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Низкая физическая активность как фактор риска сердечно-сосудистой заболеваемости и смертности
Низкая физическая активность как фактор риска сердечно-сосудистой заболеваемости и смертности
Кривошапова К.Е., Цыганкова Д.П., Барбараш О.Л. Низкая физическая активность как фактор риска сердечно-сосудистой заболеваемости и смертности. Системные гипертензии. 2018; 15 (3): 14–20. DOI: 10.26442/2075-082X_2018.3.14-20
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Аннотация
В обзоре приведен анализ результатов различных клинических исследований, посвященных особенностям влияния физической активности на функциональное состояние сердечно-сосудистой системы, и данные, свидетельствующие о том, что низкая физическая активность наряду с психосоциальными факторами, курением, избыточным потреблением алкоголя, нездоровым питанием, ожирением, артериальной гипертензией, сахарным диабетом является одним из наиболее важных факторов риска развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Приводится сравнительная характеристика показателей сердечно-сосудистой заболеваемости и смертности в зависимости от уровня физической активности среди мужского и женского населения стран с различным социально-экономическим уровнем. Сделан вывод о необходимости повысить приверженность населения стран с разным уровнем доходов разнообразным видам физической активности с целью снижения сердечно-сосудистой заболеваемости, общей и сердечно-сосудистой смертности.
Ключевые слова: физическая активность, сердечно-сосудистая заболеваемость, смертность, факторы риска.
Key words: physical activity, cardiovascular morbidity, mortality, risk factors.
Ключевые слова: физическая активность, сердечно-сосудистая заболеваемость, смертность, факторы риска.
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Key words: physical activity, cardiovascular morbidity, mortality, risk factors.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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16. Dumith SC, Hallal PC, Reis RS, Kohl HW. Worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity and its association with human development index in 76 countries. Prev Med 2011; 53 (1–2): 24–8.
17. Löllgen H, Böckenhoff A, Knapp G. Physical activity and all-cause mortality: An updated meta-analysis with different intensity categories. Int J Sports Med 2009; 30: 213–24.
18. Nocon M, Hiemann T, Muller-Riemenschneider F et al. Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review andmeta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15: 239–46.
19. Samitz G, Egger M, Zwahlen M. Domains of physical activity and all-cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 1382–400.
20. Löllgen H, Löllgen D. Risk reduction in cardiovascular diseases by physical activity. Internist 2012; 53 (1): 20–9.
21. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Carney RM et al. Exercise, depression, and mortality after myocardial infarction in the ENRICHD trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36 (5): 746–55.
22. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M. Physical activity and mortality in older men with diagnosed coronary heart disease. Circulation 2000; 102: 1358–63.
23. Janssen I, CJ J. Influence of physical activity on mortality in elderly with coronary artery disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38 (3): 418–23.
24. Al-Khalili F, Janszky I, Andersson A et al. Physical activity and exercise performance predict long-term prognosis in middle-aged women surviving acute coronary syndrome. J Intern Med 2007; 261: 178–87.
25. Moholdt T, Wisloff U, Nilsen TIL, Slordahl SA. Physical activity and mortality in men and women with coronary heart disease: a prospective population-based cohort study in Norway (the HUNT study). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15: 639–45.
26. Apullan FJ, Bourassa MG, Tardif JC et al. Usefulness of self-reported leisure-time physical activity to predict long-term survival in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 375–9.
27. Gerber Y, Myers V, Goldbourt U et al. Long-term trajectory of leisure time physical activity and survival after first myocardial infarction: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26: 109–16.
28. Mons U, Hahmann H, Brenner H. A reverse J-shaped association of leisure time physical activity with prognosis in patients with stable coronary heart disease: evidence from a large cohort with repeated measurements. Heart 2014; 100: 1043–9.
29. Yu C, Li LS, Ho HH, Lau C. Long-term changes in exercise capacity, quality of life, body anthropometry, and lipid profiles after a cardiac rehabilitation program in obese patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 321–5.
