1. United Nations. Population aging. www.un.org/esa/population/publications/aging99 (1999).
2. Mosca L, Appel LJ, Benjamin EJ et al. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Circulation 2004; 109: 672–93.
3. Stramba-Badiale M, Fox KM, Priori SG et al. Cardiovascular diseases in women: a statement from the policy conference of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 994–1005.
4. Naftolin F, Schneider HP, Sturdee DW et al. Executive Committee of the International Menopause Society. Guidelines for hormone treatment of women in the menopausal transition and beyond. Climacteric 2004; 7: 333–7.
5. Collins P, Rosano G, Casey C et al. Management of cardiovascular risk in the perimenopausal women: a consensus statement of European cardiologist and gynaecologist. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 2028–4.
6. Сметник В.П., Ильина Л.М. Коррекция климактерического синдрома (индивидуализация терапии). В кн.: Медицина климактерия. Под. ред. В.П.Сметник. М.: Литера, 2006; 50–67.
7. Балан В.Е., Сметник В.П., Анкирская А.С. Урогенитальные расстройства в климактерии. В кн.: Медицина климактерия. Под. ред. В.П.Сметник. М.: Литера, 2006; 217–74.
8. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmeno-pausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321–33.
9. Peterson S, Peto V, Rayner M et al. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics, 2nd edn. London: British Heart Foundation, 2005.
10. Маколкин В.И. Оптимизация лечения стабильной стенокардии. Consilium Medicum. 2007; 9 (5): 44–8.
11. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G et al. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2007; 115: 69–171.
12. Mires JH, Shaw LJ, Arai A et al. Role of noninvasive testing in the clinical evaluation of women with suspected coronary artery disease: Consensus statement from the Cardiac Imaging Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology and the Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention Committee. Circulation 205; 111: 682–96.
13. von Mering GO, Arant CB, Wesselb TR et al. Abnormal coronary vasomotion as a prognostic indicator of cardiovascular events in women: results from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). Circulation 2004; 09: 722–5.
14. Quyyumi AA. Women and ischemic heart study: pathophysiologic implications from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study and future research steps. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47 (3 Suppl.): 66–71.
15. Castelli WP, Anderson K, Wilson PW, Levy D. Lipids and risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Epidemiol 1992; 2: 23–8.
16. Atsma F, Bartelink MLEL, Grobbee DE et al. Postmenopausal status and early menopause as independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Menopause 2006; 13: 265–79.
17. Mack WJ, Slater CC, Xiang M et al. Elevated subclinical atherosclerosis associated with oophorectomy is related to time since menopause rather than type of menopause. Fertil Steril 2004; 82: 391–7.
18. Barter P, Kastelein J, Nunn A, Hobbs R; Future Forum Editorial Board. High density lipoproteins (HDLs) and atherosclerosis; the unanswered questions. Atherosclerosis 2003; 168: 195–211.
19. Jonsdottir LS, Sigfusson N, Gudnason V et al. Do lipids, blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking confer equal risk of myocardial infarction in women as in men? The Reykjavik Study J Cardiovasc Risk 2002; 9: 67–76.
20. Ткачева О.Н, Майчук Е.Ю., Прохорович Е.А. Дислипидемия у женщин. М.: Медицинская книга, 2007.
21. Gambacciani M, Ciaponi M, Cappagli B et al. Prospective evaluation of body weight and body fat distribution in early postmenopausal women with and without hormonal replacement therapy. Maturitas 2001; 39: 125–32.
22. Guthrie JR, Dennerstein L, Taffe JR et al. The menopausal transition: a 9-year prospective population-based study. The Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project. Climacteric 2004; 7: 375–89.
23. Pyorala K, Lehto S, De Bacquer D et al. EUROASPIRE I Group; EUROASPIRE II Group. Risk factor management in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. Findings from the EUROASPIRE I AND II surveys. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 1257–65.
24. Диагностика и лечение метаболического синдрома. Рекомендации ВНОК, 2007.
25. Чазова И.Е., Мычка В.Б. Метаболический синдром. М.: Media Medica, 2004.
