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Эозинофильный эзофагит: все еще трудно и редко диагностируемое состояние. Клинический случай
Эозинофильный эзофагит: все еще трудно и редко диагностируемое состояние. Клинический случай
Захарова И.Н., Османов И.М., Пампура А.Н., Хомерики С.Г., Воробьева А.С., Гончарова Л.В., Дмитриева Д.К., Кошурникова А.С., Квирквелия М.А., Симакова М.А., Сгибнева А.И. Эозинофильный эзофагит: все еще трудно и редко диагностируемое состояние. Клинический случай. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2021; 1: 57–62. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2021.1.200838
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Аннотация
Частота диагностики эозинофильного эзофагита (ЭоЭ) значительно выросла в мире в течение последних 20 лет, что может быть связано с разными причинами, в том числе ростом осведомленности врачей о клинических особенностях ЭоЭ, выработкой критериев его диагностики. Однако в нашей стране ЭоЭ остается редко диагностируемым. Сложность диагностики обусловлена не только недостаточно высокой настороженностью врачей в отношении ЭоЭ, но и незнанием самого заболевания, а также отсутствием проведения биопсии при каждом эндоскопическом исследовании. Важным фактором остается наличие в штате больницы высококвалифицированного патоморфолога для правильной оценки получаемых биоптатов и точного подсчета количества эозинофилов. Требуются дальнейшее изучение патогенеза заболевания, пищевых триггеров и разработка новых малоинвазивных способов оценки состояния пищевода.
Ключевые слова: пищевод, эозинофильный эзофагит, дети, пищевая аллергия, недостаточность питания, клинический случай, биопсия, гистология, подсчет количества эозинофилов в биоптате
Keywords: esophagus, eosinophilic esophagitis, children, food allergy, malnutrition, clinical case, biopsy, histology
Ключевые слова: пищевод, эозинофильный эзофагит, дети, пищевая аллергия, недостаточность питания, клинический случай, биопсия, гистология, подсчет количества эозинофилов в биоптате
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Keywords: esophagus, eosinophilic esophagitis, children, food allergy, malnutrition, clinical case, biopsy, histology
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Papadopoulou A, Koletzko S, Heuschkel R, et al, for the ESPGHAN. Eosinophilic Esophagitis Working Group and the Gastroenterology Committee. Management guidelines of eosinophilic esophagitis in childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58 (1): 107–18. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a80be1
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3. Dellon ES, Hirano I. Epidemiology and natural history of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154 (2): 319–32.e3. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.067
4. Arias A, Perez-Martinez I, Tenias JM, Lucendo AJ. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults in population-based studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43: 3–15.
5. Noel RJ, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 940–1.
6. Syed AA, Andrews CN, Shaffer E, et al. The rising incidence of eosinophilic oesophagitis is associated with increasing biopsy rates: a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36 (10): 950–8.
7. Giriens B, Yan P, Safroneeva E, et al. Escalating incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis in Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, 1993–2013: A population-based study. Allergy 2015; 70: 1633–9.
8. Prasad GA, Alexander JA, Schleck CD, et al. Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis over three decades in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 1055–61.
9. Jensen ET, Kuhl JT, Martin LJ, et al. Early-life environmental exposures interact with genetic susceptibility variants in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 1412: 632–7e5.
10. Alexander ES, Martin LJ, Collins MH, et al. Twin and family studies reveal strong environmental and weaker genetic cues explaining heritability of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134 (5): 1084–92e1.
11. Ishimura N, Shimura S, Jiao D, et al. Clinical features of eosinophilic esophagitis: differences between Asian and Western populations. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30 (Suppl. 1): 71–7.
12. Bach JF. The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals. Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 18: 105–20.
13. Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis. Nat Immunol 2017; 18: 1076–83.
14. Spechler SJ. Speculation as to why the Frequency of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is Increasing. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2018; 20 (6): 26.
15. Cianferoni A, Ruffner MA, Guzek R, et al. Elevated expression of activated TH2 cells and milk-specific TH2 cells in milk-induced eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 120 (2): 177–83e2.
