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Микробиом мочи: что есть норма и что – патология? Микробиом-ориентированное лечение и профилактика инфекций мочевых путей у детей
Микробиом мочи: что есть норма и что – патология? Микробиом-ориентированное лечение и профилактика инфекций мочевых путей у детей
Захарова И.Н., Османов И.М., Бекмурзаева Г.Б., Анисимова П.Д., Чурилова В.Д. Микробиом мочи: что есть норма и что – патология? Микробиом-ориентированное лечение и профилактика инфекций мочевых путей у детей. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2025;(4):327–336. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2025.4.203547
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Аннотация
История изучения микробиома мочи насчитывает приблизительно 150 лет. Ранее доминировало убеждение о стерильности мочевой системы здорового человека. Данная парадигма, казавшаяся непоколебимой, определяла подходы к диагностике и лечению инфекций мочевыводящих путей. Лишь в последние несколько десятилетий мнение научного сообщества по этому вопросу радикально изменилось. Прогресс в области микробиологических исследований позволил применить расширенные культуральные и новейшие молекулярно-генетические методы для идентификации микроорганизмов, населяющих мочевые пути. Наконец, так прочно устоявшаяся догма о стерильности мочи здорового человека была разрушена. В моче обнаружены не только бактерии, но и вирусы, грибы. В настоящее время нет единого представления о том, какой состав микробиоты мочи следует считать нормальным. Однако накопленные данные постулируют: изменение таксономического состава уробиома может стать предиктором различных патологических процессов, патогенетические механизмы которых еще предстоит изучить. Выявлена корреляция между нарушением микробиоты мочи и развитием как воспалительных, так и невоспалительных заболеваний, в частности доброкачественной гиперплазии предстательной железы, интерстициального цистита/синдрома болезненного мочевого пузыря, мочекаменной болезни, гиперактивного мочевого пузыря, недержания мочи и даже рака мочевого пузыря. Особую актуальность в педиатрической практике приобретает поиск методов профилактики и лечения инфекций мочевых путей, ориентированных на сохранение и поддержание разнообразия микроорганизмов, колонизирующих данную систему. Одним из таких методов является применение комбинированных фитопрепаратов, таких как Канефрон Н, активные компоненты которого обеспечивают разнонаправленные эффекты. Отличительной особенностью данного фитопрепарата наряду с многогранным терапевтическим воздействием является обеспечение антимикробного эффекта без угнетения комменсальной микробиоты мочевых путей. Канефрон Н представляет собой ценный инструмент в арсенале педиатра, позволяющий сохранить хрупкое равновесие уробиома, обусловливая превенцию ряда патологических состояний.
Ключевые слова: инфекция мочевых путей, мочекаменная болезнь, гиперактивный мочевой пузырь, недержание мочи, микробиом, уробиом, Lactobacillus, Канефрон Н
Keywords: urinary tract infection, urolithiasis, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence, microbiome, urobiome, Lactobacillus, Canephron N
Ключевые слова: инфекция мочевых путей, мочекаменная болезнь, гиперактивный мочевой пузырь, недержание мочи, микробиом, уробиом, Lactobacillus, Канефрон Н
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Keywords: urinary tract infection, urolithiasis, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence, microbiome, urobiome, Lactobacillus, Canephron N
Полный текст
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27. Zárate S, Taboada B, Yocupicio-Monroy M, Arias CF. Human Virome. Arch Med Res. 2017;48(8):701-16. DOI:10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.01.005
28. Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Ly M, Bonilla N, Pride DT. The human urine virome in association with urinary tract infections. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:14. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00014