30. Shibata Y, Hayasaka S, Yamada T et al. Physical activity and risk of fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular disease among CVD survivors – the JMS cohort study. Circ J 2011; 75: 1368–72.
31. Gregg EW, Cauley JA, Stone K et al. Relationship of changes in physical activity and mortality among older women. JAMA 2003; 289: 2379–86.
32. Kushi LH, Fee RM, Folsom AR et al. Physical activity and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1997; 277: 1287–92.
33. Schooling CM, Lam TH, Li ZB et al. Obesity, physical activity, and mortality in a prospective Chinese elderly cohort. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1498–504.
34. Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL et al. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation 2003; 107: 3109–16.
35. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rdt. Physical activity and health: a report of the surgeon general. Atlanta: U.S Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, 1996.
36. Hollmann W, Hettinger TH. Sportmedizin. Grundlagen for Arbeit, Training und Preventivmedizin, vollig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage ed, vol. 4. Stuttgart/New York: Schattauer, 2000.
37. Irwin ML, Yasui Y, Ulrich CM et al. Effect of exercise on total and intra-abdominal body fat in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289 (3): 323–30.
38. Swain DP, Franklin BA. Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97 (1): 141–7.
39. Tikkanen E, Gustafsson S, Ingelsson E. Associations of fitness, physical activity, strength, and genetic risk with cardiovascular disease. Longitudinal analyses in the UK Biobank Study. Circulation 2018; 137: 2583–91.
40. Manson JE, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ et al. Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med 2002; 347 (10): 716–25.
41. Scott AL, Weihong H, Sumathy R et al. The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17 high-income,middle-income, and low-income countries: the PURE study. Lancet 2017; 390: 2643–54.
42. Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F et al. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 2012; 380: 219–29.
43. Talbot LA, Morrell CH, Metter EJ, Fleg JL. Comparison of cardiorespiratory fitness versus leisure time physical activity as predictors of coronary events in men aged < or = 65 years and >65 years. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89 (10): 1187–92.
44. Kelly P, Kahlmeier S, Gotschi T et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of reduction in all-cause mortality from walking and cycling and shape of dose response relationship. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014; 11: 132.
45. Noda H, Iso H, Toyoshima H et al. Walking and sports participation and mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46 (9): 1761–7.
46. Myers J, Kaykha A, George S et al. Fitness versus physical activity patterns in predicting mortality in men. Am J Med 2004; 117: 912–8.
47. Oguma Y, Shinoda-Tagawa T. Physical activity decreases cardiovascular disease risk in women: review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med 2004; 26 (5): 407–18.
48. Kohl HW, III. Physical activity and cardiovascular disease: evidence for a dose response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33 (6 Suppl.): 472–83.
49. Williams PT. Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33 (5): 754–61.
50. Sabia S, Dugravot A, Kivimaki M et al. Effect of intensity and type of physical activity on mortality: results from the Whitehall II cohort study. Am J Public Health 2012; 102: 698–704.
51. Rastogi T, Vaz M, Spiegelman D et al. Physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease in India. Int J Epidemiol 2004; 33 (4): 759–67.
52. Sundquist K, Qvist J, Johansson SE, Sundquist J. The long-term effect of physical activity on incidence of coronary heart disease: a 12-year follow-up study. Prev Med 2005; 41 (1): 219–25.
53. Folsom AR, Arnett DK, Hutchinson RG et al. Physical activity and incidence of coronary heart disease in middle-aged women and men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29 (7): 901–9.
54. Fransson E, De FU, Ahlbom A et al. The risk of acute myocardial infarction: interactions of types of physical activity. Epidemiology 2004; 15 (5): 573–82.
55. Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS, Ha T, Lee IM. Physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged and older women. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150 (4): 408–16.
56. LaCroix AZ, Leveille SG, Hecht JA et al. Does walking decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease hospitalizations and death in older adults? J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44 (2): 113–20.
57. Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu XO et al. Influence of exercise, walking, cycling, and overall nonexercise physical activity on mortality in Chinese women. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165 (12): 1343–50.