16. D’Alessandro A, Esposito D, Pesce M, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: from pathophysiology to treatment. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2015; 6 (4): 150–8.
17. Doyle AD, Masuda MY, Kita H, Wright BL. Eosinophils in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The Road to Fibrostenosis is Paved With Good Intentions. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 603295. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603295
18. Mohammad AA, Wu SZ, Ibrahim O, et al. Prevalence of atopic comorbidities in eosinophilic esophagitis: A case-control study of 449 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 76 (3): 559–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.08.068
19. Hill DA, Grundmeier RW, Ramos M, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is a Late Manifestation of the Allergic March. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018; 6 (5): 1528–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.010
20. Cianferoni A, Spergel JM, Muir A. Recent advances in the pathological understanding of eosinophilic esophagitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 912: 1501–10.
21. Kottyan LC, Parameswaran S, Weirauch MT, et al. The genetic etiology of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145 (1): 9–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.013
22. Abonia JP, Blanchard C, Butz BB, et al. Involvement of mast cells in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 126: 140–9.
23. Spergel JM, Aceves SS, Kliewer K, et al. New developments in patients with eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases presented at the CEGIR/TIGERS Symposium at the 2018 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Meeting. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142 (1): 48–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.005
24. Furuta GT, Katzka DA. Eosinophilic Esophagitis. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (17): 1640–8. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1502863
25. Liacouras CA, Furuta GT, Hirano I, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128 (1): 3–20.e6; quiz 21-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.040
26. Bolton SM, Kagalwalla AF, Wechsler JB. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children: Endoscopic findings at diagnosis and post-intervention. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2018; 20 (1): 4. DOI: 10.1007/s11894-018-0607-z
27. Assa'ad AH, Putnam PE, Collins MH, et al. Pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: An 8-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119 (3): 731–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.10.044
28. Rubinstein E, Rosen RL. Respiratory symptoms associated with eosinophilic esophagitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53 (11): 1587–91. DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24168
29. Ruffner MA, Spergel JM. Pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: Updates for the primary care setting. Curr Opin Pediatr 2018; 30 (6): 829–36. DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000698
30. Lucendo AJ. Meta-analysis-based guidance for dietary management in eosinophilic esophagitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2015; 17 (10): 464. DOI: 10.1007/s11894-015-0464-y
31. Molina-Infante J, Bredenoord AJ, Cheng E, et al. PPI-REE Task Force of the European Society of Eosinophilic Oesophagitis (EUREOS). Proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia: An entity challenging current diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut 2016; 65 (3): 524–31. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310991
32. Aceves SS, Newbury RO, Chen D, et al. Resolution of remodeling in eosinophilic esophagitis correlates with epithelial response to topical corticosteroids. Allergy 2010; 65 (1): 109–16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02142.x
33. Borschel MW, Ziegler EE, Wedig RT, Oliver JS. Growth of healthy term infants fed an extensively hydrolyzed casein-based or free amino acid-based infant formula: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Clin Pediatr 2013; 52 (10): 910–7.
2. Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy 2014; 69 (8): 1008–25. DOI: 10.1111/all.12429
3. Dellon ES, Hirano I. Epidemiology and natural history of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154 (2): 319–32.e3. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.067
4. Arias A, Perez-Martinez I, Tenias JM, Lucendo AJ. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults in population-based studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43: 3–15.
5. Noel RJ, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 940–1.
6. Syed AA, Andrews CN, Shaffer E, et al. The rising incidence of eosinophilic oesophagitis is associated with increasing biopsy rates: a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36 (10): 950–8.
7. Giriens B, Yan P, Safroneeva E, et al. Escalating incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis in Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, 1993–2013: A population-based study. Allergy 2015; 70: 1633–9.
8. Prasad GA, Alexander JA, Schleck CD, et al. Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis over three decades in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 1055–61.
9. Jensen ET, Kuhl JT, Martin LJ, et al. Early-life environmental exposures interact with genetic susceptibility variants in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 1412: 632–7e5.
