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Частота сердечных сокращений у больных артериальной гипертонией: возможный маркер повышенного риска или самостоятельная терапевтическая мишень?
Частота сердечных сокращений у больных артериальной гипертонией: возможный маркер повышенного риска или самостоятельная терапевтическая мишень?
Кобалава Ж.Д., Шаварова Е.К. Частота сердечных сокращений у больных с артериальной гипертонией: возможный маркер повышенного риска или самостоятельная терапевтическая мишень? Системные гипертензии. 2015; 12 (2): 13–18.
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Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Аннотация
В статье приведены данные по влиянию снижения частоты сердечных сокращений (ЧСС) у лиц с артериальной гипертонией (АГ) в отношении снижения сердечно-сосудистого риска у данной категории пациентов. В рутинной практике можно рассматривать повышенную ЧСС как возможный фактор сердечно-сосудистого риска, однако ЧСС не включена в основные калькуляторы риска в рамках первичной профилактики. Европейские эксперты по АГ советуют назначать ритмурежающие препараты лицам с субъективно плохой переносимостью тахикардии. Пациенты должны быть информированы о благотворном влиянии регулярных аэробных физических нагрузок в отношении контроля ЧСС и АД. Достижение целевых цифр АД остается непревзойденным приоритетом в ведении больного с гипертонической болезнью.
Ключевые слова: артериальная гипертония, частота сердечных сокращений, риск сердечно-сосудистых осложнений.
Key words: arterial hypertension, heart rate, the risk of cardiovascular complications.
Ключевые слова: артериальная гипертония, частота сердечных сокращений, риск сердечно-сосудистых осложнений.
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Key words: arterial hypertension, heart rate, the risk of cardiovascular complications.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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2. Dyer AR, Persky V, Stamler J et al. Heart rate as a prognostic factor for coronary heart disease and mortality findings in three Chicago epidemiological studies. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112: 736–49.
3. Gillum RF, Makuc DM, Feldman JJ. Pulse rate, coronary heart disease, and death: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 171–7.
4. Filipovski J, Ducimetiere P, Safar ME. Prognostic significance of exercise: blood pressure and heart rate in middle-aged men. Hypertension 1992; 20: 333–9.
5. Willich SN, Maclure M, Mittleman M et al. Sudden cardiac death: support for a role of triggering in causation. Circulation 1993; 87: 1442–50.
6. Jouven X, Empana JP, Schwartz PJ et al. Heart-Rate Profile during Exercise as a Predictor of Sudden Death. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1951–8.
7. Fujiura Y. Heart rate and mortality in a Japanese general population. An 18-year follow-up study. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54: 495–500.
8. Menotti A, Mulder I, Nissinen A et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and 10-year all-cause mortality in elderly European male populations. The FINE study. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 573–9.
9. Palatini P, Julius S. Review article: heart rate and the cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 3–17.
10. Reed D, McGee D, Yano K. Biological and social correlates of blood pressure among Japanese men in Hawaii. Hypertension 1982; 4: 406–14.
11. Cirillo M, Laurenzi M, Trevisan M et al. Haematocrit, blood pressure, and hypertension. The Gubbio Population Study. Hypertension 1992; 20: 319–26.
12. Narkiewicz K, Somers VK. Interactive effect of heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity on blood pressure. Circulation 1999; 100: 2514–8.
13. Kannel WB, Wilson P, Blair SN. Epidemiologic assessment of the role of physical activity and fitness in development of cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 1985; 109: 876–85.
14. Kannel WB, Kannel C, Paffenbarger RS et al. Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1489–94.
15. Gillmann MW, Kannel WB, Belanger A et al. Influence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: The Framingham study. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1148–54.
16. Palatini P, Thijs L, Staessen JA et al. Predictive value of clinic and ambulatory heart rate for mortality in elderly subjects with systolic hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162 (20): 2313–21.
17. Thomas F, Rudnichi A, Bacri AM et al. Cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive men according to presence of associated risk factors. Hypertension 2001; 37: 1256–61.
18. Mensink GBM, Hoffmeister H. The relationship between resting heart rate and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 1404–10.
19. Beere PA, Glacov S, Zarins CK. Experimental atherosclerosis at the carotid bifurcation of the cynomolgus monkey: localization, compensatory enlargement, and the sparing effect of lowered heart rate. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 1245–53.
