Задержка роста у детей с аллергией

Захарова И.Н., Бережная И.В., Симакова М.А. Задержка роста у детей с аллергией. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2023;1:34–41. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2023.1.202182

© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2023 г.

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Zakharova IN, Berezhnaya IV, Simakova MA. Growth retardation in children with allergies: A review. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2023;1:34–41. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2023.1.202182

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Аннотация

Рост частоты пищевой аллергии среди детей в последние годы очевиден. В большинстве случаев клинические ее проявления начинаются в младенческом и детском возрасте. Полноценность элиминационной диеты, продолжительность времени до постановки диагноза, степень выраженности аллергического воспаления могут повлиять на нутритивный статус ребенка и в конечном итоге отразиться на его линейном росте. Соответствие последнего возрасту является одним из наиболее важных показателей здоровья и благополучия ребенка, особенно в первые несколько лет жизни, когда потребности в энергии и питательных веществах на единицу тела наиболее высоки. Недостаточное потребление питательных веществ у детей с пищевой аллергией может ухудшить рост, а задержка физического развития в младенчестве и раннем детстве может иметь долгосрочные негативные последствия. Представляет интерес, насколько часто задержка роста встречается среди детей с пищевой аллергией, каков наиболее частый причинно-значимый аллерген, а также обратима ли задержка роста при адекватной диетотерапии пищевой аллергии. На основании приведенных в статье исследований определены следующие ключевые положения: из всего спектра пищевых аллергенов наибольшее влияние на рост оказывает аллергия к белкам коровьего молока (АБКМ), также высоко влияние АБКМ на формирование неправильных пищевых привычек, аккуратное ведение ребенка с АБКМ, с грамотной диетотерапией и вовремя введенными повторно молочными продуктами при формировании толерантности может снизить негативное влияние АБКМ на рост и питание; по-видимому, множественная пищевая аллергия также оказывает более негативное влияние на рост, дети с множественной пищевой аллергией должны более часто наблюдаться врачом-диетологом; не только регулярная оценка динамики роста, но и регулярная оценка пищевого рациона с индивидуальными рекомендациями по питанию на сегодняшний день показали лучшие результаты в достижении потенциала роста детей с пищевой аллергией.

Ключевые слова: дети, пищевая аллергия, аллергия к белкам коровьего молока, задержка физического развития, задержка роста, нутритивный статус, рост к возрасту

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The increase in the prevalence of food allergies among children in recent years is evident with onset in infancy and childhood in most cases. The full value of the elimination diet, the time before diagnosis, and the severity of allergic inflammation can affect the nutritional status of the children and, ultimately, their linear growth. Age-correspondent height is one of the most important indicators of a child's health and well-being, especially in the first few years of life when energy and nutrient requirements per body weight are highest. Insufficient nutrient intake in children with food allergies can impair growth, and developmental delay in infancy and early childhood can have long-term sequelae. It is essential to understand the frequency of developmental retardation in kids with food allergies, the most prevalent allergen that causes it, and whether or not growth retardation may be reversed with effective diet therapy. Based on the studies presented in the article, the following key provisions were identified: of the entire spectrum of food allergens, cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) has the most significant effect on growth; the impact of CMPA on the formation of improper eating habits is also high; careful management of a child with CMPA with adequate diet therapy and timely re-introduced dairy products to induce tolerance can reduce the adverse effect of CMPA on growth and nutrition; apparently, multiple food allergies also harm growth; a nutritionist should more often observe children with multiple food allergies; regular assessment of growth and diet with individual nutrition recommendations to date has shown the best results in achieving the growth target of children with food allergies.

Keywords: children, food allergy, cow milk protein allergy, physical developmental delay, growth retardation, nutritional status, age-related growth