10. Alexander ES, Martin LJ, Collins MH, et al. Twin and family studies reveal strong environmental and weaker genetic cues explaining heritability of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134 (5): 1084–92e1.
11. Ishimura N, Shimura S, Jiao D, et al. Clinical features of eosinophilic esophagitis: differences between Asian and Western populations. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30 (Suppl. 1): 71–7.
12. Bach JF. The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals. Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 18: 105–20.
13. Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis. Nat Immunol 2017; 18: 1076–83.
14. Spechler SJ. Speculation as to why the Frequency of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is Increasing. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2018; 20 (6): 26.
15. Cianferoni A, Ruffner MA, Guzek R, et al. Elevated expression of activated TH2 cells and milk-specific TH2 cells in milk-induced eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 120 (2): 177–83e2.
16. D’Alessandro A, Esposito D, Pesce M, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: from pathophysiology to treatment. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2015; 6 (4): 150–8.
17. Doyle AD, Masuda MY, Kita H, Wright BL. Eosinophils in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The Road to Fibrostenosis is Paved With Good Intentions. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 603295. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603295
18. Mohammad AA, Wu SZ, Ibrahim O, et al. Prevalence of atopic comorbidities in eosinophilic esophagitis: A case-control study of 449 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 76 (3): 559–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.08.068
19. Hill DA, Grundmeier RW, Ramos M, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is a Late Manifestation of the Allergic March. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018; 6 (5): 1528–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.010
20. Cianferoni A, Spergel JM, Muir A. Recent advances in the pathological understanding of eosinophilic esophagitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 912: 1501–10.
21. Kottyan LC, Parameswaran S, Weirauch MT, et al. The genetic etiology of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145 (1): 9–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.013
22. Abonia JP, Blanchard C, Butz BB, et al. Involvement of mast cells in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 126: 140–9.
23. Spergel JM, Aceves SS, Kliewer K, et al. New developments in patients with eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases presented at the CEGIR/TIGERS Symposium at the 2018 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Meeting. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142 (1): 48–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.005
24. Furuta GT, Katzka DA. Eosinophilic Esophagitis. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (17): 1640–8. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1502863
25. Liacouras CA, Furuta GT, Hirano I, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128 (1): 3–20.e6; quiz 21-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.040
26. Bolton SM, Kagalwalla AF, Wechsler JB. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children: Endoscopic findings at diagnosis and post-intervention. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2018; 20 (1): 4. DOI: 10.1007/s11894-018-0607-z
27. Assa'ad AH, Putnam PE, Collins MH, et al. Pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: An 8-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119 (3): 731–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.10.044
28. Rubinstein E, Rosen RL. Respiratory symptoms associated with eosinophilic esophagitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53 (11): 1587–91. DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24168
29. Ruffner MA, Spergel JM. Pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: Updates for the primary care setting. Curr Opin Pediatr 2018; 30 (6): 829–36. DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000698
30. Lucendo AJ. Meta-analysis-based guidance for dietary management in eosinophilic esophagitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2015; 17 (10): 464. DOI: 10.1007/s11894-015-0464-y
31. Molina-Infante J, Bredenoord AJ, Cheng E, et al. PPI-REE Task Force of the European Society of Eosinophilic Oesophagitis (EUREOS). Proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia: An entity challenging current diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut 2016; 65 (3): 524–31. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310991
32. Aceves SS, Newbury RO, Chen D, et al. Resolution of remodeling in eosinophilic esophagitis correlates with epithelial response to topical corticosteroids. Allergy 2010; 65 (1): 109–16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02142.x
33. Borschel MW, Ziegler EE, Wedig RT, Oliver JS. Growth of healthy term infants fed an extensively hydrolyzed casein-based or free amino acid-based infant formula: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Clin Pediatr 2013; 52 (10): 910–7.
2. Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy 2014; 69 (8): 1008–25. DOI: 10.1111/all.12429
3. Dellon ES, Hirano I. Epidemiology and natural history of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154 (2): 319–32.e3. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.067
4. Arias A, Perez-Martinez I, Tenias JM, Lucendo AJ. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults in population-based studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43: 3–15.