29. Atkinson AL, Atwood WJ. Fifty Years of JC Polyomavirus: A Brief Overview and Remaining Questions. Viruses. 2020;12(9):969. DOI:10.3390/v12090969
30. Garretto A, Miller-Ensminger T, Wolfe AJ, Putonti C. Bacteriophages of the lower urinary tract. Nat Rev Urol. 2019;16(7):422-32. DOI:10.1038/s41585-019-0192-4
31. Hassall A. On the Development of Torulæ in the Urine, and on the relation of these Fungi to Albuminous and Saccharine Urine. Med Chir Trans. 1853;36:23-78.9. DOI:10.1177/095952875303600103
32. Ghannoum MA, Jurevic RJ, Mukherjee PK, et al. Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(1):e1000713. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000713
33. Ackerman AL, Underhill DM. The mycobiome of the human urinary tract: potential roles for fungi in urology. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(2):31. DOI:10.21037/atm.2016.12.69
34. Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(5):269-84. DOI:10.1038/nrmicro3432
35. Robino L, Navarro N, Canales-Huerta N, et al. Urogenital microbiome, intracellular bacterial communities, and their contribution to urinary tract infections. Microbiol Spectr. 2025;13(11). DOI:10.1128/spectrum.01247-25
36. Whiteside SA, Razvi H, Dave S, et al. The microbiome of the urinary tract – a role beyond infection. Nat Rev Urol. 2015;12(2):81-90. DOI:10.1038/nrurol.2014.361
37. Karlsson M, Scherbak N, Reid G, Jass J. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 enhances NF-kappaB activation in Escherichia coli-stimulated urinary bladder cells through TLR4. BMC Microbiol. 2012;12:15. DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-12-15
38. Ohlemacher SI, Giblin DE, d’Avignon DA, et al. Enterobacteria secrete an inhibitor of Pseudomonas virulence during clinical bacteriuria. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(11):4018-30. DOI:10.1172/JCI92464
39. Lai HC, Chang SN, Lin HC, et al. Association between urine pH and common uropathogens in children with urinary tract infections. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2021;54(2):290-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jmii.2019.08.002
40. Shrestha LB, Baral R, Poudel P, Khanal B. Clinical, etiological and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of pediatric urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):36. DOI:10.1186/s12887-019-1410-1
41. Höller M, Steindl H, Abramov-Sommariva D, et al. Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections with Canephron(®) in Germany: A Retrospective Database Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(6):685. DOI:10.3390/antibiotics10060685
42. Brenneis C, Künstle G, Haunschild J. Spasmolytic activity of Canephron N on the contractility of rat and human isolated urinary bladder. In: Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the International Society for Ethnopharmacology. Graz, Austria, 2012.
43. Sihra N, Goodman A, Zakri R, et al. Nonantibiotic prevention and management of recurrent urinary tract infection. Nat Rev Urol. 2018;15(12):750-76. DOI:10.1038/s41585-018-0106-x
44. Wagenlehner FM, Abramov-Sommariva D, Höller M, et al. Non-Antibiotic Herbal Therapy (BNO 1045) versus Antibiotic Therapy (Fosfomycin Trometamol) for the Treatment of Acute Lower Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Women: A Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Randomized, Multicentre, Non-Inferiority Phase III Trial. Urol Int. 2018;101(3):327-36. DOI:10.1159/000493368
45. Davidov MI, Bunova NE. Comparative assessment of Canephron N and ciprofloxacin as monotherapy of acute uncomplicated cystitis in women. Urologiia. 2018;(4):24-32 (in Russian).
46. Voznesenskaia TS, Kutafina EK. Fitoterapiia v lechenii infektsii mochevoi sistemy u detei. Pediatricheskaia farmakologiia. 2007;4(5):38-40 (in Russian).
47. Sukalo AV, Krokhina SA, Tur NI. Preparation Canephron® N use in complex therapy of urinary system infections in children. Medical News. 2004;11:84-6 (in Russian).
48. Infektsiia mochevykh putei u detei. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. 2024. Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/view-cr/281_3. Accessed: 08.10.2025 (in Russian).