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Список литературы

1. Клинические рекомендации «Пищевая аллергия», Союз педиатров России, 2018 г. Режим доступа: https://www.pediatr-russia.ru/information/klin-rek/deystvuyushchie-klinicheskie-rekomendatsii/%D0%9F...% 89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B4%D0%B5% D1%82%D0%B8%20%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%A0%20_2019%20%D0%B8%D1% 81%D0%BF%D1%80.pdf. Ссылка активна на 15.02.2023 [Clinical recommendations ”Food Allergy”, Russian Union of Pediatricians, 2018. Available at: https://www.pediatr-russia.ru/information/klin-rek/deystvuyushchie-klinicheskie-rekomendatsii/%D0%9F.... Accessed: 15.02.2023 (in Russian)].
2. Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(1):41-58.
3. Lyons SA, Clausen M, Knulst AC, et al. Prevalence of Food Sensitization and Food Allergy in Children Across Europe. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2736-46.e9.
4. Giovannini M, D'Auria E, Caffarelli C, et al. Nutritional management and follow up of infants and children with food allergy: Italian Society of Pediatric Nutrition/Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Task Force Position Statement. Ital J Pediatr. 2014;40:1.
5. Venter C, Mazzocchi A, Maslin K, Agostoni C. Impact of elimination diets on nutrition and growth in children with multiple food allergies. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;17(3):220-6.
6. Black MM, Pérez-Escamilla R, Rao SF. Integrating nutrition and child development interventions: scientific basis, evidence of impact, and implementation considerations. Adv Nutr. 2015;6(6):852-9.
7. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: UNICEF/WHO/The World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates: key findings of the 2020 edition. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/jme-2020-edition. Accessed: 19.01.2023.
8. Paganus A, Juntunen-Backman K, Savilahti E. Follow-up of nutritional status and dietary survey in children with cow's milk allergy. Acta Paediatr. 1992;81(6‑7):518-21.
9. Tiainen JM, Nuutinen OM, Kalavainen MP. Diet and nutritional status in children with cow's milk allergy. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995;49(8):605-12.
10. Isolauri E, Sutas Y, Makinen-Kiljunen S, et al. Efficacy and safety of hydrolyzed cow milk and amino acid-derived formulas in infants with cow milk allergy. J Pediatr. 1995;127(4):550-7.
11. Isolauri E, Sutas Y, Salo MK, et al. Elimination diet in cow’s milk allergy: risk for impaired growth in young children. J Pediatr. 1998;132(6):1004-9.
12. Christie L, Hine RJ, Parker JG, Burks W. Food allergies in children affect nutrient intake and growth. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102(11):1648-51.
13. Vieira MC, Morais MB, Spolidoro JV, et al. A survey on clinical presentation and nutritional status of infants with suspected cow' milk allergy. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:25.
14. Flammarion S, Santos C, Guimber D, et al. Diet and nutritional status of children with food allergies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22(2):161-5.
15. Robbins KA, Wood RA, Keet CA. Milk allergy is associated with decreased growth in US children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(6):1466-8.e6.
16. Meyer R, De Koker C, Dziubak R, et al. Malnutrition in children with food allergies in the UK. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2014;27(3):227-35.
17. Mehta H, Ramesh M, Feuille E, et al. Growth comparison in children with and without food allergies in 2 different demographic populations [published correction appears in J Pediatr. 2015;166(1):212]. J Pediatr. 2014;165(4):842‑8.
18. Berry MJ, Adams J, Voutilainen H, et al. Impact of elimination diets on growth and nutritional status in children with multiple food allergies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(2):133-8.
19. Hobbs CB, Skinner AC, Burks AW, Vickery BP. Food allergies affect growth in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(1):133-4.e1.
20. Jhamnani RD, Levin S, Rasooly M, et al. Impact of food allergy on the growth of children with moderate-severe atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(4):1526-9.e4.
21. Beck C, Koplin J, Dharmage S, et al. Persistent Food Allergy and Food Allergy Coexistent with Eczema Is Associated with Reduced Growth in the First 4 Years of Life. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(2):248-56.e3.
22. Meyer R, De Koker C, Dziubak R, et al. The impact of the elimination diet on growth and nutrient intake in children with food protein induced gastrointestinal allergies. Clin Transl Allergy. 2016;6:25.
23. Tuokkola J, Luukkainen P, Nevalainen J, et al. Eliminating cows' milk, but not wheat, barley or rye, increases the risk of growth deceleration and nutritional inadequacies. Acta Paediatr. 2017;106(7):1142-9.
24. D'Auria E, Fabiano V, Bertoli S, et al. Growth Pattern, Resting Energy Expenditure, and Nutrient Intake of Children with Food Allergies. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):212.
25. Meyer R, Wright K, Vieira MC, et al. International survey on growth indices and impacting factors in children with food allergies. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2019;32(2):175‑84.