20. Bassiouny HS, Zarins CK, Kadowaki MH et al. Hemodynamic stress and experimental aortoiliac atherosclerosis. J Vasc Surg 1994; 19: 426–34.
21. Sa Cunha R, Pannier B, Benetos A et al. Association between high heart rate and high arterial rigidity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 1423–30.
22. Benetos A, Rudnichi A, Thomas F et al. Influence of Heart Rate on Mortality in a French Population Role of Age, Gender, and Blood Pressure. Hypertension 1999; 33: 44–52.
23. Reunanen A, Karjalainen J, Ristola P et al. Heart rate and mortality. J Intern Med 2000; 247: 231–9.
24. Greenland P, Daviglus ML, Dyer AR et al. Resting heart rate is a risk factor for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 853–62.
25. Jouven X, Desnos M, Guerot C et al. Predicting sudden death in the population: the Paris Prospective Study 1. Circulation 1999; 99: 1978–83.
26. Johansen CD, Olsen RH, Pedersen LR et al. Resting, night-time, and 24 h heart rate as markers of cardiovascular risk in middle-aged and elderly men and women with no apparent heart disease. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1732–9.
27. Lee KL, Woodlief LH, Topol EJ et al. Predictors of 30-day mortality in the era of reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction. Results from an international trial of 41 021 patients. GUSTO-I Investigators. Circulation 1995; 91: 1659–68.
28. Copie X, Hnatkova K, Staunton A et al. Predictive power of increased heart rate vs. depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and heart rate variability for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Results of a two-year follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 270–6.
29. Marchioli R, Avanzini F, Barzi F et al. Assessment of absolute risk of death after myocardial infarction by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: GISSI-Prevenzione mortality risk chart. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 2085–103.
30. Berton GS, Cordiano R, Palmieri R et al. Heart rate during myocardial infarction: relationship with one-year global mortality in men and women. Can J Cardiol 2002; 18: 495–502.
31. Abildstrom SZ, Jensen BT, Agner E et al. Heart rate vs. heart rate variability in risk prediction after myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14: 168–73.
32. Kovar D, Cannon CP, Bentley JH et al. Does initial and delayed heart rate predict mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes? Clin Cardiol 2004; 27: 80–6.
33. Lechat P, Hulot JS, Escolano S et al. Heart rate and cardiac rhythm relationships with bisoprolol benefit in chronic heart failure in CIBIS II trial. Circulation 2001; 103: 1428–33.
34. Linnemann B, Janka HU. Prolonged QTc interval and elevated heart rate identify the type 2 diabetic patient at high risk for cardiovascular death. The Bremen Diabetes Study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2003; 111: 215–22.
35. Palatini P, Benetos A, Grassi G et al. Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 603–10.
36. Singh BN. Increased heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J (Suppl.) 2003; 5: G3–G9.
37. Martin LJ, Comuzzie AG, Sonnenberg GE et al. Major quantitative trait locus for resting heart rate maps to a region on chromosome 4. Hypertension 2004; 43: 1146–51.
38. Ranade K, Jorgenson E, Sheu WH et al. A polymorphism in the beta1 adrenergic receptor is associated with resting heart rate. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 935–42.
39. Wilk JB, Myers RH, Zhang Y et al. Evidence for a gene influencing heart rate on chromosome 4 among hypertensives. Hum Genet 2002; 111: 207–13.
40. Cook S, Togni M, Schaub MC et al. High heart rate: a cardiovascular risk factor? Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2387–93.
41. Sartori C, Lepori M, Scherrer U. Interaction between nitric oxide and the cholinergic and sympathetic nervous system in cardiovascular control in humans. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 106: 209–20.
42. Shen W, Ochoa M, Xu X et al. Role of EDRF/NO in parasym- pathetic coronary vasodilation following carotid chemoreflex activation in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: H605–H613.
43. Goodson A.R., Leibold J.M., Gutterman D.D. Inhibition of nitric oxide syn- thesis augments centrally induced sympathetic coronary vasoconstriction in cats. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: H1272– H1278.