49. Abbasian B, Shair A, O’Gorman DB, et al. Potential Role of Extracellular ATP Released by Bacteria in Bladder Infection and Contractility. mSphere. 2019;4(5):e00439-19. DOI:10.1128/mSphere.00439-19
50. Komesu YM, Richter HE, Carper B, et al. The urinary microbiome in women with mixed urinary incontinence compared to similarly aged controls. Int Urogynecol . 2018;29(12):1785-95. DOI:10.1007/s00192-018-3683-6
51. Carnes MU, Siddiqui NY, Karstens L, et al. Urinary microbiome community types associated with urinary incontinence severity in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;230(3):344.e1-344.e20. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.10.036
52. Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, et al. Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2014;192(2):316-24. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2014.05.006
53. Zampini A, Nguyen AH, Rose E, et al. Defining Dysbiosis in Patients with Urolithiasis. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):5425. DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-41977-6
54. Kachroo N, Monga M, Miller AW. Comparative functional analysis of the urinary tract microbiome for individuals with or without calcium oxalate calculi. Urolithiasis. 2022;50(3):303-17. DOI:10.1007/s00240-022-01314-5
55. Noonin C, Putpim A, Thongboonkerd V. The direct inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus, a commensal urinary bacterium, on calcium oxalate stone development. Microbiome. 2024;12(1):175. DOI:10.1186/s40168-024-01877-y
56. Liu F, Zhang N, Wu Y, et al. The pelvis urinary microbiome in patients with kidney stones and clinical associations. BMC Microbiol. 2020;20(1):336. DOI:10.1186/s12866-020-01992-4
57. Barr-Beare E, Saxena V, Hilt EE, et al. The Interaction between Enterobacteriaceae and Calcium Oxalate Deposits. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139575. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0139575
58. Bichler K, Eipper E, Naber K, et al. Urinary infection stones. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002;19(6):488-98. DOI:10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00088-2
59. Shen C, Zhu Q, Dong F, et al. Identifying Two Novel Clusters in Calcium Oxalate Stones With Urinary Tract Infection Using 16S rDNA Sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:723781. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2021.723781
60. EAU Guidelines. Edn. presented at the EAU Annual Congress Madrid 2025. EAU Guidelines Office, Arnhem, the Netherlands. Available at: http://uroweb.org/guidelines/compilations-of-all-guidelines. Accessed: 08.10.2025.
61. Coco C, Jacobs M. Surgical indications for operative management of vesicoureteral reflux in children. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2021;33(2):243-4. DOI:10.1097/mop.0000000000001000
2. Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered? Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans. Cell. 2016;164(3):337-40. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.013
3. Reasoner SA, Francis J, Hadjifrangiskou M. The urinary microbiome: the next frontier of bacterial ecology. J Bacteriol. 2025;207(8):e0010525. DOI:10.1128/jb.00105-25
4. Kass EH. Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1956;69:56-64.
5. Maskell RM. The natural history of urinary tract infection in women. Med Hypotheses. 2010;74(5):802-6. DOI:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.12.011
6. Perez-Carrasco V, Soriano-Lerma A, Soriano M, et al. Urinary Microbiome: Yin and Yang of the Urinary Tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:617002. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2021.617002
7. Price TK, Dune T, Hilt EE, et al. The Clinical Urine Culture: Enhanced Techniques Improve Detection of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(5):1216-22. DOI:10.1128/JCM.00044-16
8. Слесаревская М.Н., Кузьмин И.В., Жумадиллаев К.Г., и др. Микробиом и микробиота мочи: современные представления и гендерные особенности. Урологические ведомости. 2022;12(2):157-65 [Slesarevskaya MN, Kuzmin IV, Zhumadillayev KG, et al. Microbiome and urine microbiota: modern concepts and gender features. Urology reports (St.-Petersburg). 2022;12(2):157-65 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17816/uroved109278
