Выявление причин низкого охвата вакцинацией против кори у детей в эндемичном регионе и факторов риска развития осложнений и тяжелого исхода при кори
Выявление причин низкого охвата вакцинацией против кори у детей в эндемичном регионе и факторов риска развития осложнений и тяжелого исхода при кори
Ло Веккио А. Выявление причин низкого охвата вакцинацией против кори у детей в эндемичном регионе и факторов риска развития осложнений и тяжелого исхода при кори. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 2: 14–19.
DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2019.2.190538
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Lo Vecchio A. Identify the causes of low measles vaccination coverage in children in the endemic region and the risk factors for complications and severe measles outcomes. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 2: 14–19. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2019.2.190538
Выявление причин низкого охвата вакцинацией против кори у детей в эндемичном регионе и факторов риска развития осложнений и тяжелого исхода при кори
Ло Веккио А. Выявление причин низкого охвата вакцинацией против кори у детей в эндемичном регионе и факторов риска развития осложнений и тяжелого исхода при кори. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 2: 14–19.
DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2019.2.190538
________________________________________________
Lo Vecchio A. Identify the causes of low measles vaccination coverage in children in the endemic region and the risk factors for complications and severe measles outcomes. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 2: 14–19. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2019.2.190538
В статье приводятся данные двух итальянских исследований, касающиеся актуальных проблем: причин пропуска вакцинации против кори и факторов риска тяжелой кори. Вспышки кори, которые недавно были зарегистрированы в Европе, обусловлены низким уровнем иммунизации. С целью изучения причин пропуска вакцинации у детей, проживавших в Южной Италии, во время вспышки 2016 г. было проведено перекрестное исследование. Из 1141 пациента (средний возраст 86 мес, мальчики 47,2%), которые были включены в исследование, 77,8% детей были вакцинированы полностью в соответствии с возрастом, 6,3% – вакцинированы не полностью в соответствии с возрастом, и 15,9% – не получили ни одной дозы вакцины. Уровень вакцинации и причины отказа от вакцинации значительно варьировали в зависимости от возраста, причем дети в возрасте 24 мес и младше демонстрировали самый низкий показатель (67,8%). Причины отказа от вакцинации включали страх побочных эффектов (51%), наличие исходных хронических заболеваний (12,2%), пропуск запланированного дня вакцинации (12,2%), отказ от вакцинации (10,3%), острые заболевания (7,2%) и аллергию на яйца (4,6%). Фактором риска для неполной иммунизации (р<0,0001) явилось наличие первичного заболевания. Только 4,7% состояний были истинными противопоказаниями к введению вакцины. Факторы риска тяжелой кори также недостаточно изучены в развитых странах. Итальянским обществом детских инфекционных болезней было проведено ретроспективное исследование у детей, госпитализированных по поводу кори с января 2016 г. по август 2017 г., с целью изучения факторов риска тяжелого исхода, под которым понимали наличие длительных последствий, требующих проведения интенсивной терапии, или смерть. В исследовании приняли участие 19 больниц, были включены 249 детей (средний возраст 14,5 мес): у 207 (83%) детей развились осложнения, и 3 (1%) ребенка умерли. Нейтропения чаще отмечалась у детей с В3-генотипом по сравнению с другими генотипами (29,5% vs 7,7%; р=0,01). Многофакторный анализ показал, что панкреатит (скорректированное отношение шансов [сОШ] 9,19; р=0,01) и энцефалит (сОШ 7,02; р=0,04) ассоциировались с тяжелым исходом, а также С-реактивный белок – СРБ (сОШ 1,1; р=0,028), увеличение которого было предиктором тяжелого исхода (площадь под кривой рабочей характеристики приемника 0,67, 95% доверительный интервал – ДИ 0,52–0,82). Значения СРБ>2 мг/дл были связаны с высоким риском осложнений (ОШ 2,0, 95% ДИ 1,15–3,7; р=0,01) или тяжелым исходом (ОШ 4,13, 95% ДИ 1,43–11,8, р<0,01). Ключевые слова: корь, MMR-вакцина, охват вакцинацией, уровень иммунизации, факторы риска тяжелого исхода.
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The article provides data of two Italian studies concerning the relevant issues: (1) reasons of no vaccination against measles and (2) risk factors for severe measles. Measles outbreaks were recently reported in Europe due to low immunization rates. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the determinants of missed vaccination in children living in Southern Italy, during the 2016 outbreak. A total of 1141 children (median age 86 months, male 47.2%) was enrolled, 77.8% of the children were adequately vaccinated for age, 6.3% were incompletely vaccinated for age, and 15.9% did not receive any vaccine dose. Vaccination rate and reasons for not vaccinating significantly varied according to age, with children ≤24 months showing the lowest rate (67.8%). Reasons for not vaccinating included fear for side effects (51%), presence of underlying chronic conditions (12.2%), skip scheduled appointment (12.2%), refusal of vaccination (10.3%), acute illnesses (7.2%), and allergy to eggs (4.6%). The presence of underlying condition was a risk factor for inadequate immunization (p<0.0001). Only 4.7% of conditions were true contraindications to vaccine administration. Risk factors for severe measles are also poorly investigated in high-income countries. The Italian Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases conducted a retrospective study in children hospitalized for measles from January 2016 to August 2017 to investigate the risk factors for severe outcome defined by the presence of long-lasting sequelae, need of intensive care or death. Nineteen hospitals enrolled 249 children (median age 14.5 months): 207 (83%) children developed a complication and 3 (1%) died. Neutropenia was more commonly reported in children with B3-genotype compared with other genotypes (29.5% vs 7.7%; p=0.01). Pancreatitis (adjusted OR [aOR] 9.19; p=0.01) and encephalitis (aOR 7.02, p=0.04) were related to severe outcome in multivariable analysis, as well as C reactive protein – CRP (aOR 1.1; p=0.028), the increase of which predicted severe outcome (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.67, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.82). CRP values >2 mg/dL were related to higher risk of complications (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.15 to 3.7; p=0.01) or severe outcome (OR 4.13, 95% CI 1.43 to 11.8; p<0.01). Key words: measles, MMR vaccine, vaccination coverage, immunization rate, risk factors for severe outcome.