44. Hare JM, Keaney JFJr, Balligand JL et al. Role of nitric oxide in parasympathetic modulation of beta-adrenergic myocardial contractility in normal dogs. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 360–6.
45. Hare JM, Kim B, Flavahan NA et al. Pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins influence nitric oxide synthase III activity and protein levels in rat heart. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 1424–31.
46. Keaney JFJr, Hare JM, Balligand JL et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase augments myocardial contractile responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: H2646–H2652.
47. Chowdhary S, Vaile JC, Fletcher J et al. Nitric oxide and cardiac autonomic control in humans. Hypertension 2000; 36: 264–9.
48. Vogel CU, Wolpert C, Wehling M. How to measure heart rate? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60: 461–6.
49. Palatini P, Benetos A, Grassi G et al. Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 603–10.
50. Mancia G, Bertinieri G, Grassi G et al. Effects of blood pressure measurement by the doctor on patient’s blood pressure and heart rate. Lancet 1983; 2: 695–7.
51. Palatini P, Winnicki M, Santonastaso M et al. Reproducibility of heart rate measured in the clinic and with 24-hour intermittent recorders. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 92–8.
52. Hozawa A, Inoue R, Ohkubo T et al. Predictive value of ambulatory heart rate in the Japanese general population: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 1571–6.
53. Hansen TW, Thijs L, Boggia J et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory heart rate revisited in 6928 subjects from 6 populations. Hypertension 2008; 52: 229–35.
54. Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation 2005; 111: 1777–83.
55. Palatini P, Dorigatti F, Zaetta V et al. Heart rate as a predictor of development of sustained hypertension in subjects screened for stage 1 hypertension: the HARVEST Study. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 1873–80.
56. Palatini P, Casiglia E, Julius S et al. High heart rate: a risk factor for cardiovascular death in elderly men. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 585–92.
57. Poulter NR, Dobson JE, Sever PS et al. Baseline heart rate, antihypertensive treatment and prevention of cardiovascular outcomes in ASCOT. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 1154–61.
58. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM et al. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patient with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2805–16.
59. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required in Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Blood Pressure Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 895–906.
2. Dyer AR, Persky V, Stamler J et al. Heart rate as a prognostic factor for coronary heart disease and mortality findings in three Chicago epidemiological studies. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112: 736–49.
3. Gillum RF, Makuc DM, Feldman JJ. Pulse rate, coronary heart disease, and death: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 171–7.
4. Filipovski J, Ducimetiere P, Safar ME. Prognostic significance of exercise: blood pressure and heart rate in middle-aged men. Hypertension 1992; 20: 333–9.
5. Willich SN, Maclure M, Mittleman M et al. Sudden cardiac death: support for a role of triggering in causation. Circulation 1993; 87: 1442–50.
6. Jouven X, Empana JP, Schwartz PJ et al. Heart-Rate Profile during Exercise as a Predictor of Sudden Death. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1951–8.
7. Fujiura Y. Heart rate and mortality in a Japanese general population. An 18-year follow-up study. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54: 495–500.
8. Menotti A, Mulder I, Nissinen A et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and 10-year all-cause mortality in elderly European male populations. The FINE study. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 573–9.
9. Palatini P, Julius S. Review article: heart rate and the cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 3–17.
10. Reed D, McGee D, Yano K. Biological and social correlates of blood pressure among Japanese men in Hawaii. Hypertension 1982; 4: 406–14.
11. Cirillo M, Laurenzi M, Trevisan M et al. Haematocrit, blood pressure, and hypertension. The Gubbio Population Study. Hypertension 1992; 20: 319–26.
12. Narkiewicz K, Somers VK. Interactive effect of heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity on blood pressure. Circulation 1999; 100: 2514–8.
13. Kannel WB, Wilson P, Blair SN. Epidemiologic assessment of the role of physical activity and fitness in development of cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 1985; 109: 876–85.
14. Kannel WB, Kannel C, Paffenbarger RS et al. Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1489–94.
15. Gillmann MW, Kannel WB, Belanger A et al. Influence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: The Framingham study. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1148–54.
16. Palatini P, Thijs L, Staessen JA et al. Predictive value of clinic and ambulatory heart rate for mortality in elderly subjects with systolic hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162 (20): 2313–21.