9. Pearce MM, Hilt EE, Rosenfeld AB, et al. The female urinary microbiome: a comparison of women with and without urgency urinary incontinence. mBio. 2014;5(4):e01283-14. DOI:10.1128/mBio.01283-14
10. Carrigg C, Rice O, Kavanagh S, et al. DNA extraction method affects microbial community profiles from soils and sediment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007;77(4):955-64. DOI:10.1007/s00253-007-1219-y
11. Felczykowska A, Krajewska A, Zielińska S, Łoś JM. Sampling, metadata and DNA extraction – important steps in metagenomic studies. Acta Biochim Pol. 2015;62(1):151-60. DOI:10.18388/abp.2014_916
12. Bukin YS, Galachyants YP, Morozov IV, et al. The effect of 16S rRNA region choice on bacterial community metabarcoding results. Sci Data. 2019;6:190007. DOI:10.1038/sdata.2019.7
13. Kim JK, Song SH, Jung G, et al. Possibilities and limitations of using low biomass samples for urologic disease and microbiome research. Prostate Int. 2022;10(4):169-80. DOI:10.1016/j.prnil.2022.10.001
14. LaRocco MT, Franek J, Leibach EK, et al. Effectiveness of Preanalytic Practices on Contamination and Diagnostic Accuracy of Urine Cultures: a Laboratory Medicine Best Practices Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(1):105-47. DOI:10.1128/CMR.00030-15
15. Pohl HG, Groah SL, Pérez-Losada M, et al. The Urine Microbiome of Healthy Men and Women Differs by Urine Collection Method. Int Neurourol J. 2020;24(1):41-51. DOI:10.5213/inj.1938244.122
16. Du J, Khemmani M, Halverson T, et al. Cataloging the phylogenetic diversity of human bladder bacterial isolates. Genome Biol. 2024;25(1):75. DOI:10.1186/s13059-024-03216-8
17. Kinneman L, Zhu W, Wong WSW, et al. Assessment of the Urinary Microbiome in Children Younger Than 48 Months. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(7):565-70. DOI:10.1097/INF.0000000000002622
18. Storm DW, Copp HL, Halverson TM, et al. A Child’s urine is not sterile: A pilot study evaluating the Pediatric Urinary Microbiome. J Pediatr Urol. 2022;18(3):383-92. DOI:10.1016/j.jpurol.2022.02.025
19. Qin J, Shi X, Xu J, et al. Characterization of the Genitourinary Microbiome of 1,165 Middle-Aged and Elderly Healthy Individuals. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:673969. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2021.673969
20. Roth RS, Liden M, Huttner A. The urobiome in men and women: a clinical review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023;29(10):1242-48. DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2022.08.010
21. Pearce MM, Zilliox MJ, Rosenfeld AB, et al. The female urinary microbiome in urgency urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(3):347.e1-11. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.009
22. Siddiqui NY, Ma L, Brubaker L, et al. Updating Urinary Microbiome Analyses to Enhance Biologic Interpretation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:789439. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2022.789439
23. Ammitzbøll N, Bau BPJ, Bundgaard-Nielsen C, et al. Pre- and postmenopausal women have different core urinary microbiota. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):2212. DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-81790-8
24. Nickel JC, Stephens A, Ackerman AL, et al. The healthy urinary microbiome in asymptomatic participants in the MAPP Network Study: Relation to gender, age, and menopausal status. Can Urol Assoc J. 2022;16(9):E448-54. DOI:10.5489/cuaj.7775
25. Bowie KR, Garzotto M, Orwoll E, Karstens L. Body mass index and benign prostatic hyperplasia correlate with urinary microbiome diversity and lower urinary tract symptoms in men. Commun Med (Lond). 2025;5(1):159. DOI:10.1038/s43856-025-00866-y
26. Price TK, Lin H, Gao X, et al. Bladder bacterial diversity differs in continent and incontinent women: a cross-sectional study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(5):729.e1-729.e10. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.033
27. Zárate S, Taboada B, Yocupicio-Monroy M, Arias CF. Human Virome. Arch Med Res. 2017;48(8):701-16. DOI:10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.01.005
28. Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Ly M, Bonilla N, Pride DT. The human urine virome in association with urinary tract infections. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:14. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00014
29. Atkinson AL, Atwood WJ. Fifty Years of JC Polyomavirus: A Brief Overview and Remaining Questions. Viruses. 2020;12(9):969. DOI:10.3390/v12090969
30. Garretto A, Miller-Ensminger T, Wolfe AJ, Putonti C. Bacteriophages of the lower urinary tract. Nat Rev Urol. 2019;16(7):422-32. DOI:10.1038/s41585-019-0192-4
31. Hassall A. On the Development of Torulæ in the Urine, and on the relation of these Fungi to Albuminous and Saccharine Urine. Med Chir Trans. 1853;36:23-78.9. DOI:10.1177/095952875303600103
32. Ghannoum MA, Jurevic RJ, Mukherjee PK, et al. Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(1):e1000713. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000713
33. Ackerman AL, Underhill DM. The mycobiome of the human urinary tract: potential roles for fungi in urology. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(2):31. DOI:10.21037/atm.2016.12.69
34. Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(5):269-84. DOI:10.1038/nrmicro3432
35. Robino L, Navarro N, Canales-Huerta N, et al. Urogenital microbiome, intracellular bacterial communities, and their contribution to urinary tract infections. Microbiol Spectr. 2025;13(11). DOI:10.1128/spectrum.01247-25
36. Whiteside SA, Razvi H, Dave S, et al. The microbiome of the urinary tract – a role beyond infection. Nat Rev Urol. 2015;12(2):81-90. DOI:10.1038/nrurol.2014.361
37. Karlsson M, Scherbak N, Reid G, Jass J. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 enhances NF-kappaB activation in Escherichia coli-stimulated urinary bladder cells through TLR4. BMC Microbiol. 2012;12:15. DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-12-15
38. Ohlemacher SI, Giblin DE, d’Avignon DA, et al. Enterobacteria secrete an inhibitor of Pseudomonas virulence during clinical bacteriuria. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(11):4018-30. DOI:10.1172/JCI92464
39. Lai HC, Chang SN, Lin HC, et al. Association between urine pH and common uropathogens in children with urinary tract infections. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2021;54(2):290-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jmii.2019.08.002
40. Shrestha LB, Baral R, Poudel P, Khanal B. Clinical, etiological and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of pediatric urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):36. DOI:10.1186/s12887-019-1410-1
41. Höller M, Steindl H, Abramov-Sommariva D, et al. Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections with Canephron(®) in Germany: A Retrospective Database Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(6):685. DOI:10.3390/antibiotics10060685
42. Brenneis C, Künstle G, Haunschild J. Spasmolytic activity of Canephron N on the contractility of rat and human isolated urinary bladder. In: Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the International Society for Ethnopharmacology. Graz, Austria, 2012.
43. Sihra N, Goodman A, Zakri R, et al. Nonantibiotic prevention and management of recurrent urinary tract infection. Nat Rev Urol. 2018;15(12):750-76. DOI:10.1038/s41585-018-0106-x
44. Wagenlehner FM, Abramov-Sommariva D, Höller M, et al. Non-Antibiotic Herbal Therapy (BNO 1045) versus Antibiotic Therapy (Fosfomycin Trometamol) for the Treatment of Acute Lower Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Women: A Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Randomized, Multicentre, Non-Inferiority Phase III Trial. Urol Int. 2018;101(3):327-36. DOI:10.1159/000493368
45. Давидов М.И., Бунова Н.Е. Сравнительная оценка монотерапии препаратами Канефрон Н и ципрофлоксацин острого неосложненного цистита у женщин. Урология. 2018;(4):24-32 [Davidov MI, Bunova NE. Comparative assessment of Canephron N and ciprofloxacin as monotherapy of acute uncomplicated cystitis in women. Urologiia. 2018;(4):24-32 (in Russian)].
46. Вознесенская Т.С., Кутафина Е.К. Фитотерапия в лечении инфекции мочевой системы у детей. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2007;4(5):38-40 [Voznesenskaia TS, Kutafina EK. Fitoterapiia v lechenii infektsii mochevoi sistemy u detei. Pediatricheskaia farmakologiia. 2007;4(5):38-40 (in Russian)].