26. Boaventura RM, Mendonça RB, Fonseca FA, et al. Nutritional status and food intake of children with cow's milk allergy. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2019;47(6):544-50.
27. Sinai T, Goldberg MR, Nachshon L, et al. Reduced Final Height and Inadequate Nutritional Intake in Cow's Milk-Allergic Young Adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(2):509-15.
28. Ercan N, Tel Adıgüzel K. Effect of early childhood cow's milk elimination diet on eating behaviours, nutrition and growth status at age 2–6 years. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2022;35(2):300-9.
29. Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy. 2014;69(8):1008-25.
30. Fiocchi A, Brozek J, Schünemann H, et al. World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21(Suppl. 21):1-125.
31. Koletzko S, Niggemann B, Arato A, et al. Diagnostic approach and management of cow's-milk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GI Committee practical guidelines. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;55(2):221-9.
32. Berni Canani R, Leone L, D'Auria E, et al. The effects of dietary counseling on children with food allergy: a prospective, multicenter intervention study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114(9):1432-9.
33. Ambroszkiewicz J, Gajewska J, Chełchowska M, Rowicka G. Assessment of Inflammatory Markers in Children with Cow's Milk Allergy Treated with a Milk-Free Diet. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1057.
34. Salmivesi S, Paassilta M, Huhtala H, et al. Changes in biomarkers during a six-month oral immunotherapy intervention for cow's milk allergy. Acta Paediatr. 2016;105(11):1349-54.
35. Ezri J, Marques-Vidal P, Nydegger A. Impact of disease and treatments on growth and puberty of pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Digestion. 2012;85(4):308-19.
36. Gerner P, Hörning A, Kathemann S, et al. Growth abnormalities in children with chronic hepatitis B or C. Adv Virol. 2012;2012:670316.
37. Sederquist B, Fernandez-Vojvodich P, Zaman F, Sävendahl L. Impact of inflammatory cytokines on longitudinal bone growth. J Mol Endocrinol. 2014;53(1):T35-44.
38. Emura S, Yanagida N, Sato S, et al. Regular intake of cow's milk with oral immunotherapy improves statures of children with milk allergies. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(3):100108.
39. Mailhot G, Perrone V, Alos N, et al. Cow's Milk Allergy and Bone Mineral Density in Prepubertal Children. Pediatrics. 2016;137(5):e20151742.
40. Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Ducharme FM. Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(7):CD009471.
41. Lyons SA, Clausen M, Knulst AC, et al. Prevalence of Food Sensitization and Food Allergy in Children Across Europe. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2736-46.e9.
42. Wróblewska B, Szyc AM, Markiewicz LH, et al. Increased prevalence of eating disorders as a biopsychosocial implication of food allergy. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0198607.
43. Maslin K, Grundy J, Glasbey G, et al. Cows' milk exclusion diet during infancy: Is there a long-term effect on children's eating behaviour and food preferences? Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2016;27(2):141-6.
44. Carruth BR, Skinner JD. Feeding behaviors and other motor development in healthy children (2–24 months). J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21(2):88-96.
45. Montaño Z, Smith JD, Dishion TJ, et al. Longitudinal relations between observed parenting behaviors and dietary quality of meals from ages 2 to 5. Appetite. 2015;87:324-9.
46. Emond AM, Blair PS, Emmett PM, Drewett RF. Weight faltering in infancy and IQ levels at 8 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Pediatrics. 2007;120(4):e1051-8.
47. Dewey KG, Begum K. Long-term consequences of stunting in early life. Matern Child Nutr. 2011;7(Suppl. 3):5-18.
48. Клинические рекомендации. Аллергия к белкам коровьего молока у детей. М.: Союз педиатров России, 2018; c. 52 [Klinicheskiie rekomendatsii. Allergiia k belkam korov'iego moloka u detei. Moscow: Soiuz pediatrov Rossii, 2018; s. 52 (in Russian)].
49. Monaci L, Tregoat V, van Hengel AJ, Anklam E. Milk allergens, their characteristics and their detection in food: A review. European Food Research and Technology. 2006;223(2):149-79. DOI:10.1007/s00217-005-0178-8
50. Пампура А.Н., Боровик Т.Э., Захарова И.Н. Оправдано ли применение козьего молока у детей с пищевой аллергией к белкам коровьего молока? Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2012;4(1):138-45 [Pampura AN, Borovik TE, Zakharova IN, et al. Is the use of goat’s milk justified in infants with cow’s milk protein allergy? Rossiiskii vestnik perinatologii i pediatrii. 2012;4(1):138-45 (in Russian)].
51. Venter C, Groetch M, Netting M, Meyer R. A patient-specific approach to develop an exclusion diet to manage food allergy in infants and children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2018;48(2):121-37.
52. Sorensen K, Cawood AL, Gibson GR, et al. Amino Acid Formula Containing Synbiotics in Infants with Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):935. DOI:10.3390/nu13030935