17. Thomas F, Rudnichi A, Bacri AM et al. Cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive men according to presence of associated risk factors. Hypertension 2001; 37: 1256–61.
18. Mensink GBM, Hoffmeister H. The relationship between resting heart rate and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 1404–10.
19. Beere PA, Glacov S, Zarins CK. Experimental atherosclerosis at the carotid bifurcation of the cynomolgus monkey: localization, compensatory enlargement, and the sparing effect of lowered heart rate. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 1245–53.
20. Bassiouny HS, Zarins CK, Kadowaki MH et al. Hemodynamic stress and experimental aortoiliac atherosclerosis. J Vasc Surg 1994; 19: 426–34.
21. Sa Cunha R, Pannier B, Benetos A et al. Association between high heart rate and high arterial rigidity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 1423–30.
22. Benetos A, Rudnichi A, Thomas F et al. Influence of Heart Rate on Mortality in a French Population Role of Age, Gender, and Blood Pressure. Hypertension 1999; 33: 44–52.
23. Reunanen A, Karjalainen J, Ristola P et al. Heart rate and mortality. J Intern Med 2000; 247: 231–9.
24. Greenland P, Daviglus ML, Dyer AR et al. Resting heart rate is a risk factor for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 853–62.
25. Jouven X, Desnos M, Guerot C et al. Predicting sudden death in the population: the Paris Prospective Study 1. Circulation 1999; 99: 1978–83.
26. Johansen CD, Olsen RH, Pedersen LR et al. Resting, night-time, and 24 h heart rate as markers of cardiovascular risk in middle-aged and elderly men and women with no apparent heart disease. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1732–9.
27. Lee KL, Woodlief LH, Topol EJ et al. Predictors of 30-day mortality in the era of reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction. Results from an international trial of 41 021 patients. GUSTO-I Investigators. Circulation 1995; 91: 1659–68.
28. Copie X, Hnatkova K, Staunton A et al. Predictive power of increased heart rate vs. depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and heart rate variability for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Results of a two-year follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 270–6.
29. Marchioli R, Avanzini F, Barzi F et al. Assessment of absolute risk of death after myocardial infarction by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: GISSI-Prevenzione mortality risk chart. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 2085–103.
30. Berton GS, Cordiano R, Palmieri R et al. Heart rate during myocardial infarction: relationship with one-year global mortality in men and women. Can J Cardiol 2002; 18: 495–502.
31. Abildstrom SZ, Jensen BT, Agner E et al. Heart rate vs. heart rate variability in risk prediction after myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14: 168–73.
32. Kovar D, Cannon CP, Bentley JH et al. Does initial and delayed heart rate predict mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes? Clin Cardiol 2004; 27: 80–6.
33. Lechat P, Hulot JS, Escolano S et al. Heart rate and cardiac rhythm relationships with bisoprolol benefit in chronic heart failure in CIBIS II trial. Circulation 2001; 103: 1428–33.
34. Linnemann B, Janka HU. Prolonged QTc interval and elevated heart rate identify the type 2 diabetic patient at high risk for cardiovascular death. The Bremen Diabetes Study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2003; 111: 215–22.
35. Palatini P, Benetos A, Grassi G et al. Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 603–10.
36. Singh BN. Increased heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J (Suppl.) 2003; 5: G3–G9.
37. Martin LJ, Comuzzie AG, Sonnenberg GE et al. Major quantitative trait locus for resting heart rate maps to a region on chromosome 4. Hypertension 2004; 43: 1146–51.
38. Ranade K, Jorgenson E, Sheu WH et al. A polymorphism in the beta1 adrenergic receptor is associated with resting heart rate. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 935–42.
39. Wilk JB, Myers RH, Zhang Y et al. Evidence for a gene influencing heart rate on chromosome 4 among hypertensives. Hum Genet 2002; 111: 207–13.
40. Cook S, Togni M, Schaub MC et al. High heart rate: a cardiovascular risk factor? Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2387–93.
41. Sartori C, Lepori M, Scherrer U. Interaction between nitric oxide and the cholinergic and sympathetic nervous system in cardiovascular control in humans. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 106: 209–20.
42. Shen W, Ochoa M, Xu X et al. Role of EDRF/NO in parasym- pathetic coronary vasodilation following carotid chemoreflex activation in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: H605–H613.