5. Noel RJ, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 940–1.
6. Syed AA, Andrews CN, Shaffer E, et al. The rising incidence of eosinophilic oesophagitis is associated with increasing biopsy rates: a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36 (10): 950–8.
7. Giriens B, Yan P, Safroneeva E, et al. Escalating incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis in Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, 1993–2013: A population-based study. Allergy 2015; 70: 1633–9.
8. Prasad GA, Alexander JA, Schleck CD, et al. Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis over three decades in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 1055–61.
9. Jensen ET, Kuhl JT, Martin LJ, et al. Early-life environmental exposures interact with genetic susceptibility variants in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 1412: 632–7e5.
10. Alexander ES, Martin LJ, Collins MH, et al. Twin and family studies reveal strong environmental and weaker genetic cues explaining heritability of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134 (5): 1084–92e1.
11. Ishimura N, Shimura S, Jiao D, et al. Clinical features of eosinophilic esophagitis: differences between Asian and Western populations. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30 (Suppl. 1): 71–7.
12. Bach JF. The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals. Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 18: 105–20.
13. Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis. Nat Immunol 2017; 18: 1076–83.
14. Spechler SJ. Speculation as to why the Frequency of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is Increasing. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2018; 20 (6): 26.
15. Cianferoni A, Ruffner MA, Guzek R, et al. Elevated expression of activated TH2 cells and milk-specific TH2 cells in milk-induced eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 120 (2): 177–83e2.
16. D’Alessandro A, Esposito D, Pesce M, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: from pathophysiology to treatment. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2015; 6 (4): 150–8.
17. Doyle AD, Masuda MY, Kita H, Wright BL. Eosinophils in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The Road to Fibrostenosis is Paved With Good Intentions. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 603295. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603295
18. Mohammad AA, Wu SZ, Ibrahim O, et al. Prevalence of atopic comorbidities in eosinophilic esophagitis: A case-control study of 449 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 76 (3): 559–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.08.068
19. Hill DA, Grundmeier RW, Ramos M, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is a Late Manifestation of the Allergic March. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018; 6 (5): 1528–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.010
20. Cianferoni A, Spergel JM, Muir A. Recent advances in the pathological understanding of eosinophilic esophagitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 912: 1501–10.
21. Kottyan LC, Parameswaran S, Weirauch MT, et al. The genetic etiology of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145 (1): 9–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.013
22. Abonia JP, Blanchard C, Butz BB, et al. Involvement of mast cells in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 126: 140–9.
23. Spergel JM, Aceves SS, Kliewer K, et al. New developments in patients with eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases presented at the CEGIR/TIGERS Symposium at the 2018 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Meeting. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142 (1): 48–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.005
24. Furuta GT, Katzka DA. Eosinophilic Esophagitis. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (17): 1640–8. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1502863
25. Liacouras CA, Furuta GT, Hirano I, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128 (1): 3–20.e6; quiz 21-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.040
26. Bolton SM, Kagalwalla AF, Wechsler JB. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children: Endoscopic findings at diagnosis and post-intervention. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2018; 20 (1): 4. DOI: 10.1007/s11894-018-0607-z
27. Assa'ad AH, Putnam PE, Collins MH, et al. Pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: An 8-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119 (3): 731–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.10.044
28. Rubinstein E, Rosen RL. Respiratory symptoms associated with eosinophilic esophagitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53 (11): 1587–91. DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24168
29. Ruffner MA, Spergel JM. Pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: Updates for the primary care setting. Curr Opin Pediatr 2018; 30 (6): 829–36. DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000698
30. Lucendo AJ. Meta-analysis-based guidance for dietary management in eosinophilic esophagitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2015; 17 (10): 464. DOI: 10.1007/s11894-015-0464-y
31. Molina-Infante J, Bredenoord AJ, Cheng E, et al. PPI-REE Task Force of the European Society of Eosinophilic Oesophagitis (EUREOS). Proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia: An entity challenging current diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut 2016; 65 (3): 524–31. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310991
32. Aceves SS, Newbury RO, Chen D, et al. Resolution of remodeling in eosinophilic esophagitis correlates with epithelial response to topical corticosteroids. Allergy 2010; 65 (1): 109–16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02142.x
33. Borschel MW, Ziegler EE, Wedig RT, Oliver JS. Growth of healthy term infants fed an extensively hydrolyzed casein-based or free amino acid-based infant formula: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Clin Pediatr 2013; 52 (10): 910–7.