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1. Clinical recommendations ”Food Allergy”, Russian Union of Pediatricians, 2018. Available at: https://www.pediatr-russia.ru/information/klin-rek/deystvuyushchie-klinicheskie-rekomendatsii/%D0%9F.... Accessed: 15.02.2023 (in Russian).
2. Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(1):41-58.
3. Lyons SA, Clausen M, Knulst AC, et al. Prevalence of Food Sensitization and Food Allergy in Children Across Europe. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2736-46.e9.
4. Giovannini M, D'Auria E, Caffarelli C, et al. Nutritional management and follow up of infants and children with food allergy: Italian Society of Pediatric Nutrition/Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Task Force Position Statement. Ital J Pediatr. 2014;40:1.
5. Venter C, Mazzocchi A, Maslin K, Agostoni C. Impact of elimination diets on nutrition and growth in children with multiple food allergies. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;17(3):220-6.
6. Black MM, Pérez-Escamilla R, Rao SF. Integrating nutrition and child development interventions: scientific basis, evidence of impact, and implementation considerations. Adv Nutr. 2015;6(6):852-9.
7. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: UNICEF/WHO/The World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates: key findings of the 2020 edition. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/jme-2020-edition. Accessed: 19.01.2023.
8. Paganus A, Juntunen-Backman K, Savilahti E. Follow-up of nutritional status and dietary survey in children with cow's milk allergy. Acta Paediatr. 1992;81(6‑7):518-21.
9. Tiainen JM, Nuutinen OM, Kalavainen MP. Diet and nutritional status in children with cow's milk allergy. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995;49(8):605-12.
10. Isolauri E, Sutas Y, Makinen-Kiljunen S, et al. Efficacy and safety of hydrolyzed cow milk and amino acid-derived formulas in infants with cow milk allergy. J Pediatr. 1995;127(4):550-7.
11. Isolauri E, Sutas Y, Salo MK, et al. Elimination diet in cow’s milk allergy: risk for impaired growth in young children. J Pediatr. 1998;132(6):1004-9.
12. Christie L, Hine RJ, Parker JG, Burks W. Food allergies in children affect nutrient intake and growth. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102(11):1648-51.
13. Vieira MC, Morais MB, Spolidoro JV, et al. A survey on clinical presentation and nutritional status of infants with suspected cow' milk allergy. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:25.
14. Flammarion S, Santos C, Guimber D, et al. Diet and nutritional status of children with food allergies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22(2):161-5.
15. Robbins KA, Wood RA, Keet CA. Milk allergy is associated with decreased growth in US children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(6):1466-8.e6.
16. Meyer R, De Koker C, Dziubak R, et al. Malnutrition in children with food allergies in the UK. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2014;27(3):227-35.
17. Mehta H, Ramesh M, Feuille E, et al. Growth comparison in children with and without food allergies in 2 different demographic populations [published correction appears in J Pediatr. 2015;166(1):212]. J Pediatr. 2014;165(4):842‑8.
18. Berry MJ, Adams J, Voutilainen H, et al. Impact of elimination diets on growth and nutritional status in children with multiple food allergies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(2):133-8.
19. Hobbs CB, Skinner AC, Burks AW, Vickery BP. Food allergies affect growth in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(1):133-4.e1.
20. Jhamnani RD, Levin S, Rasooly M, et al. Impact of food allergy on the growth of children with moderate-severe atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(4):1526-9.e4.
21. Beck C, Koplin J, Dharmage S, et al. Persistent Food Allergy and Food Allergy Coexistent with Eczema Is Associated with Reduced Growth in the First 4 Years of Life. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(2):248-56.e3.
22. Meyer R, De Koker C, Dziubak R, et al. The impact of the elimination diet on growth and nutrient intake in children with food protein induced gastrointestinal allergies. Clin Transl Allergy. 2016;6:25.
23. Tuokkola J, Luukkainen P, Nevalainen J, et al. Eliminating cows' milk, but not wheat, barley or rye, increases the risk of growth deceleration and nutritional inadequacies. Acta Paediatr. 2017;106(7):1142-9.
24. D'Auria E, Fabiano V, Bertoli S, et al. Growth Pattern, Resting Energy Expenditure, and Nutrient Intake of Children with Food Allergies. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):212.
25. Meyer R, Wright K, Vieira MC, et al. International survey on growth indices and impacting factors in children with food allergies. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2019;32(2):175‑84.
26. Boaventura RM, Mendonça RB, Fonseca FA, et al. Nutritional status and food intake of children with cow's milk allergy. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2019;47(6):544-50.