43. Goodson A.R., Leibold J.M., Gutterman D.D. Inhibition of nitric oxide syn- thesis augments centrally induced sympathetic coronary vasoconstriction in cats. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: H1272– H1278.
44. Hare JM, Keaney JFJr, Balligand JL et al. Role of nitric oxide in parasympathetic modulation of beta-adrenergic myocardial contractility in normal dogs. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 360–6.
45. Hare JM, Kim B, Flavahan NA et al. Pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins influence nitric oxide synthase III activity and protein levels in rat heart. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 1424–31.
46. Keaney JFJr, Hare JM, Balligand JL et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase augments myocardial contractile responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: H2646–H2652.
47. Chowdhary S, Vaile JC, Fletcher J et al. Nitric oxide and cardiac autonomic control in humans. Hypertension 2000; 36: 264–9.
48. Vogel CU, Wolpert C, Wehling M. How to measure heart rate? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60: 461–6.
49. Palatini P, Benetos A, Grassi G et al. Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 603–10.
50. Mancia G, Bertinieri G, Grassi G et al. Effects of blood pressure measurement by the doctor on patient’s blood pressure and heart rate. Lancet 1983; 2: 695–7.
51. Palatini P, Winnicki M, Santonastaso M et al. Reproducibility of heart rate measured in the clinic and with 24-hour intermittent recorders. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 92–8.
52. Hozawa A, Inoue R, Ohkubo T et al. Predictive value of ambulatory heart rate in the Japanese general population: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 1571–6.
53. Hansen TW, Thijs L, Boggia J et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory heart rate revisited in 6928 subjects from 6 populations. Hypertension 2008; 52: 229–35.
54. Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation 2005; 111: 1777–83.
55. Palatini P, Dorigatti F, Zaetta V et al. Heart rate as a predictor of development of sustained hypertension in subjects screened for stage 1 hypertension: the HARVEST Study. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 1873–80.
56. Palatini P, Casiglia E, Julius S et al. High heart rate: a risk factor for cardiovascular death in elderly men. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 585–92.
57. Poulter NR, Dobson JE, Sever PS et al. Baseline heart rate, antihypertensive treatment and prevention of cardiovascular outcomes in ASCOT. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 1154–61.
58. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM et al. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patient with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2805–16.
59. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required in Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Blood Pressure Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 895–906.
2. Dyer AR, Persky V, Stamler J et al. Heart rate as a prognostic factor for coronary heart disease and mortality findings in three Chicago epidemiological studies. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112: 736–49.
3. Gillum RF, Makuc DM, Feldman JJ. Pulse rate, coronary heart disease, and death: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 171–7.
4. Filipovski J, Ducimetiere P, Safar ME. Prognostic significance of exercise: blood pressure and heart rate in middle-aged men. Hypertension 1992; 20: 333–9.
5. Willich SN, Maclure M, Mittleman M et al. Sudden cardiac death: support for a role of triggering in causation. Circulation 1993; 87: 1442–50.
6. Jouven X, Empana JP, Schwartz PJ et al. Heart-Rate Profile during Exercise as a Predictor of Sudden Death. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1951–8.
7. Fujiura Y. Heart rate and mortality in a Japanese general population. An 18-year follow-up study. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54: 495–500.
8. Menotti A, Mulder I, Nissinen A et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and 10-year all-cause mortality in elderly European male populations. The FINE study. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 573–9.
9. Palatini P, Julius S. Review article: heart rate and the cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 3–17.
10. Reed D, McGee D, Yano K. Biological and social correlates of blood pressure among Japanese men in Hawaii. Hypertension 1982; 4: 406–14.
11. Cirillo M, Laurenzi M, Trevisan M et al. Haematocrit, blood pressure, and hypertension. The Gubbio Population Study. Hypertension 1992; 20: 319–26.
12. Narkiewicz K, Somers VK. Interactive effect of heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity on blood pressure. Circulation 1999; 100: 2514–8.
13. Kannel WB, Wilson P, Blair SN. Epidemiologic assessment of the role of physical activity and fitness in development of cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 1985; 109: 876–85.
