Нефропротекция у больных с метаболическим синдромом: подходы к назначению антигипертензивных препаратов

1. Чазова И.Е., Недогода С.В., Жернакова Ю.В. и др. Рекомендации по ведению больных артериальной гипертонией с метаболическими нарушениями. Кардиологический вестн. 2014; IX (XXI, 1: 4–57. / Chazova I.E., Nedogoda S.V., Zhernakova Iu.V. i dr. Rekomendatsii po vedeniiu bol'nykh arterial'noi gipertoniei s metabolicheskimi narusheniiami. Kardiologicheskii vestn. 2014; IX (XXI, 1: 4–57. [in Russian]
2. Рекомендации экспертов Всероссийского научного общества кардиологов по диагностике и лечению метаболического синдрома. Второй пересмотр. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2009; 6 (Прил. 2): 1–29. / Rekomendatsii ekspertov Vserossiiskogo nauchnogo obshchestva kardiologov po diagnostike i lecheniiu metabolicheskogo sindroma. Vtoroi peresmotr. Kardiovaskuliarnaia terapiia i profilaktika. 2009; 6 (Pril. 2): 1–29. [in Russian]
3. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287 (3): 356–9.
4. Ротарь О.П., Либис Р.А., Исаева Е.Н. и др. Распространенность метаболического синдрома в разных городах РФ. Рос. кардиол. журн. 2012; 2: 55–62. / Rotar' O.P., Libis R.A., Isaeva E.N. i dr. Rasprostranennost' metabolicheskogo sindroma v raznykh gorodakh RF. Ros. kardiol. zhurn. 2012; 2: 55–62. [in Russian]
5. Mursu J, Virtanen JK, Tuomainen T-P et al. Intake of fruits, berries and vegetables and the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Epidemiol 1998, 445–51.
6. Toole JF, Chambless LE, Heiss G et al. Ann Epidemiol 1993; 3 (5): 500–3.
7. Клинические рекомендации. Диагностика и лечение артериальной гипертонии. Кардиологический вестн. 2015; 1: 3–30. / Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Diagnostika i lechenie arterial'noi gipertonii. Kardiologicheskii vestn. 2015; 1: 3–30. [in Russian]
8. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertans 2013; 31: 1281–357.
9. Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 2007; 369: 201–7.
10. Чазова И.Е., Мычка В.Б. Метаболический синдром. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2003; 3: 32–8. / Chazova I.E., Mychka V.B. Metabolicheskii sindrom. Kardiovaskuliarnaia terapiia i profilaktika. 2003; 3: 32–8. [in Russian]
11. Диагностика и лечение артериальной гипертензии. Российские рекомендации. 4-я редакция. Системные гипертензии. 2010; 7 (3): 5–26. / Diagnostika i lechenie arterial'noi gipertenzii. Rossiiskie rekomendatsii. 4-ia redaktsiia. Systemic Hypertension. 2010; 7 (3): 5–26. [in Russian]
12. Matsushita K, Mahmodi BK, Woodward M et al. Comparison of risk prediction using the CKD-EPI equation and the MDRD study equation for estmated glomerular filtration rate. JAMA 2012; 307: 1941–51.
13. Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2005; 67: 2089–100.
14. Redon J, Williams B. Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension: redefining the threshold. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 353–5.
15. De Leeuw PW, Ruilope LM, Palmer CR et al. Clinical significance of renal function in hypertensive patients at high risk: results from the INSIGHT trial. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 2459–64.
16. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2003; 108: 2154–69.
17. Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q et al. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA 2001; 286: 421–6.
18. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Executive summary. Am J Kid Dis 2004; 43 (Suppl. 1): S16–S33.
19. Arnlov J, Evans JC, Meigs JB et al. Lowgrade albuminuria and incidence of cardiovascular disease events in nonhypertensive and nondiabetic individuals: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2005; 112: 969–75.
20. Hillege HL, Fidler V, Diercks GF et al. Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in general population. Circulation 2002; 106: 1777–82.
21. Ninomiya T, Perkovic V, de Galan BE et al. Albuminuria and kidney function independently predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 1813–21.
22. Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet 2010; 375: 2073–81.
23. Segura J, Ruilope LM, Zanchetti A. On the importance of estimating renal function for cardiovascular risk assessment. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1635–9.
24. Rahman M, Pressel S, Davis BR et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients stratified by baseline glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 172–80.
25. Сhen J, Muntner P, Hamm L et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in U.S. Adults. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 167–74.
26. Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Kinjo K et al. Body mass index and the risk of development of end-stage renal disease in a screened cohort. Kidney Int 2004; 65 (5): 1870–6.
