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Роль педиатра в формировании хорошего зрения у детей
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2025 г.
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Osminina MK, Aslamazova AE, Fokina ND, Nurmeeva AR. Pediatrician role in the formation of good vision in children: A review. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2025;1:61–69. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2025.1.203178
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Ключевые слова: рефрактогенез, гиперметропия, миопия, астенопия, амблиопия, астигматизм, витаминно-минеральные комплексы, лютеин, зеаксантин
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The development of a child's visual system begins in the first trimester of pregnancy, and refractogenesis continues after birth. Different age periods of development of the organ of vision have specific features and may be accompanied by risks affecting visual functions in the future. During the first year of a child's life, the morphological and functional development of the cranial nerves occurs, and the retina is formed. Newborns have hypermetropia; later, at 2 years, visual acuity increases to 0.3-0.5. After 3 years, the visual system experiences much stress associated with attending preschool and school. By the age of 7, emmetropia is normally formed. In school years, myopia (school myopia) is most often detected. Early diagnosis of refractive errors and timely correction in children prevents the following complications: strabismus, amblyopia, asthenopia, blepharitis, and conjunctivitis. An integrated approach to the follow-up and treatment of the child (the dosage of visual loads, eye gymnastics, adequate correction, and nutrition balance) will contribute to the normal development of the visual organ with the formation of high visual functions even with current high visual loads. It is recommended to take not individual vitamins but vitamin and mineral complexes, which can compensate for the deficiency of most vitamins by 20-30%. They should contain carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin), vitamins A, B group, C, E, and D, and potassium, zinc, and selenium. It is particularly relevant in children over 3 years of age due to the rapidly increasing intensity of visual load.
Keywords: refractogenesis, hypermetropia, myopia, asthenopia, amblyopia, astigmatism, vitamin and mineral complexes, lutein, zeaxanthin
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4. Clark-Gambelunghe MB, Clark DA. Sensory development. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2015;62(2):367-84. DOI:10.1016/j.pcl.2014.11.003
5. Khoit KS, Teilor D. Detskaia oftal'mologiia: v 2 t.; per. s angl. Pod obshch. red. E.I. Sidorenko. Moscow: Izd-vo Panfilova, 2015–2016. T. 1; p. 30-45 (in Russian).
6. Abramov VG. Osnovnye zabolevaniia glaz v detskom vozraste i ikh klinicheskie osobennosti. Moscow: Mobile, 1993; p. 35-60 (in Russian).
7. Kononova NE, Somov EE, Efimova EL. To the question of the clinical nature of concomitant strabismus, functional disorders, and it’s distribution in the population. Literary review. Rossiyskaya Detskaya Oftalmologiya. 2023;2:52-60 (in Russian). DOI:10.25276/2307-6658-2023-2-52-60
8. Sidorenko EI, Obrubov SA, Sidorenko EE, et al. The many faces of ophthalmopathy of prematurity. Fyodorov Journal of Ophthalmic Surgery. 2024;141(3):116-21 (in Russian). DOI:10.25276/0235-4160-2024-3-116-121
9. Gaya F, Medina A. The equations of ametropia: Predicting myopia. J Optom. 2022;15(3):238-46. DOI:10.1016/j.optom.2021.08.001
10. Stuk I, Hultsova A, Teltsova A. Myopia in Children: an Ophthalmologist’s Strategy for Achieving Optimal Results. Ophthalmology Eastern Europe. 2022;12(2):268-75 (in Russian). DOI:10.34883/PI.2022.12.2.034
11. Myagkov AV, Poskrebysheva ZhN, Zhabina OA, Myagkov DA. Epidemiology of Myopia in Children of the Russian Federation and Analysis of Its Control Methods. The EYE GLAZ. 2021;23(2):7-18 (in Russian). DOI:10.33791/2222-4408-2021-2-7-18
12. Borodina NV, Karapetian AT. Anatomic and Functional Ocular Characteristics and Myopia Development. Russian Annals of Ophthalmology. 2012;128(6):65-8 (in Russian).
13. Astigmatizm. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. 2024 g. Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/625_2. Accessed: 21.01.2024 (in Russian).