14. Kannel WB, Kannel C, Paffenbarger RS et al. Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1489–94.
15. Gillmann MW, Kannel WB, Belanger A et al. Influence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: The Framingham study. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1148–54.
16. Palatini P, Thijs L, Staessen JA et al. Predictive value of clinic and ambulatory heart rate for mortality in elderly subjects with systolic hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162 (20): 2313–21.
17. Thomas F, Rudnichi A, Bacri AM et al. Cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive men according to presence of associated risk factors. Hypertension 2001; 37: 1256–61.
18. Mensink GBM, Hoffmeister H. The relationship between resting heart rate and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 1404–10.
19. Beere PA, Glacov S, Zarins CK. Experimental atherosclerosis at the carotid bifurcation of the cynomolgus monkey: localization, compensatory enlargement, and the sparing effect of lowered heart rate. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 1245–53.
20. Bassiouny HS, Zarins CK, Kadowaki MH et al. Hemodynamic stress and experimental aortoiliac atherosclerosis. J Vasc Surg 1994; 19: 426–34.
21. Sa Cunha R, Pannier B, Benetos A et al. Association between high heart rate and high arterial rigidity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 1423–30.
22. Benetos A, Rudnichi A, Thomas F et al. Influence of Heart Rate on Mortality in a French Population Role of Age, Gender, and Blood Pressure. Hypertension 1999; 33: 44–52.
23. Reunanen A, Karjalainen J, Ristola P et al. Heart rate and mortality. J Intern Med 2000; 247: 231–9.
24. Greenland P, Daviglus ML, Dyer AR et al. Resting heart rate is a risk factor for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 853–62.
25. Jouven X, Desnos M, Guerot C et al. Predicting sudden death in the population: the Paris Prospective Study 1. Circulation 1999; 99: 1978–83.
26. Johansen CD, Olsen RH, Pedersen LR et al. Resting, night-time, and 24 h heart rate as markers of cardiovascular risk in middle-aged and elderly men and women with no apparent heart disease. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1732–9.
27. Lee KL, Woodlief LH, Topol EJ et al. Predictors of 30-day mortality in the era of reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction. Results from an international trial of 41 021 patients. GUSTO-I Investigators. Circulation 1995; 91: 1659–68.
28. Copie X, Hnatkova K, Staunton A et al. Predictive power of increased heart rate vs. depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and heart rate variability for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Results of a two-year follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 270–6.
29. Marchioli R, Avanzini F, Barzi F et al. Assessment of absolute risk of death after myocardial infarction by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: GISSI-Prevenzione mortality risk chart. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 2085–103.
30. Berton GS, Cordiano R, Palmieri R et al. Heart rate during myocardial infarction: relationship with one-year global mortality in men and women. Can J Cardiol 2002; 18: 495–502.
31. Abildstrom SZ, Jensen BT, Agner E et al. Heart rate vs. heart rate variability in risk prediction after myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14: 168–73.
32. Kovar D, Cannon CP, Bentley JH et al. Does initial and delayed heart rate predict mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes? Clin Cardiol 2004; 27: 80–6.
33. Lechat P, Hulot JS, Escolano S et al. Heart rate and cardiac rhythm relationships with bisoprolol benefit in chronic heart failure in CIBIS II trial. Circulation 2001; 103: 1428–33.
34. Linnemann B, Janka HU. Prolonged QTc interval and elevated heart rate identify the type 2 diabetic patient at high risk for cardiovascular death. The Bremen Diabetes Study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2003; 111: 215–22.
35. Palatini P, Benetos A, Grassi G et al. Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 603–10.
36. Singh BN. Increased heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J (Suppl.) 2003; 5: G3–G9.
37. Martin LJ, Comuzzie AG, Sonnenberg GE et al. Major quantitative trait locus for resting heart rate maps to a region on chromosome 4. Hypertension 2004; 43: 1146–51.
38. Ranade K, Jorgenson E, Sheu WH et al. A polymorphism in the beta1 adrenergic receptor is associated with resting heart rate. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 935–42.
39. Wilk JB, Myers RH, Zhang Y et al. Evidence for a gene influencing heart rate on chromosome 4 among hypertensives. Hum Genet 2002; 111: 207–13.
40. Cook S, Togni M, Schaub MC et al. High heart rate: a cardiovascular risk factor? Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2387–93.