27. Sinai T, Goldberg MR, Nachshon L, et al. Reduced Final Height and Inadequate Nutritional Intake in Cow's Milk-Allergic Young Adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(2):509-15.
28. Ercan N, Tel Adıgüzel K. Effect of early childhood cow's milk elimination diet on eating behaviours, nutrition and growth status at age 2–6 years. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2022;35(2):300-9.
29. Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy. 2014;69(8):1008-25.
30. Fiocchi A, Brozek J, Schünemann H, et al. World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21(Suppl. 21):1-125.
31. Koletzko S, Niggemann B, Arato A, et al. Diagnostic approach and management of cow's-milk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GI Committee practical guidelines. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;55(2):221-9.
32. Berni Canani R, Leone L, D'Auria E, et al. The effects of dietary counseling on children with food allergy: a prospective, multicenter intervention study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114(9):1432-9.
33. Ambroszkiewicz J, Gajewska J, Chełchowska M, Rowicka G. Assessment of Inflammatory Markers in Children with Cow's Milk Allergy Treated with a Milk-Free Diet. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1057.
34. Salmivesi S, Paassilta M, Huhtala H, et al. Changes in biomarkers during a six-month oral immunotherapy intervention for cow's milk allergy. Acta Paediatr. 2016;105(11):1349-54.
35. Ezri J, Marques-Vidal P, Nydegger A. Impact of disease and treatments on growth and puberty of pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Digestion. 2012;85(4):308-19.
36. Gerner P, Hörning A, Kathemann S, et al. Growth abnormalities in children with chronic hepatitis B or C. Adv Virol. 2012;2012:670316.
37. Sederquist B, Fernandez-Vojvodich P, Zaman F, Sävendahl L. Impact of inflammatory cytokines on longitudinal bone growth. J Mol Endocrinol. 2014;53(1):T35-44.
38. Emura S, Yanagida N, Sato S, et al. Regular intake of cow's milk with oral immunotherapy improves statures of children with milk allergies. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(3):100108.
39. Mailhot G, Perrone V, Alos N, et al. Cow's Milk Allergy and Bone Mineral Density in Prepubertal Children. Pediatrics. 2016;137(5):e20151742.
40. Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Ducharme FM. Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(7):CD009471.
41. Lyons SA, Clausen M, Knulst AC, et al. Prevalence of Food Sensitization and Food Allergy in Children Across Europe. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2736-46.e9.
42. Wróblewska B, Szyc AM, Markiewicz LH, et al. Increased prevalence of eating disorders as a biopsychosocial implication of food allergy. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0198607.
43. Maslin K, Grundy J, Glasbey G, et al. Cows' milk exclusion diet during infancy: Is there a long-term effect on children's eating behaviour and food preferences? Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2016;27(2):141-6.
44. Carruth BR, Skinner JD. Feeding behaviors and other motor development in healthy children (2–24 months). J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21(2):88-96.
45. Montaño Z, Smith JD, Dishion TJ, et al. Longitudinal relations between observed parenting behaviors and dietary quality of meals from ages 2 to 5. Appetite. 2015;87:324-9.
46. Emond AM, Blair PS, Emmett PM, Drewett RF. Weight faltering in infancy and IQ levels at 8 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Pediatrics. 2007;120(4):e1051-8.
47. Dewey KG, Begum K. Long-term consequences of stunting in early life. Matern Child Nutr. 2011;7(Suppl. 3):5-18.
48. Клинические рекомендации. Аллергия к белкам коровьего молока у детей. М.: Союз педиатров России, 2018; c. 52 [Klinicheskiie rekomendatsii. Allergiia k belkam korov'iego moloka u detei. Moscow: Soiuz pediatrov Rossii, 2018; s. 52 (in Russian)].
49. Monaci L, Tregoat V, van Hengel AJ, Anklam E. Milk allergens, their characteristics and their detection in food: A review. European Food Research and Technology. 2006;223(2):149-79. DOI:10.1007/s00217-005-0178-8
50. Pampura AN, Borovik TE, Zakharova IN, et al. Is the use of goat’s milk justified in infants with cow’s milk protein allergy? Rossiiskii vestnik perinatologii i pediatrii. 2012;4(1):138-45 (in Russian).
51. Venter C, Groetch M, Netting M, Meyer R. A patient-specific approach to develop an exclusion diet to manage food allergy in infants and children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2018;48(2):121-37.
52. Sorensen K, Cawood AL, Gibson GR, et al. Amino Acid Formula Containing Synbiotics in Infants with Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):935. DOI:10.3390/nu13030935

Авторы

И.Н. Захарова*, И.В. Бережная, М.А. Симакова

ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru

________________________________________________

Irina N. Zakharova*, Irina V. Berezhnaya, Maria A. Simakova

Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru

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