27. Gelber RP, Kurth T, Kausz AT et al. Association between body mass index and CKD in apparently healthy men. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46: 871–80.
28. Wang Y, Cheng Х et al. Aassociation between obesity and kidney diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 18–23.
29. Сагинова Е.А., Галлямов М.Г., Северова М.М. Современные представления о поражении почек при ожирении. Клин. нефрология. 2010; 2. / Saginova E.A., Galliamov M.G., Severova M.M. Sovremennye predstavleniia o porazhenii pochek pri ozhirenii. Klin. nefrologiia. 2010; 2. [in Russian]
30. Wolf G. Obesity and renal hemodynamics. Contrib Nephrol 2006; 151: 184–202.
31. Сагинова Е.А., Федорова Е.Ю., Фомин В.В. и др. Формирование поражения почек у больных ожирением. Тер. архив. 2006; 78 (5): 36–41. / Saginova E.A., Fedorova E.Iu., Fomin V.V. i dr. Formirovanie porazheniia pochek u bol'nykh ozhireniem. Ter. аrkhiv. 2006; 78 (5): 36–41. [in Russian]
32. Despres J-P, Lemieux I, Prud’homme D. Treatment of obesity: need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients. BMJ 2001; 322: 716–20.
33. Hall JE, Brands MW, Henegar JR. Mechanisms of hypertension and kidney disease in obesity. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999; 892: 91–107.
34. Wicek A, Kokot F, Chudek J et al. The adipose tissue – a novel endocrine organ of interest to the nephrologist. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17: 191–5.
35. Gunter W, Sheldon C, Han DC et al. Leptin and renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: 1–11.
36. Wolf G, Ziyadeh FN. Leptin and renal fibrosis. Contrib Nephrol 2006; 151: 175–83.
37. Stam F, van Guldener C, Becker A et al. Endothelial dysfunction contributes to renal functionassociated cardiovascular mortality in a population with mild renal insufficiency: the Hoorn study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 537–45.
38. Мухин Н.А., Моисеев В.С. Кардиоренальные соотношения и риск сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Вестн. РАМН. 2003; 11: 50–5. / Mukhin N.A., Moiseev V.S. Kardiorenal'nye sootnosheniia i risk serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii. Vestn. RAMN. 2003; 11: 50–5. [in Russian]
39. Yuyun M, Alder AI, Wareham NJ. What is the evidence that microalbuminuria is a predictor of cardiovascular disease events. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005; 14: 271–6.
40. Kougias P, Chai H, Lin PH et al. Adipocyte-derived cytokine resistin causes endothelial dysfunction of porcine coronary arteries. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41: 691–8.
41. Schiffrin EL, Touyz RM. From bedside to bench to bedside: role of reninangiotensin-aldosterone system in remodeling of resistance arteries in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287: H435–H446.
42. Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL. Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 122: 339–52.
43. Praga M, Hernandez E, Morales E et al. Clinical features and long-term outcome of obesity-associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16 (9): 1790–8.
44. Blanco S, Vaquero M, Gomez-Guerrero C et al. Potential role of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors and statins on early podocyte damage in a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and mild hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18 (4 Pt. 1): 557–65.
45. Geluk CA, Asselbergs FW, Hillege HL et al. Impact of statins in microalbuminuric subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a substudy of the PREVEND Intervention Trial. Eur Heart J 2005; 26 (13): 1314–20.
46. Asselbergs FW, Dierks GFH, Hillege HL et al. Effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria. Circulation 2004; 110: 2809–16.
47. Mann JFE, Gerstein HC, Pogue J et al. Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: the HOPE randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 629–36.
48. Kunz R, Friedrich C, Wolbers M, Mann JFE. Meta-analysis: Effect of Monotherapy and Combination Therapy with Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin System on Proteinuria in Renal Disease. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 30–48.
49. Schmidt AC, Graf C, Brixius K et al. Blood pressure-lowering effect of nebivolol in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The YESTONO Study. Clin Drug Inv 2007; 27 (12): 841–9.
50. Marre M, Puig JG, Kokot F et al. Equivalence of indapamide SR and enalapril on microalbuminuria reduction in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: the NESTOR Study. J Hypertens 2004; 22 (8): 1613–22.