41. Sartori C, Lepori M, Scherrer U. Interaction between nitric oxide and the cholinergic and sympathetic nervous system in cardiovascular control in humans. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 106: 209–20.
42. Shen W, Ochoa M, Xu X et al. Role of EDRF/NO in parasym- pathetic coronary vasodilation following carotid chemoreflex activation in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: H605–H613.
43. Goodson A.R., Leibold J.M., Gutterman D.D. Inhibition of nitric oxide syn- thesis augments centrally induced sympathetic coronary vasoconstriction in cats. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: H1272– H1278.
44. Hare JM, Keaney JFJr, Balligand JL et al. Role of nitric oxide in parasympathetic modulation of beta-adrenergic myocardial contractility in normal dogs. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 360–6.
45. Hare JM, Kim B, Flavahan NA et al. Pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins influence nitric oxide synthase III activity and protein levels in rat heart. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 1424–31.
46. Keaney JFJr, Hare JM, Balligand JL et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase augments myocardial contractile responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: H2646–H2652.
47. Chowdhary S, Vaile JC, Fletcher J et al. Nitric oxide and cardiac autonomic control in humans. Hypertension 2000; 36: 264–9.
48. Vogel CU, Wolpert C, Wehling M. How to measure heart rate? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60: 461–6.
49. Palatini P, Benetos A, Grassi G et al. Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 603–10.
50. Mancia G, Bertinieri G, Grassi G et al. Effects of blood pressure measurement by the doctor on patient’s blood pressure and heart rate. Lancet 1983; 2: 695–7.
51. Palatini P, Winnicki M, Santonastaso M et al. Reproducibility of heart rate measured in the clinic and with 24-hour intermittent recorders. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 92–8.
52. Hozawa A, Inoue R, Ohkubo T et al. Predictive value of ambulatory heart rate in the Japanese general population: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 1571–6.
53. Hansen TW, Thijs L, Boggia J et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory heart rate revisited in 6928 subjects from 6 populations. Hypertension 2008; 52: 229–35.
54. Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation 2005; 111: 1777–83.
55. Palatini P, Dorigatti F, Zaetta V et al. Heart rate as a predictor of development of sustained hypertension in subjects screened for stage 1 hypertension: the HARVEST Study. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 1873–80.
56. Palatini P, Casiglia E, Julius S et al. High heart rate: a risk factor for cardiovascular death in elderly men. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 585–92.
57. Poulter NR, Dobson JE, Sever PS et al. Baseline heart rate, antihypertensive treatment and prevention of cardiovascular outcomes in ASCOT. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 1154–61.
58. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM et al. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patient with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2805–16.
59. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required in Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Blood Pressure Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 895–906.
________________________________________________
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26. Johansen CD, Olsen RH, Pedersen LR et al. Resting, night-time, and 24 h heart rate as markers of cardiovascular risk in middle-aged and elderly men and women with no apparent heart disease. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1732–9.
27. Lee KL, Woodlief LH, Topol EJ et al. Predictors of 30-day mortality in the era of reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction. Results from an international trial of 41 021 patients. GUSTO-I Investigators. Circulation 1995; 91: 1659–68.
28. Copie X, Hnatkova K, Staunton A et al. Predictive power of increased heart rate vs. depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and heart rate variability for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Results of a two-year follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 270–6.
29. Marchioli R, Avanzini F, Barzi F et al. Assessment of absolute risk of death after myocardial infarction by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: GISSI-Prevenzione mortality risk chart. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 2085–103.
30. Berton GS, Cordiano R, Palmieri R et al. Heart rate during myocardial infarction: relationship with one-year global mortality in men and women. Can J Cardiol 2002; 18: 495–502.
31. Abildstrom SZ, Jensen BT, Agner E et al. Heart rate vs. heart rate variability in risk prediction after myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14: 168–73.
32. Kovar D, Cannon CP, Bentley JH et al. Does initial and delayed heart rate predict mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes? Clin Cardiol 2004; 27: 80–6.
33. Lechat P, Hulot JS, Escolano S et al. Heart rate and cardiac rhythm relationships with bisoprolol benefit in chronic heart failure in CIBIS II trial. Circulation 2001; 103: 1428–33.