14. Tarutta EP, Iomdina EN, Kvaratskheliya NG, et al. Peripheral refraction: cause or effect of refraction development? Vestn Oftalmol. 2017;133(1):70-4 (in Russian). DOI:10.17116/oftalma2017133170-74
15. Mu J, Zhang Z, Wu X, et al. Refraction and ocular biometric parameters in 3-to 6-year-old preschool children: a large scale population-based study in Chengdu, China. BMC Ophthalmology. 2024;24(1):207. DOI:10.1186/s12886-024-03467-w
16. Foreman J, Salim A, Praveen A, et al. Association between digital smart device use and myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Digit Health. 2021;3(12):e806-18. DOI:10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00135-7
17. Proskurina OP, Markova EYu, Brzheskij VV, et al. The Prevalence of Myopia in Schoolchildren in Some Regions of Russia. Ophthalmology in Russia. 2018;15(3):348-53 (in Russian). DOI:10.18008/1816-5095-2018-3-348-353
18. Obrubov SA. Progressiruiushchaia blizorukost' u detei: pediatricheskie i pedagogicheskie aspekty. Zdorov'e dlia Vsekh. 2009;(2):62-74 (in Russian).
19. Tarutta EP, Iomdina EN, Tarasova NA. Nonsurgical treatment of progressive myopia. RMJ. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2016;4:204-10 (in Russian). DOI:10.21689/2311-7729-2016-16-4-204-210
20. Tarutta EP, Iomdina EN, Tarasova NA, et al. Complex approach to the prevention and treatment of progressive myopia in school children. RMJ. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2018;2:70-6 (in Russian). DOI:10.21689/2311-7729-2018-18-2-70-76
21. Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, et al. Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2017;95:551-66. DOI:10.1111/aos.13403
22. Tarutta EP, Proskurina OV, Markossian GA, et al. A strategically oriented conception of optical prevention of myopia onset and progression. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2020;13(4):7-16 (in Russian). DOI:10.21516/2072-0076-2020-13-4-7-16
23. Skoblina N, Shpakou A, Milushkina O, et al. Eye health risks associated with the use of electronic devices and awareness of youth. Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica / Klinika Oczna. 2020;122(2):60-5. DOI:10.5114/ko.2020.96492
24. Kozlov VA. Vitaminy: Istoriia. Khimiia. Biokhimiia. Farmakologiia. Klinika. Uchebnoe posobie. 3-e izd. s ispr. i dop. Cheboksary: Chuvashskii gosudarstvennyi pediatricheskii universitet, 2012 (in Russian).
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26. Guseva MR, Sidorenko EI, Markova EYu, et al. "Lutein-complex for children" for eye diseases in children. Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology. 2013;1:53-65 (in Russian).
27. Gndoyan IA. Issues of Supplemental Support in Pediatric Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology in Russia. 2020;17(3):309-20 (in Russian). DOI:10.18008/1816-5095-2020-3-309-320
28. Loskoutov IA, Korneeva AV. The role of B vitamins in preventing the progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Natsional’nyi Zhurnal Glaukoma. 2021;20(3):87-101 (in Russian). DOI:10.25700/2078-4104-2021-20-3-87-101
29. Duan H, Song W, Guo J, Yan W. Taurine: A Source and Application for the Relief of Visual Fatigue. Nutrients. 2023;15(8):1843. DOI:10.3390/nu15081843
30. Ushakov IB, Popov VI, Skoblina NA, Markelova SV. Duration of the Use of Mobile Electronic Devices as a Risk Factor for Health of Children, Adolescents and Youth. Human Ecology. 2021;7:43-50 (in Russian). DOI:1033396/1728-0869-2021-7-43-50
31. Castelli V, Paladini A, d'Angelo M, et al. Taurine and oxidative stress in retinal health and disease. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2021;27(4):403-12. DOI:10.1111/cns.13610
32. Dayang W, Dongbo P. Taurine reduces blue light-induced retinal neuronal cell apoptosis in vitro. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2018;37:240-4. DOI:10.1080/15569527.2018.1434665
33. Jong CJ, Sandal P, Schaffer SW. The role of taurine in mitochondria health: more than just an antioxidant. Molecules. 2021;26(16):4913. DOI:10.3390/molecules26164913
34. Ozawa Y, Kawashima M, Inoue S, et al. Bilberry extract supplementation for preventing eye fatigue in video display terminal workers. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015;19(5):548-54. DOI:10.1007/s12603-014-0573-6
35. Nakaishi H, Matsumoto H, Tominaga S, Hirayama M. Effects of black current anthocyanoside intake on dark adaptation and VDT work-induced transient refractive alteration in healthy humans. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(6):553-62.
36. Tanumihardjo SA, Li J, Dosti MP. Lutein absorption is facilitated with cosupplementation of ascorbic acid in young adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(1):114-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jada.2004.10.011
37. Rinninella E, Mele M, Merendino N, et al. The Role of Diet, Micronutrients and the Gut Microbiota in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: New Perspectives from the Gut–Retina Axis. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1677. DOI:10.3390/nu10111677
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ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*mk_osminina@mail.ru
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Maria K. Osminina*, Anna E. Aslamazova, Natalya D. Fokina, Azaliya R. Nurmeeva
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*mk_osminina@mail.ru