51. Кукес В.Г., Остроумова О.Д., Стародубцев А.К. Антагонисты кальция: современные аспекты применения в кардиологии. Consilium Medicum. 2006; 8 (11): 113–7. / Kukes V.G., Ostroumova O.D., Starodubtsev A.K. Antagonisty kal'tsiia: sovremennye aspekty primeneniia v kardiologii. Consilium Medicum. 2006; 8 (11): 113–7. [in Russian]
52. Herlitz H, Harris K, Risler T et al. The effects of an ACE inhibitor and a calcium antagonist on the progression of renal disease: the Nephros Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 2158–65.
53. Vestra MD, Pozza G, Mosca A et al. Effect of lercanidipine compared with ramipril on albumin excretion rate in hypertensive Type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria: DIAL study (Diabete, Ipertensione, Albuminuria, Lercanidipina). Diab Nutr Metab 2004; 17: 259–66.
54. Robles NR, Ocon J, Gomez CF et al. Lercanidipine in patients with chronic renal failure: the ZAFRA study. Ren Fail 2005; 27 (1):73–80.
55. Остроумова О.Д., Максимов М.Л., Копченов И.И. Антагонист кальция третьего поколения лерканидипин: новые возможности в лечении артериальной гипертонии. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2013; 1: 79–85. / Ostroumova O.D., Maksimov M.L., Kopchenov I.I. Antagonist kal'tsiia tret'ego pokoleniia lerkanidipin: novye vozmozhnosti v lechenii arterial'noi gipertonii. Ratsional'naia farmakoterapiia v kardiologii. 2013; 1: 79–85. [in Russian]
56. Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP et al. Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004; 351 (19): 1941–51.
57. Hemmelder MH, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. Antiproteinuric efficacy of verapamil in comparison to trandolapril in non-diabetic renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14 (1): 98–104.
58. BakrisGl, Copley JB, Vicknair N et al. Verapamil SR has similar nephroprotective properties to Lisinopril and is significantly better in comparison to atenolol. Kidney Int 1996; 50: 1641–59.
59. Bakris G, Weir M, de Quattro V et al. Renal, hemodynamic and antiproteinuricresponce to an ACE inhibitor trandolapril or calcium antagonist verapamil alone or in fixed combination in patients with diabetic nephropathy: A randomized multicenter study. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 1546–52.
60. Versari D, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L et al. Effect of verapamil, trandolapril and their combination on vascular function and structure in essential hypertensive patients. Atherosclerosis 2009; 205 (1): 214–20.
61. Goligorsky MS, Chaimovitz C, Rapaport J et al. Calcium metabolism in uremic nephrocalcinosis: preventive effect of verapamil. Kidney Int 1995; 27: 774–9.
62. Khodneva Y et al. Calcium channel blocker use is associated with lower fasting serum glucose among adults with diabetes from the REGARDS study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.01.021
63. Andersson D, Rojdmark S. Improvement of glucose tolerance by verapamil in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Med Scand 1981; 210 (1–2): 27–33.
64. Libretti A, Catalano M. Lipid profile during antihypertensive treatment. The SLIP Study Group. Study on Lipids with Isoptin Press. Drugs 1993; 46 (Suppl. 2): 16–23.

________________________________________________

1. Chazova I.E., Nedogoda S.V., Zhernakova Iu.V. i dr. Rekomendatsii po vedeniiu bol'nykh arterial'noi gipertoniei s metabolicheskimi narusheniiami. Kardiologicheskii vestn. 2014; IX (XXI, 1: 4–57. [in Russian]
2. Rekomendatsii ekspertov Vserossiiskogo nauchnogo obshchestva kardiologov po diagnostike i lecheniiu metabolicheskogo sindroma. Vtoroi peresmotr. Kardiovaskuliarnaia terapiia i profilaktika. 2009; 6 (Pril. 2): 1–29. [in Russian]
3. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287 (3): 356–9.
4. Rotar' O.P., Libis R.A., Isaeva E.N. i dr. Rasprostranennost' metabolicheskogo sindroma v raznykh gorodakh RF. Ros. kardiol. zhurn. 2012; 2: 55–62. [in Russian]
5. Mursu J, Virtanen JK, Tuomainen T-P et al. Intake of fruits, berries and vegetables and the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Epidemiol 1998, 445–51.
6. Toole JF, Chambless LE, Heiss G et al. Ann Epidemiol 1993; 3 (5): 500–3.
7. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Diagnostika i lechenie arterial'noi gipertonii. Kardiologicheskii vestn. 2015; 1: 3–30. [in Russian]
8. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertans 2013; 31: 1281–357.
9. Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 2007; 369: 201–7.