26. International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition on the metabolic syndrome. http://idf.org/webdata/docs/Metabolic_syndrome_ definitio.pdf. Accessed 2 February 2006).
27. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Eur Heart J Suppl 2007; 9 (Suppl. C) ISSN: 1520–765.
28. Wenger NK. Hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors in women. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 94–9.
29. Campbell JW. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: the silent killer. Pract Diabet Intern 2001; 18: 187–91.
30. Hasdai D, Porter A, Rosengren A et al. Effect of gender on outcomes of acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 1466–9.
31. EUROASPIRE I and II Group. European Action on Secondary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events. Clinical reality of coronary prevention guidelines: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I and II in nine countries. Lancet 2001; 357: 995–1001.
32. Kanaya AM, Grady D, Barrett-Connor E. Explaining the sex difference in coronary heart disease mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1737–45.
33. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Anderson G, Psaty BM et al. Hypertension and its treatment in postmenopausal women: baseline data from the Women's Health Initiative. Hypertension 2000; 36: 780–9.
34. Reckelhoff JF. Basic research into the mechanisms responsible for postmenopausal hypertension. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58 (Suppl. 139): 13–9.
35. Глезер М.Г. Результаты Российского исследования эффективности и безопасности Диротона при артериальной гипертензии под контролем суточного мониторирования артериального давления DESIRE. Гендерные различия. Пробл. женск. здоровья. 2007; 1: 5–15.
36. Safar ME, Smulyan H. Hypertension in women. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 82–7.
37. Кириченко А.А. Артериальная гипертензия у пожилых. Рос. мед. журн. 2002; 2: 49–51.
38. Leonetti G, Cuspidi C, Facchini M et al. Is systolic pressure a better target for antihypertensive treatment than diastolic pressure? J Hypertens 2000; 18 (Suppl. 3): 13–20.
39. Mercuro G, Zoncu S, Saiu F et al. Menopause induced by oophorectomy reveals a role of ovarian estrogen on the maintenance of pressure homeostasis. Maturitas 2004; 47: 131–8.
40. Мартынов А.И., Майчук Е.Ю., Юренева С.В. и др. Артериальная гипертензия у женщин с хирургической менопаузой. В кн.: Медицина климактерия. Под. ред. В.П.Сметник. M.: Литера, 2006; 463–75.
41. Mendelsohn ME. Genomic and nongenomic effects of estrogen in the vasculature. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90 (1 A): 3–6F.
42. Ouyang P, Michos ED, Karas RH. Hormone replacement therapy and the cardiovascular system lessons learned and unanswered questions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1741–53.
43. Sevre K, Lefrandt JD, Nordby G et al. Autonomic function in hypertensive and normotensive subjects: the importance of gender. Hypertension 2001; 37: 1351–6.
44. Meneton PG, Warnock D. Involvement of renal apical Na transport systems in the control of blood pressure. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37 (1 suppl. 2): 39–47.
45. Khraibi AA. Renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure and sodium excretion in hypertension and pregnancy. J Hypertens Suppl 2002; 20: 21–7.
46. Hernandez Schulman I, Raij L. Salt sensitivity and hypertension after menopause: role of nitric oxide and angiotensin II. Am J Nephrol 2006; 26: 170–80.
47. Pechere-Bertschi A, Burnier M. Female sex hormones, salt, and blood pressure regulation. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 994–1001.
48. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP et al. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1291–7.
49. Hsia J, Margolis KL, Eaton ChB et al. Prehypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Women's Health Initiative. Circulation 2007; 115: 855–60.
50. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A et al. Stratification of cardiovascular risk in four categories. Guidelines for management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1105–87.
51. Шальнова С.А., Деев А.Д., Константинов В.В. и др. Артериальная гипертония и оценка суммарного сердечно-сосудистого риска: результаты эпидемиологического мониторинга гипертонии. Consilium Medicum. 2007; 9 (11): 31–4.
52. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560–72.
53. Hajjar I, Kotchen TA. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988–2000. JAMA 2003; 290: 199–206.
54. Шальнова С.А. Эпидемиология артериальной гипертонии. В кн.: Руководство по артериальной гипертензии под ред. Е.И.Чазова и И.Е.Чазовой. М.: Медиа Медика, 2005; 79–95.
55. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR et al. ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 895–906/
56. Holcomb SS. Selection of antihypertensive agents in patients with risk for diabetes. Curr Hypertens Rep 2005; 7: 461–5.
57. Ibrahim MM. RAАS inhibition in hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2006; 20: 101–8.
58. White WB, Pitt B, Preston RA, Hanes V. Effect of a New Hormone therapy, DRSP and 17 b-E2 in Postmenopausal Women with Hypertension. Hypertension 2006; 48: 1–8.
59. Preston RA, Alonso A, Darlene P et al. Additive effect of Drospirenone/17-b-Estradiol in hypertensive postmenopausal women receiving Enalapril. American Journal of Hypertension 2005; 18: 797–804.
60. Юренева С.В., Майчук Е.Ю. Особенности формирования и течения артериальной гипертензии у женщин после тотальной овариэктомии. Рус. мед. журн. 2004; 12 (5): 352–6.
61. Mirza FS, Ong P, Collins P et al. Effects of estradiol and the angiotensin II receptor blocker irbesartan on vascular function in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2008; 15: 44–50.
62. National Cholesterol Education Program. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Final Report. Circulation 2002; 106: 3143–21.
63. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen et al. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14 (Suppl. 2): E1–40.
64. Schrott HG, Bittner V, Vittighoff E et al. Adherence to National Cholesterol Educational Program Treatment goals in postmenopausal women with heart disease: the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Therapy (HERS). JAMA 1997; 277: 1281–6.
65. Шальнова С.А., Деев А.Д., Оганов Р.Г. Факторы, влияющие на смертность от сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Кардиоваск. тер. и проф. 2005; 4 (1): 4–9.
66. Walsh JME. Pignone M. Drug treatment of hyperlipidemia in women. JAMA 2004; 291: 2243–52.
67. Dupuy A-M, Carriere L, Scali J et al. Lipid levels and cardiovascular risk in elderly women: a general population study of the effects of hormonal treatment and lipid-lowering agents. Climacteric 2008; 11: 74–83.
68. Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampler MJ. Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: the role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation. J Women's Health 2006; 15: 35–44.
69. Lokkegaad E, Jovanovic Z, Heitmann BL et al. The association between early menopause and risk of ischaemic heart disease: influence of hormone therapy. Maturitas 2006; 53: 226–33.
70. Dubey RK, Imthurn B, Barton M et al. Vascular consequences of menopause and hormone therapy: importance of timing of treatment and type of estrogen. Cardiovascular Res 2005; 66: 295–306.
71. BirkhКuser MH, Panay N, Archer DF et al. Updated practical recommendations for hormone replacement therapy in the peri- and postmenopause. Climacteric 2008; 11: 108–23.
72. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS). JAMA 1998; 280: 605–13.
73. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6,8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002; 288: 49–57.
74. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR et al. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in post-menopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 1701–12.
75. Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC et al. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 523–34.
76. Hsia J, Langer RD, Manson JE et al. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women's Health Initiative. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 357–65.
77. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk cardiovascular disease by age and years sinse menopause. JAMA 2007; 297: 1465–77.
78. Pines A, Sturdee DW, MacLennan AH et al. The heart of the study: time for hormone therapy policies to be revised. Climacteric 2007; 10: 267–9.
79. Manson JE, AA Matthew, Rossouw JE et al. Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2591–602.
80. Pines A, Sturdee DW, Birkhauser MH. IMS Updated Recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy. Climacteric 2007; 10: 195–6.
81. Rosano GM, Vitale C, Tulli A. Managing cardiovascular risk in menopausal women. Climacteric 2006; 9 (Suppl. 1): 19–27.
82. Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald AP et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 987–1003.
1. Институт клинической кардиологии им. А.Л.Мясникова ФГУ РКНПК МЗ и СР РФ,
2. ФГУ Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии Росмедтехнологий им. В.И.Кулакова,
3. ГОУ ВПО МГМСУ,
4. ГОУ ДПО РМАПО Росздрава,
5. ММА им. И.М.Сеченова