47. Сукало А.В., Крохина С.А., Тур Н.И. Применение препарата Канефрон в комплексной терапии инфекций мочевой системы у детей. Медицинские новости. 2004;11:84-6 [Sukalo AV, Krokhina SA, Tur NI. Preparation Canephron® N use in complex therapy of urinary system infections in children. Medical News. 2004;11:84-6 (in Russian)].
48. Инфекция мочевых путей у детей. Клинические рекомендации. 2024. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/view-cr/281_3. Ссылка активна на 08.10.2025 [Infektsiia mochevykh putei u detei. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. 2024. Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/view-cr/281_3. Accessed: 08.10.2025 (in Russian)].
49. Abbasian B, Shair A, O’Gorman DB, et al. Potential Role of Extracellular ATP Released by Bacteria in Bladder Infection and Contractility. mSphere. 2019;4(5):e00439-19. DOI:10.1128/mSphere.00439-19
50. Komesu YM, Richter HE, Carper B, et al. The urinary microbiome in women with mixed urinary incontinence compared to similarly aged controls. Int Urogynecol . 2018;29(12):1785-95. DOI:10.1007/s00192-018-3683-6
51. Carnes MU, Siddiqui NY, Karstens L, et al. Urinary microbiome community types associated with urinary incontinence severity in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;230(3):344.e1-344.e20. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.10.036
52. Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, et al. Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2014;192(2):316-24. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2014.05.006
53. Zampini A, Nguyen AH, Rose E, et al. Defining Dysbiosis in Patients with Urolithiasis. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):5425. DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-41977-6
54. Kachroo N, Monga M, Miller AW. Comparative functional analysis of the urinary tract microbiome for individuals with or without calcium oxalate calculi. Urolithiasis. 2022;50(3):303-17. DOI:10.1007/s00240-022-01314-5
55. Noonin C, Putpim A, Thongboonkerd V. The direct inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus, a commensal urinary bacterium, on calcium oxalate stone development. Microbiome. 2024;12(1):175. DOI:10.1186/s40168-024-01877-y
56. Liu F, Zhang N, Wu Y, et al. The pelvis urinary microbiome in patients with kidney stones and clinical associations. BMC Microbiol. 2020;20(1):336. DOI:10.1186/s12866-020-01992-4
57. Barr-Beare E, Saxena V, Hilt EE, et al. The Interaction between Enterobacteriaceae and Calcium Oxalate Deposits. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139575. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0139575
58. Bichler K, Eipper E, Naber K, et al. Urinary infection stones. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002;19(6):488-98. DOI:10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00088-2
59. Shen C, Zhu Q, Dong F, et al. Identifying Two Novel Clusters in Calcium Oxalate Stones With Urinary Tract Infection Using 16S rDNA Sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:723781. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2021.723781
60. EAU Guidelines. Edn. presented at the EAU Annual Congress Madrid 2025. EAU Guidelines Office, Arnhem, the Netherlands. Available at: http://uroweb.org/guidelines/compilations-of-all-guidelines. Accessed: 08.10.2025.
61. Coco C, Jacobs M. Surgical indications for operative management of vesicoureteral reflux in children. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2021;33(2):243-4. DOI:10.1097/mop.0000000000001000
________________________________________________
2. Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered? Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans. Cell. 2016;164(3):337-40. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.013
3. Reasoner SA, Francis J, Hadjifrangiskou M. The urinary microbiome: the next frontier of bacterial ecology. J Bacteriol. 2025;207(8):e0010525. DOI:10.1128/jb.00105-25
