Petersburg, Russia 
*iakelmanson@hotmail.com