34. Linnemann B, Janka HU. Prolonged QTc interval and elevated heart rate identify the type 2 diabetic patient at high risk for cardiovascular death. The Bremen Diabetes Study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2003; 111: 215–22.
35. Palatini P, Benetos A, Grassi G et al. Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 603–10.
36. Singh BN. Increased heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J (Suppl.) 2003; 5: G3–G9.
37. Martin LJ, Comuzzie AG, Sonnenberg GE et al. Major quantitative trait locus for resting heart rate maps to a region on chromosome 4. Hypertension 2004; 43: 1146–51.
38. Ranade K, Jorgenson E, Sheu WH et al. A polymorphism in the beta1 adrenergic receptor is associated with resting heart rate. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 935–42.
39. Wilk JB, Myers RH, Zhang Y et al. Evidence for a gene influencing heart rate on chromosome 4 among hypertensives. Hum Genet 2002; 111: 207–13.
40. Cook S, Togni M, Schaub MC et al. High heart rate: a cardiovascular risk factor? Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2387–93.
41. Sartori C, Lepori M, Scherrer U. Interaction between nitric oxide and the cholinergic and sympathetic nervous system in cardiovascular control in humans. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 106: 209–20.
42. Shen W, Ochoa M, Xu X et al. Role of EDRF/NO in parasym- pathetic coronary vasodilation following carotid chemoreflex activation in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: H605–H613.
43. Goodson A.R., Leibold J.M., Gutterman D.D. Inhibition of nitric oxide syn- thesis augments centrally induced sympathetic coronary vasoconstriction in cats. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: H1272– H1278.
44. Hare JM, Keaney JFJr, Balligand JL et al. Role of nitric oxide in parasympathetic modulation of beta-adrenergic myocardial contractility in normal dogs. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 360–6.
45. Hare JM, Kim B, Flavahan NA et al. Pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins influence nitric oxide synthase III activity and protein levels in rat heart. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 1424–31.
46. Keaney JFJr, Hare JM, Balligand JL et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase augments myocardial contractile responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: H2646–H2652.
47. Chowdhary S, Vaile JC, Fletcher J et al. Nitric oxide and cardiac autonomic control in humans. Hypertension 2000; 36: 264–9.
48. Vogel CU, Wolpert C, Wehling M. How to measure heart rate? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60: 461–6.
49. Palatini P, Benetos A, Grassi G et al. Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 603–10.
50. Mancia G, Bertinieri G, Grassi G et al. Effects of blood pressure measurement by the doctor on patient’s blood pressure and heart rate. Lancet 1983; 2: 695–7.
51. Palatini P, Winnicki M, Santonastaso M et al. Reproducibility of heart rate measured in the clinic and with 24-hour intermittent recorders. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 92–8.
52. Hozawa A, Inoue R, Ohkubo T et al. Predictive value of ambulatory heart rate in the Japanese general population: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 1571–6.
53. Hansen TW, Thijs L, Boggia J et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory heart rate revisited in 6928 subjects from 6 populations. Hypertension 2008; 52: 229–35.
54. Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation 2005; 111: 1777–83.
55. Palatini P, Dorigatti F, Zaetta V et al. Heart rate as a predictor of development of sustained hypertension in subjects screened for stage 1 hypertension: the HARVEST Study. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 1873–80.
56. Palatini P, Casiglia E, Julius S et al. High heart rate: a risk factor for cardiovascular death in elderly men. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 585–92.
57. Poulter NR, Dobson JE, Sever PS et al. Baseline heart rate, antihypertensive treatment and prevention of cardiovascular outcomes in ASCOT. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 1154–61.
58. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM et al. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patient with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2805–16.
59. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required in Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Blood Pressure Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 895–906.
Авторы
Ж.Д.Кобалава, Е.К.Шаварова*
ФГАОУ ВО Российский университет дружбы народов. 117198, Россия, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6
*eshavarova@university-cacp.com
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. 117198, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, d. 6
*eshavarova@university-cacp.com
ФГАОУ ВО Российский университет дружбы народов. 117198, Россия, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6
*eshavarova@university-cacp.com
________________________________________________
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. 117198, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, d. 6
*eshavarova@university-cacp.com
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