4. Kass EH. Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1956;69:56-64.
5. Maskell RM. The natural history of urinary tract infection in women. Med Hypotheses. 2010;74(5):802-6. DOI:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.12.011
6. Perez-Carrasco V, Soriano-Lerma A, Soriano M, et al. Urinary Microbiome: Yin and Yang of the Urinary Tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:617002. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2021.617002
7. Price TK, Dune T, Hilt EE, et al. The Clinical Urine Culture: Enhanced Techniques Improve Detection of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(5):1216-22. DOI:10.1128/JCM.00044-16
8. Slesarevskaya MN, Kuzmin IV, Zhumadillayev KG, et al. Microbiome and urine microbiota: modern concepts and gender features. Urology reports (St.-Petersburg). 2022;12(2):157-65 (in Russian). DOI:10.17816/uroved109278
9. Pearce MM, Hilt EE, Rosenfeld AB, et al. The female urinary microbiome: a comparison of women with and without urgency urinary incontinence. mBio. 2014;5(4):e01283-14. DOI:10.1128/mBio.01283-14
10. Carrigg C, Rice O, Kavanagh S, et al. DNA extraction method affects microbial community profiles from soils and sediment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007;77(4):955-64. DOI:10.1007/s00253-007-1219-y
11. Felczykowska A, Krajewska A, Zielińska S, Łoś JM. Sampling, metadata and DNA extraction – important steps in metagenomic studies. Acta Biochim Pol. 2015;62(1):151-60. DOI:10.18388/abp.2014_916
12. Bukin YS, Galachyants YP, Morozov IV, et al. The effect of 16S rRNA region choice on bacterial community metabarcoding results. Sci Data. 2019;6:190007. DOI:10.1038/sdata.2019.7
13. Kim JK, Song SH, Jung G, et al. Possibilities and limitations of using low biomass samples for urologic disease and microbiome research. Prostate Int. 2022;10(4):169-80. DOI:10.1016/j.prnil.2022.10.001
14. LaRocco MT, Franek J, Leibach EK, et al. Effectiveness of Preanalytic Practices on Contamination and Diagnostic Accuracy of Urine Cultures: a Laboratory Medicine Best Practices Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(1):105-47. DOI:10.1128/CMR.00030-15
15. Pohl HG, Groah SL, Pérez-Losada M, et al. The Urine Microbiome of Healthy Men and Women Differs by Urine Collection Method. Int Neurourol J. 2020;24(1):41-51. DOI:10.5213/inj.1938244.122
16. Du J, Khemmani M, Halverson T, et al. Cataloging the phylogenetic diversity of human bladder bacterial isolates. Genome Biol. 2024;25(1):75. DOI:10.1186/s13059-024-03216-8
17. Kinneman L, Zhu W, Wong WSW, et al. Assessment of the Urinary Microbiome in Children Younger Than 48 Months. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(7):565-70. DOI:10.1097/INF.0000000000002622
18. Storm DW, Copp HL, Halverson TM, et al. A Child’s urine is not sterile: A pilot study evaluating the Pediatric Urinary Microbiome. J Pediatr Urol. 2022;18(3):383-92. DOI:10.1016/j.jpurol.2022.02.025
19. Qin J, Shi X, Xu J, et al. Characterization of the Genitourinary Microbiome of 1,165 Middle-Aged and Elderly Healthy Individuals. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:673969. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2021.673969
20. Roth RS, Liden M, Huttner A. The urobiome in men and women: a clinical review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023;29(10):1242-48. DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2022.08.010
21. Pearce MM, Zilliox MJ, Rosenfeld AB, et al. The female urinary microbiome in urgency urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(3):347.e1-11. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.009
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Авторы
И.Н. Захарова*1, И.М. Османов2,3, Г.Б. Бекмурзаева1,2, П.Д. Анисимова1, В.Д. Чурилова1
1ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Российская Федерация
2ГБУЗ «Детская городская клиническая больница им. З.А. Башляевой» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Российская Федерация
3ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет), Москва, Российская Федерация
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
1Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
2Bashlyaeva Children's City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russian Federation
3Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
1ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Российская Федерация
2ГБУЗ «Детская городская клиническая больница им. З.А. Башляевой» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Российская Федерация
3ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет), Москва, Российская Федерация
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
1Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
2Bashlyaeva Children's City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russian Federation
3Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
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