Список литературы
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________________________________________________
1. Rota PA, Moss WJ, Takeda M et al. Measles. Nature Rev Dis Primers 2916; 2: 16049.
2. World Health Organization (WHO). Renewed commitment to measles and rubella elimination and prevention of congenital rubella syndrome in the WHO European Region by 2015. Regional Committee for Europe. Sixtieth session. Moscow, 13–16 September, 2010.
3. World Health Organization (WHO). Measles. Fact sheet no 286. 2013. MRI report 2012. Available at: http: //www.measlesrubellainitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/
2013/07/MRI-2012-Annual-Report.pdf
4. World Health Organization (WHO). Surveillance guidelines for measles, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the WHO European region. Update December, 2012. Available at: http:// www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/79020/e93035-2013.pdf
5. Lo NC, Hotez PJ. Public health and economic consequences of vaccine hesitancy for measles in the United States. JAMA Pediatr 2017; 171 (9): 887–92.
6. McIntosh ED, Janda J, Ehrich JH et al. Vaccine hesitancy and refusal. J Pediatr 2016; 175: 248–9.
7. Grammens T, Maes V, Hutse V et al. Different measles outbreaks in Belgium, January to June 2016 – a challenge for public health. Euro Surveill 2016; 21 (32).
8. World Health Organization (WHO). Global measles and rubella strategic plan: 2012–2020. WHO, Geneva. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/
10665/70254/1/WHO_IVB_10.02_eng.pdf
9. ECDC Surveillance and disease data. Monthly measles epidemiological updates. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/measles/epidemiological_data/
Pages/measles_surveillance_reports.aspx
10. Epicentro. Morbillo & Rosolia News: il bollettino della sorveglianza integrata morbillo-rosolia, 2018. Available from: http://www.epicentro.iss.it/problemi/morbillo/
bollettino/RM_News_2016_34.pdf
11. Lo Vecchio A et al. Determinants of low measles vaccination coverage in children living in an endemic area. Eur J Pediatrics. Received: 19 August 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-018-3289-5
12. Filia A, Bella A, Rota M et al. Analysis of national measles surveillance data in Italy from October 2010 to December 2011 and priorities for reaching the 2015 measles elimination goal. Euro Surveill 2013; 18 (20).
13. Vaccine Recommendations and Guidelines of the ACIP n.d. Contraindications and precautions updates. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/contraindications.html
14. American Academy of Pediatrics – Red Book Edition, 2015.
15. McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL et al. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2013; 62 (RR-04): 1–34.
16. Bochennek K, Allwinn R, Langer R et al. Differential loss of humoral immunity against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella-zoster virus in children treated for cancer. Vaccine 2014; 3227: 3357–61.
17. Bednarczyk RA, Orenstein WA, Omer SB. Estimating the number of measles-susceptible children and adolescents in the United States using data from the National Immunization Survey- Teen (NIS-Teen). Am J Epidemiol 2016; 184 (2): 148–56.
18. Epicentro. Available from: http://www.epicentro.iss.it/temi/vaccinazioni/
dati_Ita.asp#morbillo (accessed 30 Oct 2018)
19. Jain A, Marshall J, Buikema A et al. Autism occurrence by MMR vaccine status among US children with older siblings with and without autism. JAMA 2016; 313 (15): 1534–40.
20. Giambi C, Fabiani M, D'Ancona F et al. Parental vaccine hesitancy in Italy – results from a national survey. Vaccine 2018; 36 (6): 779–87.
21. Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H. Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ 2011; 342: c7452.
22. Fombonne E, Zakarian R, Bennett A et al.Pervasive developmental disorders in Montreal, Quebec, Canada: prevalence and links with immunizations. Pediatrics 2006; 118 (1): e 139–e150.
23. Honda H, Shimizu Y, Rutter M. No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2005; 46 (6): 572–9.
24. Brown KF, Kroll JS, Hudson MJ et al. Factors underlying parental decisions about combination childhood vaccinations including MMR: a systematic review. Vaccine 2010; 28(26): 4235–48.
25. Covolo L, Ceretti E, Passeri C et al. What arguments on vaccinations run through YouTube videos in Italy? A content analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 31: 1–7.
26. De Marco G, Ummarino D, Giannetti E et al. Impact of massmedia communication in the implementation of influenza vaccination for infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005; 159: 596.
27. Leask J, Chapman S, Hawe P et al. What maintains parental support for vaccination when challenged by antivaccination messages? A qualitative study. Vaccine 2006; 24 (49–50): 7.
28. Lo Vecchio A et al. Arch Dis Child 2019; 0: 1–4. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-315290
29. Filia A, Bella A, Del Manso M et al. Ongoing outbreak with well over 4,000 measles cases in Italy from January to end August 2017 – what is making elimination so difficult? Euro Surveill 2017; 22: 30614.
30. World Health Organization. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals-Measles. 2018. http://www. who. int/ immunization/ diseases/ measles/ en/