10. Chazova I.E., Mychka V.B. Metabolicheskii sindrom. Kardiovaskuliarnaia terapiia i profilaktika. 2003; 3: 32–8. [in Russian]
11. Diagnostika i lechenie arterial'noi gipertenzii. Rossiiskie rekomendatsii. 4-ia redaktsiia. Systemic Hypertension. 2010; 7 (3): 5–26. [in Russian]
12. Matsushita K, Mahmodi BK, Woodward M et al. Comparison of risk prediction using the CKD-EPI equation and the MDRD study equation for estmated glomerular filtration rate. JAMA 2012; 307: 1941–51.
13. Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2005; 67: 2089–100.
14. Redon J, Williams B. Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension: redefining the threshold. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 353–5.
15. De Leeuw PW, Ruilope LM, Palmer CR et al. Clinical significance of renal function in hypertensive patients at high risk: results from the INSIGHT trial. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 2459–64.
16. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2003; 108: 2154–69.
17. Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q et al. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA 2001; 286: 421–6.
18. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Executive summary. Am J Kid Dis 2004; 43 (Suppl. 1): S16–S33.
19. Arnlov J, Evans JC, Meigs JB et al. Lowgrade albuminuria and incidence of cardiovascular disease events in nonhypertensive and nondiabetic individuals: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2005; 112: 969–75.
20. Hillege HL, Fidler V, Diercks GF et al. Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in general population. Circulation 2002; 106: 1777–82.
21. Ninomiya T, Perkovic V, de Galan BE et al. Albuminuria and kidney function independently predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 1813–21.
22. Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet 2010; 375: 2073–81.
23. Segura J, Ruilope LM, Zanchetti A. On the importance of estimating renal function for cardiovascular risk assessment. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1635–9.
24. Rahman M, Pressel S, Davis BR et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients stratified by baseline glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 172–80.
25. Сhen J, Muntner P, Hamm L et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in U.S. Adults. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 167–74.
26. Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Kinjo K et al. Body mass index and the risk of development of end-stage renal disease in a screened cohort. Kidney Int 2004; 65 (5): 1870–6.
27. Gelber RP, Kurth T, Kausz AT et al. Association between body mass index and CKD in apparently healthy men. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46: 871–80.
28. Wang Y, Cheng Х et al. Aassociation between obesity and kidney diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 18–23.
29. Saginova E.A., Galliamov M.G., Severova M.M. Sovremennye predstavleniia o porazhenii pochek pri ozhirenii. Klin. nefrologiia. 2010; 2. [in Russian]
30. Wolf G. Obesity and renal hemodynamics. Contrib Nephrol 2006; 151: 184–202.
31. Saginova E.A., Fedorova E.Iu., Fomin V.V. i dr. Formirovanie porazheniia pochek u bol'nykh ozhireniem. Ter. аrkhiv. 2006; 78 (5): 36–41. [in Russian]
32. Despres J-P, Lemieux I, Prud’homme D. Treatment of obesity: need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients. BMJ 2001; 322: 716–20.
33. Hall JE, Brands MW, Henegar JR. Mechanisms of hypertension and kidney disease in obesity. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999; 892: 91–107.
34. Wicek A, Kokot F, Chudek J et al. The adipose tissue – a novel endocrine organ of interest to the nephrologist. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17: 191–5.
35. Gunter W, Sheldon C, Han DC et al. Leptin and renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: 1–11.
36. Wolf G, Ziyadeh FN. Leptin and renal fibrosis. Contrib Nephrol 2006; 151: 175–83.
37. Stam F, van Guldener C, Becker A et al. Endothelial dysfunction contributes to renal functionassociated cardiovascular mortality in a population with mild renal insufficiency: the Hoorn study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 537–45.
38. Mukhin N.A., Moiseev V.S. Kardiorenal'nye sootnosheniia i risk serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii. Vestn. RAMN. 2003; 11: 50–5. [in Russian]
39. Yuyun M, Alder AI, Wareham NJ. What is the evidence that microalbuminuria is a predictor of cardiovascular disease events. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005; 14: 271–6.
40. Kougias P, Chai H, Lin PH et al. Adipocyte-derived cytokine resistin causes endothelial dysfunction of porcine coronary arteries. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41: 691–8.
41. Schiffrin EL, Touyz RM. From bedside to bench to bedside: role of reninangiotensin-aldosterone system in remodeling of resistance arteries in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287: H435–H446.
42. Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL. Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 122: 339–52.
43. Praga M, Hernandez E, Morales E et al. Clinical features and long-term outcome of obesity-associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16 (9): 1790–8.
44. Blanco S, Vaquero M, Gomez-Guerrero C et al. Potential role of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors and statins on early podocyte damage in a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and mild hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18 (4 Pt. 1): 557–65.