58. Lam TH, Ho SY, Hedley AJ et al. Leisure time physical activity and mortality in Hong Kong: case-control study of all adult deaths in 1998. Ann Epidemiol 2004; 14 (6): 391–8.
59. Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL et al. The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. N Engl J Med 1993; 328 (8): 538–45.
60. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M. Changes in physical activity, mortality, and incidence of coronary heart disease in older men. Lancet 1998; 351 (9116): 1603–8.
61. Wendel-Vos GC, Schuit AJ, Feskens EJ et al. Physical activity and stroke. A meta-analysis of observational data. Int J Epidemiol 2004; 33 (4): 787–98.
62. Lee CD, Folsom AR, Blair SN. Physical activity and stroke risk: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2003; 34 (10): 2475–81.
63. Gillum RF, Mussolino ME, Ingram DD. Physical activity and stroke incidence in women and men. The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143 (9): 860–9.
64. Housley E, Leng GC, Donnan PT, Fowkes FG. Physical activity and risk of peripheral arterial disease in the general population: Edinburgh Artery Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1993; 47 (6): 475–80.
65. Sieminski DJ, Gardner AW. The relationship between free-living daily physical activity and the severity of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Vasc Med 1997; 2 (4): 286–91.
66. Gardner AW, Womack CJ, Sieminski DJ et al. Relationship between free-living daily physical activity and ambulatory measures in older claudicants. Angiology 1998; 49 (5): 327–37.
67. Gardner AW, Montgomery PS, Killewich LA. Natural history of physical function in older men with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg 2004; 40 (1): 73–8.
68. Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL et al. Dose response between physical activity risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2011; 124: 789–95.
69. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension 2005; 46 (4): 667–75.
70. Stamler J, Rose G, Stamler R et al. INTERSALT study findings. Public health and medical care implications. Hypertension 1989; 14 (5): 570–7.
71. Kelley GA, Kelley KA, Tran ZV. Aerobic exercise and resting blood pressure: a meta-analytic review of randomized, controlled trials. Prev Cardiol 2001; 4 (2): 73–80.
72. Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136 (7): 493–503.
73. Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14 (1): 12–7.
74. Kodama S, Tanaka S, Saito K et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167 (10): 999–1008.
75. Slentz CA, Houmard JA, Johnson JL et al. Inactivity, exercise training and detraining, and plasma lipoproteins. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. J Appl Physiol 2007; 103 (2): 432–42.
76. Autenrieth CS, Baumert J, Baumeister SE et al. Association between domains of physical activity and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26: 91–9.
77. Nocon M, Hiemann T, Muller-Riemenschneider F et al. Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15: 239–46.
78. Milton K, Macniven R, Bauman A. Review of the epidemiological evidence for physical activity and health from low- and middle-income countries. Glob Pub Health 2014; 9: 369–81.
79. Palafox B, McKee M, Balabanova D et al. Wealth and cardiovascular health: a cross-sectional study of wealth-related inequalities in the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in high-, middle- and low-income countries. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15 (1): 199.
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18. Nocon M, Hiemann T, Muller-Riemenschneider F et al. Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review andmeta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15: 239–46.
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22. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M. Physical activity and mortality in older men with diagnosed coronary heart disease. Circulation 2000; 102: 1358–63.
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27. Gerber Y, Myers V, Goldbourt U et al. Long-term trajectory of leisure time physical activity and survival after first myocardial infarction: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26: 109–16.
28. Mons U, Hahmann H, Brenner H. A reverse J-shaped association of leisure time physical activity with prognosis in patients with stable coronary heart disease: evidence from a large cohort with repeated measurements. Heart 2014; 100: 1043–9.
29. Yu C, Li LS, Ho HH, Lau C. Long-term changes in exercise capacity, quality of life, body anthropometry, and lipid profiles after a cardiac rehabilitation program in obese patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 321–5.
30. Shibata Y, Hayasaka S, Yamada T et al. Physical activity and risk of fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular disease among CVD survivors – the JMS cohort study. Circ J 2011; 75: 1368–72.