________________________________________________
2. Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy 2014; 69 (8): 1008–25. DOI: 10.1111/all.12429
3. Dellon ES, Hirano I. Epidemiology and natural history of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154 (2): 319–32.e3. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.067
4. Arias A, Perez-Martinez I, Tenias JM, Lucendo AJ. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults in population-based studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43: 3–15.
5. Noel RJ, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 940–1.
6. Syed AA, Andrews CN, Shaffer E, et al. The rising incidence of eosinophilic oesophagitis is associated with increasing biopsy rates: a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36 (10): 950–8.
7. Giriens B, Yan P, Safroneeva E, et al. Escalating incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis in Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, 1993–2013: A population-based study. Allergy 2015; 70: 1633–9.
8. Prasad GA, Alexander JA, Schleck CD, et al. Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis over three decades in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 1055–61.
9. Jensen ET, Kuhl JT, Martin LJ, et al. Early-life environmental exposures interact with genetic susceptibility variants in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 1412: 632–7e5.
10. Alexander ES, Martin LJ, Collins MH, et al. Twin and family studies reveal strong environmental and weaker genetic cues explaining heritability of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134 (5): 1084–92e1.
11. Ishimura N, Shimura S, Jiao D, et al. Clinical features of eosinophilic esophagitis: differences between Asian and Western populations. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30 (Suppl. 1): 71–7.
12. Bach JF. The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals. Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 18: 105–20.
13. Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis. Nat Immunol 2017; 18: 1076–83.
14. Spechler SJ. Speculation as to why the Frequency of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is Increasing. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2018; 20 (6): 26.
15. Cianferoni A, Ruffner MA, Guzek R, et al. Elevated expression of activated TH2 cells and milk-specific TH2 cells in milk-induced eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 120 (2): 177–83e2.
16. D’Alessandro A, Esposito D, Pesce M, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: from pathophysiology to treatment. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2015; 6 (4): 150–8.
17. Doyle AD, Masuda MY, Kita H, Wright BL. Eosinophils in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The Road to Fibrostenosis is Paved With Good Intentions. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 603295. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603295
18. Mohammad AA, Wu SZ, Ibrahim O, et al. Prevalence of atopic comorbidities in eosinophilic esophagitis: A case-control study of 449 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 76 (3): 559–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.08.068
19. Hill DA, Grundmeier RW, Ramos M, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is a Late Manifestation of the Allergic March. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018; 6 (5): 1528–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.010
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Авторы
И.Н. Захарова*1, И.М. Османов2, А.Н. Пампура1,3, С.Г. Хомерики4, А.С. Воробьева2, Л.В. Гончарова2, Д.К. Дмитриева3, А.С. Кошурникова2, М.А. Квирквелия5, М.А. Симакова1, А.И. Сгибнева3
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ГБУЗ «Детская городская клиническая больница им. З.А. Башляевой» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия;
3 ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
4 ГБУЗ «Московский клинический научный центр им. А.С. Логинова» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия;
5 ГБУЗ «Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia;
2 Bashlyaeva Children's City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia;
3 Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia;
4 Loginov Moscow Clinical Research Center, Moscow, Russia;
5 Morozov Children's City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ГБУЗ «Детская городская клиническая больница им. З.А. Башляевой» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия;
3 ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
4 ГБУЗ «Московский клинический научный центр им. А.С. Логинова» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия;
5 ГБУЗ «Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia;
2 Bashlyaeva Children's City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia;
3 Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia;
4 Loginov Moscow Clinical Research Center, Moscow, Russia;
5 Morozov Children's City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
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