45. Geluk CA, Asselbergs FW, Hillege HL et al. Impact of statins in microalbuminuric subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a substudy of the PREVEND Intervention Trial. Eur Heart J 2005; 26 (13): 1314–20.
46. Asselbergs FW, Dierks GFH, Hillege HL et al. Effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria. Circulation 2004; 110: 2809–16.
47. Mann JFE, Gerstein HC, Pogue J et al. Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: the HOPE randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 629–36.
48. Kunz R, Friedrich C, Wolbers M, Mann JFE. Meta-analysis: Effect of Monotherapy and Combination Therapy with Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin System on Proteinuria in Renal Disease. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 30–48.
49. Schmidt AC, Graf C, Brixius K et al. Blood pressure-lowering effect of nebivolol in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The YESTONO Study. Clin Drug Inv 2007; 27 (12): 841–9.
50. Marre M, Puig JG, Kokot F et al. Equivalence of indapamide SR and enalapril on microalbuminuria reduction in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: the NESTOR Study. J Hypertens 2004; 22 (8): 1613–22.
51. Kukes V.G., Ostroumova O.D., Starodubtsev A.K. Antagonisty kal'tsiia: sovremennye aspekty primeneniia v kardiologii. Consilium Medicum. 2006; 8 (11): 113–7. [in Russian]
52. Herlitz H, Harris K, Risler T et al. The effects of an ACE inhibitor and a calcium antagonist on the progression of renal disease: the Nephros Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 2158–65.
53. Vestra MD, Pozza G, Mosca A et al. Effect of lercanidipine compared with ramipril on albumin excretion rate in hypertensive Type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria: DIAL study (Diabete, Ipertensione, Albuminuria, Lercanidipina). Diab Nutr Metab 2004; 17: 259–66.
54. Robles NR, Ocon J, Gomez CF et al. Lercanidipine in patients with chronic renal failure: the ZAFRA study. Ren Fail 2005; 27 (1):73–80.
55. Ostroumova O.D., Maksimov M.L., Kopchenov I.I. Antagonist kal'tsiia tret'ego pokoleniia lerkanidipin: novye vozmozhnosti v lechenii arterial'noi gipertonii. Ratsional'naia farmakoterapiia v kardiologii. 2013; 1: 79–85. [in Russian]
56. Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP et al. Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004; 351 (19): 1941–51.
57. Hemmelder MH, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. Antiproteinuric efficacy of verapamil in comparison to trandolapril in non-diabetic renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14 (1): 98–104.
58. BakrisGl, Copley JB, Vicknair N et al. Verapamil SR has similar nephroprotective properties to Lisinopril and is significantly better in comparison to atenolol. Kidney Int 1996; 50: 1641–59.
59. Bakris G, Weir M, de Quattro V et al. Renal, hemodynamic and antiproteinuricresponce to an ACE inhibitor trandolapril or calcium antagonist verapamil alone or in fixed combination in patients with diabetic nephropathy: A randomized multicenter study. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 1546–52.
60. Versari D, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L et al. Effect of verapamil, trandolapril and their combination on vascular function and structure in essential hypertensive patients. Atherosclerosis 2009; 205 (1): 214–20.
61. Goligorsky MS, Chaimovitz C, Rapaport J et al. Calcium metabolism in uremic nephrocalcinosis: preventive effect of verapamil. Kidney Int 1995; 27: 774–9.
62. Khodneva Y et al. Calcium channel blocker use is associated with lower fasting serum glucose among adults with diabetes from the REGARDS study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.01.021
63. Andersson D, Rojdmark S. Improvement of glucose tolerance by verapamil in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Med Scand 1981; 210 (1–2): 27–33.
64. Libretti A, Catalano M. Lipid profile during antihypertensive treatment. The SLIP Study Group. Study on Lipids with Isoptin Press. Drugs 1993; 46 (Suppl. 2): 16–23.

О.Д.Остроумова*1,2, А.А.Зыкова1, М.Л.Максимов2

1 ГБОУ ВПО Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И.Евдокимова Минздрава России. 127473, Россия, Москва, ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1;
2 ГБОУ ВПО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова Минздрава России. 119991, Россия, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2
*ostroumova.olga@mail.ru

________________________________________________

O.D.Ostroumova*1,2, A.A.Zykova1, M.L.Maksimov2

1 A.I.Evdokimov Moscow State Medical and Dental University  of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 127473, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Delegatskaia, d. 20, str. 1;
2 I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Trubetskaia, d. 8, str. 2
*ostroumova.olga@mail.ru