31. Gregg EW, Cauley JA, Stone K et al. Relationship of changes in physical activity and mortality among older women. JAMA 2003; 289: 2379–86.
32. Kushi LH, Fee RM, Folsom AR et al. Physical activity and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1997; 277: 1287–92.
33. Schooling CM, Lam TH, Li ZB et al. Obesity, physical activity, and mortality in a prospective Chinese elderly cohort. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1498–504.
34. Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL et al. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation 2003; 107: 3109–16.
35. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rdt. Physical activity and health: a report of the surgeon general. Atlanta: U.S Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, 1996.
36. Hollmann W, Hettinger TH. Sportmedizin. Grundlagen for Arbeit, Training und Preventivmedizin, vollig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage ed, vol. 4. Stuttgart/New York: Schattauer, 2000.
37. Irwin ML, Yasui Y, Ulrich CM et al. Effect of exercise on total and intra-abdominal body fat in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289 (3): 323–30.
38. Swain DP, Franklin BA. Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97 (1): 141–7.
39. Tikkanen E, Gustafsson S, Ingelsson E. Associations of fitness, physical activity, strength, and genetic risk with cardiovascular disease. Longitudinal analyses in the UK Biobank Study. Circulation 2018; 137: 2583–91.
40. Manson JE, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ et al. Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med 2002; 347 (10): 716–25.
41. Scott AL, Weihong H, Sumathy R et al. The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17 high-income,middle-income, and low-income countries: the PURE study. Lancet 2017; 390: 2643–54.
42. Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F et al. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 2012; 380: 219–29.
43. Talbot LA, Morrell CH, Metter EJ, Fleg JL. Comparison of cardiorespiratory fitness versus leisure time physical activity as predictors of coronary events in men aged < or = 65 years and >65 years. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89 (10): 1187–92.
44. Kelly P, Kahlmeier S, Gotschi T et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of reduction in all-cause mortality from walking and cycling and shape of dose response relationship. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014; 11: 132.
45. Noda H, Iso H, Toyoshima H et al. Walking and sports participation and mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46 (9): 1761–7.
46. Myers J, Kaykha A, George S et al. Fitness versus physical activity patterns in predicting mortality in men. Am J Med 2004; 117: 912–8.
47. Oguma Y, Shinoda-Tagawa T. Physical activity decreases cardiovascular disease risk in women: review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med 2004; 26 (5): 407–18.
48. Kohl HW, III. Physical activity and cardiovascular disease: evidence for a dose response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33 (6 Suppl.): 472–83.
49. Williams PT. Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33 (5): 754–61.
50. Sabia S, Dugravot A, Kivimaki M et al. Effect of intensity and type of physical activity on mortality: results from the Whitehall II cohort study. Am J Public Health 2012; 102: 698–704.
51. Rastogi T, Vaz M, Spiegelman D et al. Physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease in India. Int J Epidemiol 2004; 33 (4): 759–67.
52. Sundquist K, Qvist J, Johansson SE, Sundquist J. The long-term effect of physical activity on incidence of coronary heart disease: a 12-year follow-up study. Prev Med 2005; 41 (1): 219–25.
53. Folsom AR, Arnett DK, Hutchinson RG et al. Physical activity and incidence of coronary heart disease in middle-aged women and men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29 (7): 901–9.
54. Fransson E, De FU, Ahlbom A et al. The risk of acute myocardial infarction: interactions of types of physical activity. Epidemiology 2004; 15 (5): 573–82.
55. Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS, Ha T, Lee IM. Physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged and older women. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150 (4): 408–16.
56. LaCroix AZ, Leveille SG, Hecht JA et al. Does walking decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease hospitalizations and death in older adults? J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44 (2): 113–20.
57. Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu XO et al. Influence of exercise, walking, cycling, and overall nonexercise physical activity on mortality in Chinese women. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165 (12): 1343–50.
58. Lam TH, Ho SY, Hedley AJ et al. Leisure time physical activity and mortality in Hong Kong: case-control study of all adult deaths in 1998. Ann Epidemiol 2004; 14 (6): 391–8.
59. Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL et al. The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. N Engl J Med 1993; 328 (8): 538–45.
60. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M. Changes in physical activity, mortality, and incidence of coronary heart disease in older men. Lancet 1998; 351 (9116): 1603–8.
61. Wendel-Vos GC, Schuit AJ, Feskens EJ et al. Physical activity and stroke. A meta-analysis of observational data. Int J Epidemiol 2004; 33 (4): 787–98.
62. Lee CD, Folsom AR, Blair SN. Physical activity and stroke risk: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2003; 34 (10): 2475–81.
63. Gillum RF, Mussolino ME, Ingram DD. Physical activity and stroke incidence in women and men. The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143 (9): 860–9.
64. Housley E, Leng GC, Donnan PT, Fowkes FG. Physical activity and risk of peripheral arterial disease in the general population: Edinburgh Artery Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1993; 47 (6): 475–80.
65. Sieminski DJ, Gardner AW. The relationship between free-living daily physical activity and the severity of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Vasc Med 1997; 2 (4): 286–91.
66. Gardner AW, Womack CJ, Sieminski DJ et al. Relationship between free-living daily physical activity and ambulatory measures in older claudicants. Angiology 1998; 49 (5): 327–37.
67. Gardner AW, Montgomery PS, Killewich LA. Natural history of physical function in older men with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg 2004; 40 (1): 73–8.
68. Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL et al. Dose response between physical activity risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2011; 124: 789–95.
69. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension 2005; 46 (4): 667–75.
70. Stamler J, Rose G, Stamler R et al. INTERSALT study findings. Public health and medical care implications. Hypertension 1989; 14 (5): 570–7.
71. Kelley GA, Kelley KA, Tran ZV. Aerobic exercise and resting blood pressure: a meta-analytic review of randomized, controlled trials. Prev Cardiol 2001; 4 (2): 73–80.
72. Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136 (7): 493–503.
73. Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14 (1): 12–7.
74. Kodama S, Tanaka S, Saito K et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167 (10): 999–1008.
75. Slentz CA, Houmard JA, Johnson JL et al. Inactivity, exercise training and detraining, and plasma lipoproteins. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. J Appl Physiol 2007; 103 (2): 432–42.
76. Autenrieth CS, Baumert J, Baumeister SE et al. Association between domains of physical activity and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26: 91–9.
77. Nocon M, Hiemann T, Muller-Riemenschneider F et al. Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15: 239–46.
78. Milton K, Macniven R, Bauman A. Review of the epidemiological evidence for physical activity and health from low- and middle-income countries. Glob Pub Health 2014; 9: 369–81.
79. Palafox B, McKee M, Balabanova D et al. Wealth and cardiovascular health: a cross-sectional study of wealth-related inequalities in the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in high-, middle- and low-income countries. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15 (1): 199.
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81. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: 1381–95.
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Авторы
К.Е.Кривошапова1, Д.П.Цыганкова1, О.Л.Барбараш*1,2
1 ФГБНУ «НИИ комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний». 650002, Россия, Кемерово, Сосновый б-р, д. 6;
2 ФГБОУ ВО «Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России. 650029, Россия, Кемерово, ул. Ворошилова, д. 22а
*Olb61@mail.ru
1 Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 650002, Russian Federation, Kemerovo, Sosnovyi b-r, d. 6;
2 Kemerovo State Medical University of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 650029, Russian Federation, Kemerovo, ul. Voroshilova, d. 22a
*Olb61@mail.ru
1 ФГБНУ «НИИ комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний». 650002, Россия, Кемерово, Сосновый б-р, д. 6;
2 ФГБОУ ВО «Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России. 650029, Россия, Кемерово, ул. Ворошилова, д. 22а
*Olb61@mail.ru
________________________________________________
1 Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 650002, Russian Federation, Kemerovo, Sosnovyi b-r, d. 6;
2 Kemerovo State Medical University of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 650029, Russian Federation, Kemerovo, ul. Voroshilova, d. 22a
*Olb61@mail.ru
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